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1

Quality as the basis of flight safety

Petukhov Igor

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2025

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Vol. 21, no. 2

51-54

EN

The speed of technological development during the twentieth century was fully reflected in the aviation world, whether it was in terms of aircraft development systems for controlling air traffic or flight control systems. The fast pace of change continues today. Obviously, aircraft reliability and complexity have extremely improved for years, but nearly all accidents in civil aviation in recent memory have been the result of human error. At the early stage of aviation development the human factor (HF) share in total reasons of aviation accidents was 20 per cent, later it increased fourfold and currently it makes up about 80 per cent. It turned out, that the human in the system “Human – Aircraft” is the most unstable, the most unreliable and the weakest link: humans may make mistakes, moreover, the human has the right to be mistaken. No doubt, human errors preventing system must be worked out. The challenge is to make flying safer. It will be discussed below.

2

Entropy-probabilistic model for controlling the human factor in the system of ensuring the airworthiness of aircraft and their components

Arandas Ibrahims, Shestakov Vladimir, Kļepackis Kirils, Blumbergs Ilmārs, Kubulins Raivis, Tereščenko Jevgenijs, Dissanayake Yasaratne

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2025

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Vol. 21, no. 2

37--44

EN

The following issues are addressed in the paper: 1. A mathematical model for controlling human factors in the aircraft maintenance system is proposed, aimed at identifying priority tasks in maintaining airworthiness under conditions of limited resources. 2. The model is developed using factor analysis under uncertainty, employing the entropy ranking method. In this approach, non-conformances in the activities of technical personnel (violations and errors) are represented as a multidimensional random generalized factor that comprises several measurable specific factors. The task of the management system is to determine the entropy of the generalized factor based on these measurable components. 3. A functional diagram of the control system is developed based on a systems approach, considering it as a dynamic system that, at each moment, is described by a set of physical variables (parameters). 4. Based on statistical data on deviations in the activities of airline technical personnel collected over a 10-year period, entropy indicators were obtained for several logically grouped factors—generalized indicators characterizing the main areas of management activities related to the continuing airworthiness of aircraft. 5. The results make it possible to identify the main areas of preventive activities within the airline aimed at reducing the negative impact of human factors during aircraft maintenance, which is particularly important under conditions of limited resources.

3

Determination of the typical course values of aircraft parameters for the new measurement system in the case of aircraft take-off and landing

Michałowska Joanna, Tomiło Paweł

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2025

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R. 101, nr 1

261--265

EN

The measurements were carried out in a PZL 110 Koliber 150 aircraft using two specially developed measurement systems.The first system uses an Inertial Measurement Unit with 9 degrees of freedom (accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope). The second measurement system is based on the use of a logarithmic power detector together with an antenna and microcontroller board. An algorithm was developed that uses an artificial neural network with a variational autoencoder architecture with LSTM layers. Empirical relationships describing the acceleration in three axes, the Euler angle, and the electric scale of the electromagnetic field were observed. It has been demonstrated on the basis of the conducted research that the use of the developed artificial neural network model will be used to generate generalized time courses of the analyzed flight parameters. This type of tool has potential use in pilot training, due to critical factors occurring during the takeoff and landing phases.

PL

Pomiary przeprowadzono w samolocie PZL 110 Koliber z wykorzystaniem opracowanych specjalistycznych dwóch systemów pomiarowych. Pierwszy system wykorzystuje jednostkę pomiaru bezwładnościowego z 9 stopniami swobody (akcelerometr, magnetometr, żyroskop). Drugi system pomiarowy opiera się na wykorzystaniu logarytmicznego detektora mocy wraz z anteną i płytką mikrokontrolera. Opracowano algorytm, który wykorzystując sztuczną sieć neuronową o architekturze wariacyjnego autoenkondera z warstwami LSTM. Zaobserwowano zalezności emiryczne opisujace akcelerację w trzech osiach, kąt Eulera oraz sklałaową elektryczną pola elektromagnetycznego. Wykazano na przykładzie przeprowadzonych badań, ze wykorzystanie opracowanego modelu sztucznej sieci neuronowej posłuży do wygenerowania uogólnionych przebiegów czasowych analizowanych paramety lotu. Tego typu narzędzie ma potencjalne zastosowanie w szkoleniu pilotów, ze względu na czynniki krytyczne występujące podczas faz startu i lądowania.

