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1

Integrative biomarker approach to decode seasonal variation in biomarker responses of Scylla serrata and Penaeus monodon from Sundarbans estuarine system

Baag Sritama, Mandal Sumit

Oceanologia

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2025

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No. 67 (1)

Art. no. 67108

EN

Sundarbans Estuarine System is a highly productive estuary and is considered the most important spawning and nursery ground for various commercial fish and shellfish species. Estuarine organisms are frequently exposed to a wide variety of pollutants due to their vicinity to human habitation. Marine organisms residing in this area are also exposed to extensive fluctuations of environmental factors which vary with season. In the present study, effects of seasonal variation on oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation in the hepatopancreas of mud crab Scylla serrata and shrimp Penaeus monodon, were studied during monsoon, winter, spring and summer seasons. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) was assessed with the biomarker scores for all four seasons in both species. Our results suggested seasonal discrepancies as the governing factor behind biomarkers’ variability. The breeding period of the animals also seems to play a significant role in their oxidative stress physiology. The IBR results indicated that moderately high temperatures and low salinity in the monsoon season are the most stressful for crabs. This stress might also be ascribed to the breeding period of these crabs which exacerbates the stress level during this season. However, in the case of shrimps, the highest IBR value was observed in the winter season due to impaired ROS elimination at low temperatures. This study also offers baseline values in various seasons that would be beneficial to be considered in environmental monitoring programs to avoid the misinterpretation of environmental factors, which change seasonally.

2

Morphodynamic Cartography Visualization of Wulan River Estuary Systems from Space to Numerical Approach Based on Multi-Season Analysis

Khakhim Nurul, Kurniawan Agung, Pranowo Widodo

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 5

91--112

EN

This research aims to investigate the morphodynamics of the Wulan River estuary in Demak Regency using the integration of multispectral remote sensing images and numerical modeling. In this study, PlanetScope for a manualvisual analysis of estuary morphodynamics and Sentinel-2 MSI Level 2A to obtain periodic total suspended solids (TSS) information for the east and west monsoon seasons. MIKE by DHI software used to develop hydrodynamic numerical modeling in order to characterize the current circulation and sediment transport model. Based on a marine cartography aspect, the obtained results illustrated that the climatological phenomenon of seasonal forcing plays a role in the development of the current circulation and indirectly influences the sediment transport. During the west season, the morphodynamics in the Wulan River estuary are much more massive and significant as compared to the east season. A projection of the deposition that results from the sediment transport is described in the bed-thickness change; this occurs in the western part of the Wulan River estuary during the east season, while the bed-thickness change occurs predominantly in the northern part during the west season (where there was previously a beach sandbar phenomenon). This was verified through multi-temporal satellite imagery that the deposition that occurs in the northern part of the Wulan River estuary during the west season is increasingly progressive and massive.

3

Assessment of Primary Production in an Estuarine Environment – The Case of the Oum Er Rbia Estuary (Atlantic Coast, Morocco)

Bouchafra El Mostafa, Bengriche Rachida, Moncef Mohammed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 5

344--357

EN

Variations in primary production in relation to selected physicochemical and biological parameters of the Oum Er Rbia River estuary were measured monthly from November 2018 to January 2020 at two stations using the clear and dark bottle method. Gross primary production (GPP) ranged from 9.28 to 467.07 mg C/m3 /h; net primary production (NPP) ranged from 3.09 to 248.13 mg C/m3 /h; and respiration (R) ranged from 4.03 to 262.73 mg C/m3 /h. GPP, NPP and R are lowest in summer, increasing to peak in spring. In summer and winter, significantly positive correlations were observed between GPP and NPP on the one hand, and phaeopigments on the other. In summer, there is also a significant positive correlation between respiration and dissolved oxygen concentration. In winter, significant negative correlations were found between conductivity and salinity, on the one hand, and GPP, and in summer and winter, on the other, with NPP. Spatial and seasonal variations in productivity depend on the environmental and meteorological conditions at each station, including water temperature, salinity, conductivity, nutrient inputs and light availability.

4

Abundance and variation of microplastics between seasons in a tropical estuary : The case of Can Gio estuary, Vietnam

Pham Hoa Thi, Pham Tinh Quoc, Pham Ngoc, Nguyen Linh Ho Thuy, Cragg Simon, Michie Laura

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 3

3--17

EN

Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste are dumped into the ocean from estuaries. The process of accumulating and converting plastic into microplastics (MPs) in this dynamic system has not received as much attention compared to the open-ocean region. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the seasonal variation in microplastic (MP) content at the Can Gio estuary, Vietnam, during the rainy and dry seasons of 2021 and 2022. Water, sediment, and biological samples were collected at four sites. MP contents ranged from 0.00134 ± 0.00043 to 0.00095 ± 0.00014 items/L in water surface samples, from 4.22 ± 0.46 to 2.44 ± 0.46 items/L in water column samples, and from 200 ± 13.68 to 90 ± 13.68 items/kg in sediment samples. There was an interactive effect of seasonal fluctuation and the complex flow regime on the MP content. MP bioaccumulation in Saccostrea and Periophthalmodon schlosseri was 1.5 – 1.8 and 0.2 – 0.52 items/individual, respectively. The main MP shapes were fibers and fragments. The composition mainly consisted of polypropylene (45.45%), polyethylene (18.18%), polystyrene (9.09%) and other plastics (27.28%). The source of MPs can be projected from the macro-plastic stream accumulated at the sampling sites. This study found the presence of MPs in both seasons of the year, and the accumulation of MPs in this dynamic region is closely correlated with hydrological properties of the estuary.

5

The Ability of Mangrove Plant on Lead Phytoremediation at Wonorejo Estuary, Surabaya, Indonesia

Luthansa Uridna Marwah, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

253--268

EN

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal often discovered to be polluting the water areas. One of the efforts made to overcome the heavy metal pollution in estuaries was phytoremediation technique using mangroves. The Wonorejo River was one of the rivers that received industrial waste loads. There were various types of mangrove plant species at the estuary of the Wonorejo River. The location of this research was divided into 3 monitoring stations (A, B, C). Station A was directly adjacent to the estuary, as location C was farther away and very close to the sea. However, station B was located between location A and B. This study aimed to determine the ability of mangrove in remediating and illustrating the distribution of Pb, at the Wonorejo River estuary. Moreover, it also aimed to determine the values of Bioconcentration (BCF) and Translocation (TF) Factors in the ability of Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia lanata, and Rhizophora stylosa to accumulate Pb. The samples were the roots, stems, and leaves of mangroves, with the water and sediment at the Wonorejo estuary, as all solid materials were also extracted. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentration, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest average Pb concentration for waters and sediments was obtained at station C and A, with values of 0.069 mg/L and 4.22 mg/kg, respectively. It was further observed that the Pb concentration in the water was lower than in sediment, indicating that the metal was accumulated in the sediments. On the basis of the BCF value, the most effective mangrove involved in the accumulation of Pb was A. alba. The highest values of TF for both root to stems and to leaves in the accumulation of Pb was also discovered in A. lanata and A. alba mangroves, respectively. On the basis of the Pb distribution mapping, the concentration of the metal was shown to increased, as the research location moved further away from the estuary. Conclusively, each type of mangrove had different ability to accumulate and translocate Pb in its body, with the potential of using those plants as phytoremediaton agents for the metal.