4

Artificial neural network model for estimation of relative airplane altitude

Tomiło Paweł, Michałowska Joanna, Laskowski Jan, Pytka Jarosław, Kochan Orest, Gnapowski Ernest

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2025

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R. 101, nr 2

116--119

EN

The main purpose of the publication is to develop an artificial neural network model capable of estimating aircraft altitude based on accelerometer and gyroscope readings. The developed network structure uses LSTM, SE and transform encoder layers. Measurement data for training, validation and testing of the neural network were obtained from tests using an original measurement system developed. The developed device set was placed on the Koliber 150 aircraft. In order to verify the correctness of the model, the values estimated by the model were compared with those estimated by the Kalman filter algorithm using the double integration algorithm. The developed artificial neural network model has an overall estimation error of 7.43m, while the error for the Kalman filter was 20.27m. It has been shown that the use of the proposed model allows achieving satisfactory accuracy in aircraft altitude estimation due to the model's ability to adapt to the drift in the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU).

PL

Głównym celem publikacji jest opracowanie modelu sztucznej sieci neuronowej, który będzie w stanie oszacować wysokość samolotu na podstawie wskazań akcelerometru i żyroskopu. Opracowana struktura sieci wykorzystuje warstwy LSTM, SE i enkodera transformatorowego. Dane pomiarowe do uczenia, walidacji i testowania sieci neuronowej uzyskano z badan za pomocą opracowanego autorskiego system pomiarowego. Opracowane urządzenie umieszczono na samolocie Koliber 150. W celu weryfikacji poprawności modelu wartości oszacowane zostały porównane z wartościami, które oszacowano na podstawie algorytmu filtrem Kalmana z zastosowaniem algorytmu podwójnego całkowania. Opracowany model sztucznej sieci neuronowej charakteryzuje się ogólnym błędem estymacji wynoszącym 7.43m, zaś błąd dla filtru Kalmana wyniósł 20.27m. Wykazano że zastosowanie zaproponowanego modelu pozwala na osiągnięcie zadowalającej dokładności przy estymacji wysokości samolotu dzięki zdolności modelu do adaptacji do dryftu w Inercyjnej jednostce pomiarowej (IMU).

5

Hazards associated with hypoxia in commercial aviation

Uchman Zbigniew

Journal of KONBiN

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2025

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Vol. 55, iss.2

51--67

EN

Modern jet-powered commercial aircraft operate at altitudes of approximately 40,000 feet (12,192 m). The environmental conditions at these altitudes prevent normal human functioning. The primary hazard is the excessively low air pressure, and consequently, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air, as well as the very low temperature. Insufficient oxygen in the inhaled air causes hypoxia in the human body, which is a generalized oxygen deficiency in the tissues. The brain is the most sensitive organ to oxygen deficiency, as it requires about 20-25% of the body's resting energy demand. The onset and intensity of hypoxia symptoms and compensatory responses depend on the altitude reached, the rate of ascent, the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air, and the duration of exposure. The initial phase of hypoxia is referred to as the time of useful consciousness. This is the period during which operational tasks can be performed effectively and safely, after which mental confusion and loss of consciousness occur. Experimental medical studies indicate that at an altitude of 30,000 feet (9,144 m), the time of useful consciousness is approximately 60-120 seconds, but in the case of explosive decompression, it is halved. In real-world conditions, the time available for analysing and assessing the situation and implementing appropriate emergency procedures may be even shorter. To ensure the environmental conditions required for the proper functioning of the human body at medium and high altitudes, appropriate overpressure and temperature are maintained in the pressurized cabin space of commercial aircraft. The cabin pressure increases with the altitude of the flight and at the operational ceiling, it is approximately 8.30 psi (pound-force per square inch). In the event of a breach in the pressurized space, such a significant pressure difference on both sides of the fuselage causes a rapid and dangerous decompression. Depending on the circumstances and conditions of its occurrence, it can be gradual, rapid, or explosive. This article discusses the various types of decompression and the associated hypoxia hazards, based on real incidents in commercial aviation.