6

Nutrient Absorption and Biomass Production by the Marine Diatom Chaetoceros Muelleri: Effects of Temperature, Salinity, Photoperiod, and Light Intensity

Minggat Elizerberth, Roseli Wardina, Tanaka Yasuaki

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

231--240

EN

The marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri is commonly used for aquacultural feed and is well known for its fast growth and easy maintenance. In order to evaluate the potential of C. muelleri to be used for the nutrient removal and biomass production from eutrophic saline wastewaters, the algae were cultured under a wide range of temperature, salinity, photoperiod, and light intensity. The optimum temperature for the biomass production was observed at 30°C, but the algae could maintain at least 66% of the highest production between 20°C and 35°C. The optimum salinity for the biomass production was 25, but the algae could maintain at least 22% of the highest production between 10 and 30. Both light intensity and photoperiod affected the algal biomass production, and the minimum light requirement was considered 100 μmol m−2•s−1 for 6 hours to maintain the biomass production and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) absorption. Throughout all the experiments, the N and P absorption increased with the biomass production, but the ratio of N and P to the biomass exponentially decreased with the biomass production. These results showed that C. muelleri is tolerant to the wide range of environmental conditions, absorbing nutrients and producing organic matter. C. muelleri has a great potential to be introduced in the water treatment processes, especially where the temperature and salinity fluctuate.

7

Recovery of an Estuarine Ecosystem after the Stopping of Wastewater Discharge: Intertidal Macrobenthic Community Characterization in the Estuary of Oued Souss (Southwestern Morocco)

Bergayou Hafida, Anajjar El Mehdi, Lefrère Latifa, Moukrim Abdellatif, Gillet Patrik

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

133--145

EN

The communities of benthic macroinvertebrates, living in the estuary of Oued Souss (Agadir Bay, Morocco), were studied in parallel with the changes that this ecosystem had underwent after the stopping of pollution, caused by untreated wastewater discharge which occurred in November 2002. Three campaigns were undertaken during the summer season. Two of them were carried out while the estuary was receiving wastewater discharge in 2001 and 2002. The 2003 campaign was carried out after the cessation of the pollution. The intertidal macrobenthic fauna shows a similar faunal composition for both seasons during the period when the ecosystem was receiving wastewater discharge. During this period, Hydrobia ulvae was the dominant species, followed by Hediste diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana in decreasing order. In 2003, the number of individuals harvested was significantly larger compared to the period when the ecosystem received wastewater. For the dominance of species, H. diversicolor was dominanted, followed by H. ulvae, Cerastoderma edule, and S. plana in decreasing order. However, in both periods: before and after the end of wastewater discharge, the phylum of mollusks is dominant, followed by that of Annelids and Crustaceans. The study of the coenotic affinity between settlements of different radials allowed us to separate 2–3 groups of radials in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and 3 groups after stopping discharges in the estuary. The specific richness was greater in the year following the end of discharges (22 species in 2003 instead of 14 found during the pollution period: 2001–2002). The longitudinal distribution of the species living in this site in 2001 and 2002 became wider in 2003 and average biomass, determined by the study of the ash-free dry weight, became clearly greater (20.46 g/m2 in 2003; and 15.54 g/ m2 or 15.84 g/ m2 in 2001 or 2002 respectively). This investigation allowed us to acquire a qualitative (species list, species richness) and quantitative (abundance, biomass, species density) database of intertidal benthic macrofauna of the Oued Souss estuary. It represents a reference state. It responds to the requests for information about the quality of the environment immediately after the cessation of wastewater discharge and could serve as a basis for conducting impact studies later.

8

Air-Water Interface in an Estuarine Lake : Chlorophyll and Nutrient Enrichment

Antonowicz J. P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 3

205--216

EN

The surface water microlayer (SML) is a thin layer found at the interface of the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. It is capable of accumulating chemical substances and microorganisms at a rate as high as 100-fold greater than that observed in the subsurface water. The rate of accumulation of biogens and chlorophyll a in SML of an estuary, where marine and fresh waters mix, varies considerably and it depends on the degree mixing of these waters, which is manifested in the varying values of the enrichment factor (EF, calculated as the ratio of nutrients concentration in SML versus subsurface water). The influence of the Baltic Sea marine water and the freshwater Łeba River inflows on the estuarine Lake Łebsko (Poland) was examined. Nine sampling sites were located in the estuary. Water samples were collected from two layers: the surface microlayer (thickness 242 µm ± 40) and the subsurface water (15 cm depth). The capacity of the SML to enrich the water in nutrients and chlorophyll differed among various parts of the estuary, as well as between seawater and river waters. Statistically significant higher EF were found in the marine waters than in river waters for the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as well as chlorophyll. There were also differences in EF between marine and lake waters. The highest EF were also recorded for organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in marine water. Most probably, marine flux into the estuarine Lake Łebsko, resulted in the increased EF for these investigated components.

9

Impact of the Słupia River waters on microbial communities in the port of Ustka and adjacent Baltic Sea waters

Rychert K., Wielgat-Rychert M., Lemańczyk Ł.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 4

429--438

EN

The distribution of bacterial and ciliate abundance, ciliate community composition and other parameters were studied during summer along a transect from the mouth of the Słupia River to offshore waters (southern Baltic Sea). Bacteria were examined under an epifluorescence microscope and ciliates were observed under an inverted microscope. Two water masses were identified along the transect. Less saline waters in the river mouth and in the surface layer in the port of Ustka were characterized by high bacterial abundance (5.51–6.16 × 106 ml-1) and low ciliate abundance (0.34–0.90 cells ml-1). More saline waters in the near-bottom zone in the port of Ustka and in the surface layer outside the port contained smaller numbers of bacteria (0.99–2.14 × 106 ml-1) and larger numbers of ciliates (2.65–5.40 cells ml-1). The differences were statistically significant. The separation of the two water masses indicated that the Słupia River exerted a minor impact on the marine waters. The ciliate community composition changed along the transect studied. The main statistically significant difference observed was the low contribution of oligotrichs and choreotrichs to ciliate biomass (3–4%) in less saline waters and their dominance (45–80% of ciliate biomass) in more saline waters.

10

Comparison of Ichthyofauna composition in two estuarine lakes: Ptasi Raj and Mikoszewskie located in the Natura 2000 site “Ostoja w Ujściu Wisły

Kuczyński T., Pieckiel P.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2018

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Vol. 33, No. 1

119--127

EN

The purpose of the following studies was to get knowledge about the composition of the ichthyofauna of two estuarine lakes: Mikoszewskie and Ptasi Raj in the Natura 2000 area “Ostoja w Ujściu Wisły” (PLH220044), located within the delta estuary created by two channels of the Vistula river: Wisła Śmiała and Przekop Wisły, reaching the Gulf of Gdańsk. Despite the research conducted on the existing flora and fauna in both nature reserves, the ichthyofauna of the lakes has not been studied so far. In order to determine as completely as possible the taxonomic composition and the quantitative structure of ichthyofauna, the different fishing gear was used: fyke nets, NORDIC multimash survey gillnets, minnow traps. In Mikoszewskie lake, there were caught a total of 774 fish representing 17 species. Higher fish number in catches, with a comparable effort applied, were recorded on the Ptasi Raj lake, where a total of 2032 fish representing 16 species were captured. Out of all 26 species found, only 9 of them were found in both water reservoirs. As it transpires from the above data, both lakes, despite seemingly similar location, due to different hydrological conditions, clearly differ in terms of the structure of inhabiting ichthyofauna. Based on the analysis of the results of conducted fish catches, it can be concluded that the ichthyofauna of the Mikoszewskie Lake is characteristic for freshwater habitats, whereas in the waters of the Ptasi Raj lake, fish populations depend on a permanent connection with the estuary waters of the Wisła Śmiała channel.