PL

Nowoczesne odrzutowe samoloty pasażerskie operują na wysokościach ok. 40 000 stóp (12 192 m). Warunki środowiskowe na tych wysokościach uniemożliwiają normalne funkcjonowanie ludzkiego organizmu. Główne zagrożenie stanowi zbyt niskie ciśnienie atmosferyczne, a co za tym idzie — niskie ciśnienie parcjalne tlenu w powietrzu oraz bardzo niska temperatura. Niedobór tlenu we wdychanym powietrzu powoduje hipoksję, czyli ogólnoustrojowy niedobór tlenu w tkankach. Mózg jest najbardziej wrażliwym narządem na niedotlenienie, ponieważ zużywa ok. 20–25% zapotrzebowania energetycznego organizmu w stanie spoczynku. Pojawienie się i nasilenie objawów hipoksji oraz reakcje kompensacyjne zależą od osiągniętej wysokości, szybkości wznoszenia, ciśnienia parcjalnego tlenu we wdychanym powietrzu oraz czasu ekspozycji. Początkowa faza hipoksji to tzw. czas użytecznej przytomności – jest to okres, w którym możliwe jest skuteczne i bezpieczne wykonywanie czynności operacyjnych, po którym następuje dezorientacja i utrata przytomności. Badania medyczne wskazują, że na wysokości 30 000 stóp (9 144 m) czas użytecznej przytomności wynosi ok. 60–120 sekund, jednak w przypadku dekompresji eksplozyjnej czas ten skraca się o połowę. W warunkach rzeczywistych czas dostępny na analizę sytuacji i wdrożenie odpowiednich procedur awaryjnych może być jeszcze krótszy. Aby zapewnić odpowiednie warunki środowiskowe niezbędne do prawidłowego funkcjonowania organizmu ludzkiego na średnich i dużych wysokościach, w przestrzeni kabiny pasażerskiej utrzymuje się odpowiednie nadciśnienie i temperaturę. Ciśnienie w kabinie wzrasta wraz z wysokością lotu i na pułapie operacyjnym wynosi ok. 8,30 psi (funtów na cal kwadratowy). W przypadku naruszenia przestrzeni ciśnieniowej tak duża różnica ciśnień po obu stronach kadłuba powoduje szybkie i niebezpieczne rozprężenie. W zależności od okoliczności i warunków jego wystąpienia, może mieć ono charakter stopniowy, szybki lub eksplozyjny. Niniejszy artykuł omawia różne typy dekompresji i związane z nimi zagrożenia hipoksją, opierając się na rzeczywistych incydentach w lotnictwie komercyjnym.

6

Factors influencing the performance of commercial aircraft crew during flight operations

Uchman Zbigniew

Journal of KONBiN

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2025

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Vol. 55, iss.4

27--43

EN

In the aviation safety system, the aircraft crew, especially the cockpit crew, plays a key role. In modern commercial aircraft, the basic crew consists of two pilots: the captain and the first officer. Their actions are influenced by several factors. An analysis of more than 260 incidents in commercial aviation indicates that the most important factors include professional aptitude, health, training level, crew cooperation, applicable regulations, manuals and procedures, aircraft characteristics, especially its reliability and operational usability, the functioning of flight support services and aviation infrastructure systems, as well as the impact of the natural and man-made environment. This article discusses the basic elements of these categories of factors, with particular attention to those that determine the potential of the crew. Examples of incidents that illustrate the potential effects of the influence of individual categories of these factors on the actions of the aircraft crew are also provided.

PL

W systemie bezpieczeństwa transportu lotniczego kluczową rolę odgrywa załoga statku powietrznego, a zwłaszcza załoga kokpitu. We współczesnych samolotach komunikacyjnych w jej podstawowy skład wchodzi dwóch pilotów: kapitan oraz pierwszy oficer. Na podejmowane przez nich działania wpływa szereg czynników. Z analizy ponad 260 zdarzeń w lotnictwie komunikacyjnym wynika, że do najważniejszych z nich należą: predyspozycje do zawodu pilota, zdrowie, poziom wyszkolenia, współpraca w załodze, obowiązujące przepisy, instrukcje i procedury, właściwości statku powietrznego, a zwłaszcza jego nieuszkadzalność i podatność użytkowa, działanie służb zabezpieczających operacje lotnicze oraz systemów infrastruktury lotniczej, a także oddziaływanie środowiska naturalnego i nienaturalnego. W artykule omówiono podstawowe elementy wymienionych kategorii czynników, zwracając szczególną uwagę na te z nich, które decydują o potencjale załogi. Przytoczono również przykłady zdarzeń ilustrujących potencjalne skutki wpływu poszczególnych kategorii omawianych czynników na postępowanie załogi statku powietrznego.