PL

Celem poniższej pracy było poznanie składu ichtiofauny dwóch jezior Mikoszewskiego i Ptasi Raj znajdujących si w obszarze Natura 2000 „Ostoja w Ujściu Wisły” (PLH220044), położonego w obrębie estuarium utworzonego przez ramiona Wisły, Śmiałej i Przekopu Wisły uchodzące do Zatoki Gdańskiej. Pomimo prowadzonych w tym obszarze badań flory i fauny, ichtiofauna znajdujących się w nich jezior nie była do tej pory poznana. W celu jak najbardziej pełnego określenia składu taksonomicznego oraz struktury ilościowej ichtiofauny zastosowano różne narzędzia połowowe: żaki, wielopanelowe sieci typu NORDIC oraz pułapki narybkowe. W jeziorze Mikoszewskim, odłowiono łącznie 774 ryb reprezentujących 17 gatunków. Wyższe liczebności ryb w połowach, przy porównywalnym nakładzie odnotowano na jeziorze Ptasi Raj, gdzie odłowiono łącznie 2032 ryb reprezentujących 16 gatunków. Ze wszystkich 26 stwierdzonych gatunków tylko 9 z nich występowało w obu zbiornikach. Oba jeziora, pomimo wydawałoby się podobnego położenia, na skutek odmiennych uwarunkowań hydrologicznych, wyraźnie się różnią pod względem struktury zamieszkującej je ichtiofauny. Na podstawie analizy wyników przeprowadzonych połowów można stwierdzić, że ichtiofauna jeziora Mikoszewskie jest charakterystyczna dla siedlisk słodkowodnych, natomiast w poddanym wpływowi wód słonawych jeziorze Ptasi Raj, populacje ryb są zależne od stałego połączenia z wodami estuarium Wisły Śmiałej.

11

Parasitological survey of smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (Actinopterygii: Osmeridae), from five estuary sites along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea

Pilecka-Rapacz M., Piasecki W., Głoćko M., Kesminas V., Domagała J., Wiśniewski G., Czerniawski R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 3

314--324

EN

This is the first comprehensive study covering the parasite fauna of smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, from five estuary sites of the southern Baltic Sea in a stretch of almost 500 km. We examined 432 smelt from: the Neman River mouth, the Vistula River mouth, Pomeranian Bay, the Oder River, and Lake Dąbie and recovered 13 species/higher-rank taxa of parasites: Diplostomum spp., Posthodiplostomum cuticola, Eubothrium crassum, Proteocephalus longicolis, Cystidicola farionis, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Corynosoma semerme, Pomphorhynchus laevis, Unionidae gen sp., Ergasilus sieboldi, Argulus foliaceus, Piscicola geometra, and Saprolegniaceae gen sp. Basic infection parameters such as prevalence, intensity of infection, mean intensity of infection, and the dominance index were determined. The findings of the presently reported study constitute a number of new faunistic records. There were two new host records (Posthodiplostomum cuticola and Saprolegniaceae gen sp.), five new host records for Poland (Diplostomum spp., Pomphorhynchus laevis, Piscicola geometra, Argulus foliaceus, and Unionidae gen sp.), and two new host records for Lithuania (Argulus foliaceus and Unionidae gen sp.). We carefully analyzed the relevant information from more than 100 publications on smelt parasites to compare the data with our own findings.

12

Modeling of ice phenomena in the mouth of the Vistula River

Kolerski T.

Acta Geophysica

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2014

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Vol. 62, no. 4

893--914

EN

The mouth of the Vistula River, which is a river outlet located in tideless area, is analyzed. The Vistula River mouth is a man-made, artificial channel which was built in the 19th century in order to prevent the formation of ice jams in the natural river delta. Since the artificial river outlet was constructed, no severe ice-related flood risk situations have ever occurred. However, periodic ice-related phenomena still have an impact on the river operation. In the paper, ice processes in the natural river delta are presented first to refer to the historical jams observed in the Vistula delta. Next, the calibrated mathematical model was applied to perform a series of simulations in the Vistula River mouth for winter storm condition to determine the effects of ice on the water level in the Vistula River and ice jam potential of the river outlet.

13

Estuarium rzeki Wieprzy jako siedlisko bezkręgowców dennych

Obolewski K., Burandt P, Glińska-Lewczuk K

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2012

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Nr 31

80--90

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad strukturą ilościowo-jakościową makrozoobentosu w warunkach ujściowych odcinków rzek na przykładzie estuarium rzeki Wieprzy. Badania obejmowały obszar portu w Darłowie oraz strefę przybrzeżną Bałtyku w rejonie ujścia rzeki. W trakcie prowadzonych prac zidentyfikowano 18 taksonów należących głównie do Mollusca (6 taksonów), Crustacea (4 taksony), Polychaeta (3 gatunki), Insecta (3 taksony). Zagęszczenie makrozoobentosu osiągnęło najwyższe wartości w strefie kontaktu wód rzecznych z morzem, podczas gdy największą biomasę tych organizmów stwierdzono w strefie przybrzeżnej. Wskaźniki bioróżnorodności malały wraz ze wzrostem udziału słonych wód morskich w estuarium. Pomimo negatywnego oddziaływania funkcjonowania portów morskich na faunę denną wewnątrz estuariów rzecznych, możliwe jest podjęcie działań zwiększających bioróżnorodność tych siedlisk poprzez planowe wdrażanie systemu zarządzania środowiskowego w portach.

EN

In the paper are presented results of the studies on the qualitative and quantitative structure of benthic fauna in the estuary of Wieprza River. The study was carried out in the area of the harbor of Darłowo and the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. During the study we identified 18 taxa of macronvertebrates belonging mainly to the Mollusca (6 taxa), Crustacea (4 taxa), Polychaeta (3 species) and Insecta (3 taxa). Macrozoobenthos density reached the highest values in the contact zone of the river and the sea, while the highest biomass was stated in the coastal zone. Biodiversity indices decreased due to the increasing share of saline water in the estuary. In spite of negative influence of marine harbors onto the bottom fauna within the river estuaries, there is a possibility to undertake activities aiming at the increase in biodiversity throughout implementation of environmental management system in the harbors.

14

The evolution of late Ediacaran riverine-estuarine system in the Lublin-Podlasie slope of the East European Craton, southeastern Poland

Pacześna J.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2010

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Vol. 27

1-96

EN

A model of evolution and destruction of the late Ediacaran riverine-estuarine system that developed in the Podlasie Depression and Lublin-Podlasie slope of the East European Craton is presented based on the identification and definition of facies associations, depositional systems and the framework of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. Two groups of depositional systems have been identified - alluvial, estuarine, and one open coast system. The alluvial system was initially represented in the northeastern and western synrift depocentres by alluvial fans. Distal parts of the fans were areas of fluvial deposition. Large, sand-bed braided rivers flowed transverse to the sedimentary basin axis. During final stages of the alluvial basin evolution, the levelling of the rift topography and the increase in subsidence rate in the south-east of the basin resulted in the development of anastomosed system rivers. The rivers flowed along the basin axis from north to south. A change in the braided-river flow type from ephemeral during the early stage of the alluvial basin evolution to perennial in the later stages, development of anastomosed system river floodplains and the change in the colour of accumulated fluvial deposits indicate a climate change from arid and desert to more humid and moderate conditions. The late Ediacaran siliciclastic succession of the Lublin basin is a record of the transgressive stage of estuary development. It is manifested by five successive parasequences composing the transgressive systems tract. During the earliest evolutionary stages, the Lublin estuary was a mixed wave-and tide-dominated. In its peak development, as the influence of tides significantly increased, it turned into a macrotidal, hypersynchronous estuary of funnel-shaped geometry. Regression of the Lublin estuary, resulting in its ultimate decline, started along with the highstand development at the Ediacaran/Cambrian transition. The estuary became transformed into a mixed-energy wave-and tide-dominated estuarine system and subsequently into a wave-dominated open coast.