7

Mobile composite cover as an element of the safety system during aircraft operations in random situations

Wesołowski Mariusz

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2025

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Nr 1

78--89

EN

Ensuring the safety of aircraft during flight operations was, is and will be one of the most important issues in the functioning and development of aviation. The safety of flight operations is influenced by all elements participating in this process, which can be divided into three groups, i.e.: humans, aircraft and the environment, including airfield pavements. Airfield pavements are elements that can be destroyed intentionally as a result of military operations as well as as a result of unexpected random situations (failure, catastrophe, natural disaster). Efficient reconstruction of airfield pavements in crisis situations and in warfare should enable the restoration of operational readiness of destroyed functional elements of the airport in the shortest possible time. Previous methods and technologies for the reconstruction of airfield pavements destroyed in random situations were not able to meet the high time regimes. Based on experience gained during foreign trips to engineering units of the Air Force (Great Britain, Germany, the United States of America, France), the ELP-1 KRATER mobile composite cover was designed and constructed in our country. The cover produced by Zulawy Shipyard guarantees safe conditions for aircraft during flight operations. Portable airfield covers can be successfully used in crisis situations when rebuilding functional elements of airports, as well as when making helicopter landing pads in adventitious conditions both in the country and in outside missions. The article presents the operational and utility values of the ELP-1 KRATER mobile composite cover, the scope of the laboratory tests carried out and the results of some of them, as well as the theoretical analysis of the operating conditions of the portable airfield cover.

8

Tests of pulse interference from lightning discharges occurring in unmanned aerial vehicle housings made of carbon fibers

Szczupak Paweł, Kossowski Tomasz, Szostek Kamil, Szczupak Mateusz

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2025

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Vol. 27, no. 1

art. no. 193984

EN

The Aim of the study was to determine the effect of a carbon fiber enclosure on overvoltages induced in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) circuits. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is characterized by a heterogeneous structure and a thorough analysis of its impact on the LEMP (Lightning ElectroMagnetic Pulse) protection of UAVs is crucial for the further development of such machines. These overvoltages are the result of an impulsive electromagnetic wave (EMP), a consequence of flashes. The shorter the distance, the greater the amplitude of the EMP and the greater the value of the surges. Their maximum value determines the safe limit within which an object can move. This distance can be reduced by using shielding or an enclosure that can absorb or dissipate EMP. The tested object was placed in the middle between a large capacitor plates, which ensured the uniformity of the field. This article presents new results of tests on the CFRP shielding effectiveness against the electrical component of atmospheric discharge. using described below method, an increase in the signal amplitude inside the box was achieved in relation to the input signal, thus strengthening it instead of suppressing it.

9

Environmental benefits of agricultural aviation development

Nowak Mateusz, Flis Bartłomiej, Sikora Wojciech

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 1

136--144

EN

Currently, there has been an almost complete reduction in traditional agricultural aviation work in Europe. This is due to the increasing efficiency of groundwork and the requirements for environmental protection during the use of plant protection products. The article presents issues related to the development of agricultural aviation and precision agriculture, which may contribute to the return of agricultural work to flying objects. Examples of manned and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are presented, and the environmental impact of agricultural work using manned and unmanned aerial vehicles is estimated based on literature data. It turns out that thanks to modern technology, it is possible to reduce the emission of most exhaust components while meeting the requirements for the use of plant protection products. Compared to manned aircraft, using an unmanned aerial vehicle reduces CO2, CO and NOx emissions by over 80%, while increasing SO2 emissions by approx. 15%.