PL

Na podstawie zdefiniowania asocjacji facjalnych i systemów depozycyjnych oraz przedstawienia ram wydzieleń wysokorozdzielczej stratygrafii sekwencji sformułowano model rozwoju i destrukcji późnoediakarskiego systemu fluwialno-estuariowego, rozprzestrzenionego w obniżeniu podlaskim i lubelskim skłonie kratonu wschodnioeuropejskiego. Wyróżniono dwie grupy systemów depozycyjnych - aluwialne i estuariowe oraz system otwartego wybrzeża. System aluwialny był początkowo reprezentowany w północno-wschodnich i zachodnich depocentrach synryftowych przez stożki aluwialne. Dystalne części stożków były obszarami depozycji fluwialnej. Duże, piaskodenne rzeki roztokowe spływały poprzecznie do osi basenu sedymentacyjnego. W końcowych stadiach ewolucji basenu aluwialnego wyrównanie topografii ryftowej i wzrost tempa subsydencji w jego południowo-wschodniej części spowodowały rozwój rzek systemu anastomozującego. Spływały one wzdłuż osi basenu z północy na południe. Zmiana rodzaju przepływu rzek roztokowych z okresowego we wczesnych etapach rozwoju basenu aluwialnego na ciągły w późniejszych stadiach, rozwój równi zalewowych rzek systemu anastomozującego i zmiana koloru osadów akumulowanych przez rzeki świadczą o zmianie klimatu suchego, pustynnego na bardziej wilgotny, umiarkowany. Późnoediakarska sukcesja silikoklastyczna basenu lubelskiego jest zapisem transgresywnego etapu ewolucji estuarium. Jej przebieg odzwierciedla pięć kolejnych parasekwencji budujących transgresywny ciąg systemowy. W najwcześniejszych etapach rozwoju estuarium lubelskie miało charakter mieszany, falowo-pływowy. W fazie maksymalnego rozwoju, w miarę znaczącego wzrostu oddziaływania pływów, było to makropływowe, hypersynchroniczne estuarium o kominowej geometrii. Na przełomie ediakaru i kambru wraz z rozwojem ciągu systemowego wysokiego stanu względnego poziomu morza rozpoczął się regres i stopniowa likwidacja estuarium lubelskiego, które przekształciło się w estuarium o mieszanej energii falowo-pływowej i następnie w otwarte wybrzeże z udziałem falowania.

15

Why should the Odra River mouth area not be regarded as an estuary? A geologist’s point of view

Osadczuk A., Musielak S., Borówka R.K.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.2

87-99

EN

The authors find no arguments that would justify application of the term “estuary” to the area of the Odra River discharge into the Baltic Sea. The physiography, geology, and hydrology of the Odra river mouth show that the area possesses many more characteristics typical of flow-through coastal lagoons than those of estuaries. Of key importance in this respect is the Szczecin Lagoon, an extensive, shallow water body separated from the open sea by a barrier intersected by three narrow and long straits. The lagoonal nature of the area is demonstrated also by its geological history.

16

Coastal lakes and marine intrusions on the southern Baltic coast

Drwal J., Cieśliński R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.2

61-75

EN

In particular branches of the Earth sciences the term estuary is used with various meanings. The term estuary is applied to objects that often differ from the original geographic meaning of the word. The phenomena that accompany them and processes that cause them are called also estuary phenomena and processes. The aim of the study is to describe, in a geographic context, the range in meaning of both the term and names of phenomena and processes derived from it. In the years 2002 – 2005, a survey of the distribution of chloride concentrations was conducted on five lakes characteristic of the southern Baltic coast: Jamno, Bukowo, Wicko, Kopań and Łebsko. It was observed that seawater intrusions into the coastal lakes only resembles those that occur in classic estuaries, though the results are similar to seawater intrusion processes. In the Polish section of the southern Baltic coast, coastal lakes are not the only places where these phenomena are observed. We suggest that all inland water bodies that are under the influence of marine intrusions should be called coastal waters, instead of the misleading term estuary.

17

Hydrografia rzeki Lubszy

Szymańczyk A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2004

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nr 131(12)

353-362

PL

W artykule przedstawiono hydrografię rzeki Lubszy. Opisano bieg rzeki oraz wszystkich jej dopływów. Przedstawiono miejsca źródeł i ujść, długości poszczególnych cieków, przepływy oraz tereny zlewni. Wyjaśniono kwestie nazwy niektórych cieków.

EN

In article was presented the hydrography of river Lubsza. Rriver Lubsza route and all her tributaries were described. The places of sources and estuaries, length the rivers, flows and grounds drainage basins were presented. Problems of some river names it were explained.