10

Central transport hub: Analysis of ground and airspace environments

Nowoczyn Tomasz, Specht Mariusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 9

171--188

EN

The planned Central Transport Hub (pol. Centralny Port Komunikacyjny – CPK) is a response to the dynamic increase in the number of air transport operations in Poland and in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Like any other airport in the world, the modern international hub will operate in a local environment. Its surroundings will undoubtedly exert an impact on the air traffic using the airport. Hence, the aim of this article is to analyse the surroundings on the ground and in the airspace. As part of the study, the topography and land use in the immediate and wider surroundings of the CPK were analysed, the main obstacles for landing and taking off aircraft were determined, and the airspace structure of this region of Poland was characterised. Based on the research carried out, it can be concluded that the surroundings of Poland’s future largest airport are conducive to its uninterrupted and efficient operation on a 24/7/365 basis. The lack of major obstacles (both on the ground and in the airspace), which is particularly noticeable to the east and south of the CPK, favours the flexible adaptation of navigation procedures in such a manner that maintains a balance between efficient and economical traffic flow of aircraft and the environmental impact of air transport. The least design freedom is expected in the eastern and northeastern directions. At this point, it is important to pay attention to highly urbanised areas, restricted airspace zones, and strict nature reserves. Nevertheless, it is entirely possible to connect the CPK to the country’s airway network in these directions. To summarise all the aspects mentioned, it can be concluded that the surroundings of the CPK will not have a negative impact on the future functioning and implementation of the strategic objectives of the airport component of the project. It is possible to implement a sustainable transport development strategy that involves minimising the negative impact of aircraft traffic operating from the CPK while ensuring its cost-effectiveness, ergonomics and safety.

11

Regional passenger aircraft type of An-158 with a hybrid propulsion parametric concept

Loginov Vasyl, Ukrainets Yevgen, Kravchenko Igor, Yelans’ky Olexandr, Fil Serhii, Pushylin Oleksii

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2024

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Nr 4 (277)

14--26

EN

This study proposes a concept for the design and development of a modification of the An-158 regional passenger aircraft equipped with a hybrid propulsion system. The propulsion configuration includes two turboprop engines and two electric engines, with multidirectional propellers positioned symmetrically at the wing tips. This innovative design reduces wingtip vortices, decreasing inductive drag and improving aerodynamic efficiency. Parametric analyses were conducted using the modular software systems “Integration 2.1” and “Propeller 2.2” for typical flight profiles of the An-158. Despite the added weight from hybrid components, the modified aircraft design demonstrated reduced fuel consumption and harmful emissions in taxiing, takeoff, and climb modes. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid propulsion to enhance environmental performance while maintaining operational efficiency.

12

Analysis of approaches to assessing flight delays due to technical issues at airline network airports within the operational management framework

Zabirov Anvar, Shestakov Vladimirs, Zabirov Zarif

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2024

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Nr 2 (275)

10--19

EN

This paper analyzes approaches to developing models for the technical exploitation (TE) of aircraft within operational management framework. The operational management contour of the TE of the airline’s AC fleet is considered as a TE process consisting of a sequence of flight routes, which, in turn, comprise a sequence of flights between airports in the airline network during the calendar interval when the aircraft are in this contour. We present a model that evaluates the capacity for aircraft recovery at the network airports of a hypothetical airline (dubbed “RAF”) if the need so arises, utilizing the probabilistic and temporal characteristics of the airports used for aircraft recovery.

13

A probabilistic approach to assessing passenger survival in aircraft accidents near an airport area

Soldatova Julija, Vinogradov Leonid, Shestakov Vladimir

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2024

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Nr 3 (276)

77--85

EN

This study proposes a probabilistic model to assess the likelihood of passenger survival in fires resulting from aircraft accidents. The model evaluates the risk of passenger death in a fire, considering the type of aircraft and airline. By comparing the time available for passengers to fully evacuate a burning plane with the time required for evacuation using modern means and technologies, onboard rescue equipment, and the qualifications of crew members and rescue personnel, we introduce a comprehensive approach to quantify passenger survival rates. Additionally, the concept of the hazard coefficient is introduced, which accounts for factors such as cabin temperature and toxic components.

14

Jet engine - construction and modern development examples

Garwol Arkadiusz

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2024

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nr 3

38--43

EN

The article presents the construction and operating principle of a turbine jet engine. The basic types of engines of this type are presented, such as single-rotor single-flow jet engines, single-flow dual-rotor engines (which are another development version of single-rotor engines), as well as dual-flow engines which are currently most commonly used in passenger aviation, and contra-rotating propeller engines and turbine propeller engines. Also presented their applications, such as propulsion of various types of. In the further part of this paper, the development trends of turbine jet engines are described, based on patents that have been granted in recent years. One of the cited patents is the use of a fuel cell to power an electric motor used to start a turbine jet engine. Also presented the concept of an electric motor providing propulsion of aircraft. An engine of this type is devoid of a turbine and a combustion chamber, and the machine shaft rotates only using electricity. The purpose of this paper is to present the construction and operating principles of turbine jet engines and examples of the current development of this type of construction, as well as to determine future development trends for those devices.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono budowę oraz zasadę działania turbinowego silnika odrzutowego. Przedstawiono podstawowe rodzaje silników tego typu, jakimi są odrzutowe silniki jednowimikowe jednoprzepływowe, jednoprzepływowe silniki dwuwimikowe (które są kolejną wersją rozwojową silników jednowimikowych), a także silniki dwuprzepływowe która są obecnie najczęściej stosowane w lotnictwie pasażerskim oraz silniki przeciwbieżne śmigłowentylatorowe i turbinowe silniki śmigłowe. Przedstawiono również ich zastosowania jakimi jest napęd różnych typów statków powietrznych. W dalszej części niniejszego artykułu, przedstawiono tendencje rozwojowe turbinowych silników odrzutowych, na podstawie patentów jakie zostały przyznane w ciągu ostatnich lat. Jednym z przywołanych patentów jest zastosowanie ogniwa paliwowego do zasilania silnika elektrycznego, użytego do rozruchu turbinowego silnika odrzutowego. Przedstawiono również koncepcję elektrycznego silnika zapewniającego napęd statków powietrznych. Silnik tego typu, jest pozbawiony turbiny i komory spalania, a wał maszyny obraca się jedynie za pomocą energii elektrycznej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie budowy oraz zasady działania turbinowych silników odrzutowych i przykładów obecnego rozwoju tego typu konstrukcji oraz określenie przyszłych tendencji rozwojowych tych urządzeń.

15

An Analysis of the Possibility of Using Foamed Polypropylene for the Construction of Aircraft Structural Elements

Miros Michał, Miros Artur

Safety & Defense

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2024

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2

71--77

EN

This article contains two selected properties of foamed polypropylene. Durability and water absorption were tested. The tested possibilities are available in terms of the use of the tested material in air structures. Resistance to them is possible due to the fact that they are structural elements of air elements, while the lowest water absorption is required due to the requirements that can be operated by airborne vehicles. The property consisting in the ability to absorb water by the tested material excludes it from the test results and its use in the formation of air substances. The test results do not provide grounds to reject the tested material as a potential use of a structural material in air structures.

16

tudy of new composite materials for aviation with the use of lightning current pulses

Filik Kamil

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 11

186--189

EN

Composite materials used increasingly in the aerospace industry are required to have appropriate electrical properties to minimize the risk of negative effects of lightning strike to aircraft. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of carbon fiber reinforced composite materials with different concentrations of conductive additive using lightning-type current impulses. The proposed method enables to evaluate the influence of conductive additives in composite laminates on their properties with respect to their handling of lightning current.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań kompozytów wzmacnianych włóknem węglowym i o różnej zawartości dodatku przewodzącego z użyciem impulsów prądowych typu piorunowego. Zaproponowana metoda pozwala ocenić wpływ dodatków przewodzących w wypełniaczu paneli kompozytowych na właściwości kompozytów w odniesieniu do oddziaływania na nie prądu piorunowego.

17

Model identification of correlation of avionic parameters with magnetic field intensity using neutral networks

Michałowska Joanna

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 3

282--284

EN

The article presents the identification of the magnetic field with the use of neural network model. The research on the value of the magnetic component of the electromagnetic field (EM) was determined with the NHT3DL broadband meter from Microrad with the 02H measuring probe during training flights. A convolutional autoencoder model of a neural network was developed to filter out outliers obtained during measurements.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono identyfikacje składowej magnetycznej pola elektromagnetycznego przy użyciu modelu sieci neuronowych. Badania dotyczące wartości składowej magnetycznej (EM) wyznaczono miernikiem szerokopasmowym NHT3DL firmy Microrad z sondą pomiarową 02 H podczas lotów szkoleniowych statkami powietrznymi. Opracowano model konwolucyjnego autoencondera sieci neuronowej (ang. convolutional autoencoder model) stużący do odfiltrowania danych odstających uzyskanych podczas pomiarów.

18

Load factor measurement in landing gear tests

Skorupka Zbigniew

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 12

232--235

EN

In the presented work, author would like to present the physical and legal basis of the load factor in aviation. Possible methods of determining and methods of measuring this factor, which ensure repeatability, the required accuracy and verifiability of this very important measurement. Descriptions, data and methodologies are used during load factor tests in the Structural Test Laboratory on aircraft landing gear test stands, and are accepted by aviation regulatory authorities, both domestic and international.

PL

W przedstawianej pracy pragnie autor przybliżyć podstawę fizyczną oraz prawną współczynnika obciążeń. Możliwe metody jego wyznaczenia oraz metody pomiaru tego współczynnika, które zapewniają powtarzalność, wymaganą dokładność oraz weryfikowalność tego jakże ważnego pomiaru. Opisy, dane oraz metodyki są stosowane podczas badań współczynnika obciążenia w Laboratorium Badań Konstrukcji na stanowiskach do badań podwozi lotniczych, oraz są zaakceptowane przez lotnicze organy regulujące tak krajowe jak i zagraniczne.

19

Measurement systems of electromagnetic field for aircraft with the use of a machine learning model

Michałowska Joanna, Tomiło Paweł

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 3

577--594

EN

In this article, a new low-cost measurement system for measuring the electric component of electromagnetic field is presented. For the initial calibration of the new measurement system, a reference meter was used, and based on its readings, calibration was carried out using a machine learning model. Initial calibration was carried out in a GTEM 1000 with a Teseq ITS 6006 generator connected. Five models were compared, among which the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model had the highest accuracy. The model was tested on 5 types of aircraft, and its readings were compared with a reference sensor. Test measurements were carried out in five types of aircraft: Cessna C172, Aero AT-3 R100, Tecnam P2006T, PZL M28 Bryza and the Mi-8 helicopter with the developed new measurement system and a reference meter (NHT3DL) with an 01E probe. The new measurement system is small in size and fits anywhere in the aircraft cockpit. To compare the models, the following metrics were used: the coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, mean square error and root mean square error. The Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used for analysis, and the Bag of Words and Bag of Patterns methods were applied.

20

Wpływ czasu eksploatacji systemu elektroenergetycznego statku powietrznego na jakość energii w stanach nieustalonych

Michalak Sławomir, Tokarski Tomasz

Journal of KONBiN

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2024

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Vol. 54, iss. 1

47--63

PL

W pracy omówiono znaczenie parametrów energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych dla oceny zdolności sieci elektroenergetycznej statku powietrznego do samoregulacji. Wykazano, iż na jakość energii elektrycznej systemu elektroenergetycznego statku powietrznego wpływa czas jego eksploatacji. Zmiany starzeniowe wynikające z długotrwałej eksploatacji systemu elektroenergetycznego powodują pogorszenie parametrów energii elektrycznej, a to wpływa bezpośrednio na zdatność do lotów oraz bezpieczeństwo latania. Zachowanie normatywnych parametrów energii w stanach nieustalonych jest bardzo istotne dla zapewnienia prawidłowej eksploatacji statku powietrznego. W artykule opisano metodę pomiarów jakości energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych, a na przykładzie systemu elektroenergetycznego prądu stałego samolotu Su-22 przedstawiono istotę diagnostyki jego sieci w stanach nieustalonych. Zaprezentowano również przykładowe wyniki badań, przeprowadzonych przez autorów, dotyczących zmian parametrów energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych samolotu Su-22, uzyskane w czasie jego wieloletniej eksploatacji.

EN

The paper presents the importance of electricity parameters in transient states for assessing the ability of an aircraft's power grid to self-regulate. It has been shown that the quality of electrical energy of an aircraft's power system is influenced by its operating time. Aging changes resulting from long-term operation of the power system cause deterioration of electrical energy parameters, which directly affects airworthiness and flying safety. Maintaining standard energy parameters in transient states is very important to ensure proper operation of the aircraft. The article describes the method of measuring the quality of electricity in transient states, and using the example of the DC power system of the Su 22 aircraft, the essence of its network diagnostics in transient states is presented. Also presented are sample results of research conducted by the authors regarding changes in electrical energy parameters in transient states of the Su 22 aircraft, obtained during its many years of operation.