18

Functional response of midsummer planktonic and benthic communities in the Neva Estuary (eastern Gulf of Finland) to anthropogenic stress

Golubkov S. M., Alimov A. F., Telesh I.V., Anokhina L. E., Maximov A. A., Nikulina V. N., Pavel'eva E. B., Panov V. E.

Oceanologia

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2003

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No. 45 (1)

53-66

EN

Long-term hydrobiological research has shown that the functioning of the ecosystem of the Neva Estuary, one of the largest Baltic estuaries, has changed greatly since the beginning of the 20th century. Ineffective local water management in St. Petersburg during the last twenty years has stimulated the development of a natural "biological plug" in the salt barrier zone in the inner part of the estuary and has altered the ecosystem's functioning. These changes include an increase in primary production, in the primary production:organic matter decomposition ratio, and in pelagic-benthic coupling. It has also given rise to filamentous algae blooms and intensive secondary pollution in the coastal zone of the Neva Estuary. The primary production of phytoplankton in the inner part of the estuary has reached 2.3 gC m-2, that of the filamentous algae Cladophora glomerata 5.5 gC m-2 these figures are much higher than in other regions of the Gulf of Finland.

19

The abiotic conditions of a deltaic lake ecosystem (on the example of the Druzno Lake catchment)

Cieśliński W.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2003

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no. 7

33-47

EN

The water regime, location and origin are the features which make Lake Druzno an example of a unique water reservoir in every aspect. From the hydrographic point of view, it undergoes both natural (gravitational) and forced (polder) drainage. The authors believe that Lake Druzno did not use to be initially part of the Vistula Lagoon, and its origin is related to the formation of an end depression of a glacier lobe. Due to its situation, morphometric features and character of the bed, Lake Druzno is an environment of rich resources of organic life, which emphasises its unique character still more. The history of the development and present hydrological structure of Lake Druzno are crucial for an evaluation of the abiotic conditions influencing the state of the ecosystem.

PL

Jezioro Druzno ze względu na reżim wodny, położenie i genezę stanowi przykład zbiornika wodnego o wielu cechach znamionujących jego unikatowy charakter. Pod względem hydrograficznym jest ono włączone zarówno w naturalny (grawitacyjny) sposób odwadniania, jak i wymuszony - polderowy. Wielu autorów uważa, że jezioro Druzno nie stanowiło początkowo części Zalewu Wiślanego a jego powstanie wiążą z wytworzeniem się depresji końcowej lobu lodowcowego. Z uwagi na położenie, cechy morfometryczne, charakter podłoża - jezioro Druzno stanowi środowisko o bogatych zasobach życia organicznego, co dodatkowo podkreśla jego unikatowy charakter. Historia rozwoju i współczesna struktura hydrologiczna jeziora Druzno mają istotne znaczenie dla oceny abiotycznych uwarunkowań, wpływających na stan ekosystemu. Niniejsza praca ma zatem na celu określenie abiotycznych uwarunkowań ekosystemu, wpływających na reżim hydrologiczny zlewni jeziora Druzno przy uwzględnieniu specyficznych cech tego zbiornika. Pod pojęciem uwarunkowań abiotycznych należy rozumieć uwarunkowania pozabiologiczne, tj. naturalne czynniki środowiska nieorganicznego, które oddziałują na układy biologiczne o różnym poziomie organizacji. Natomiast ekosystem należy traktować jako podstawową jednostkę funkcjonowania w przyrodzie, w której zachodzi obieg materii i energii tzn. przyrodę nieożywioną i żywą wraz z florą i fauną, które są współzależne. Obiekt badań jakim jest jezioro Druzno stanowi szczególny przypadek śródlądowego zbiornika wodnego, którego funkcjonowanie jest konsekwencją istniejących powiązań czynników naturalnych i antropogenicznych. Unikatowy charakter jeziora, poza wskazaną wyżej współzależnością, przejawia się w wielu innych aspektach funkcjonowania, szeroko rozumianego środowiska geograficznego, włączając weń także aspekt kulturowy. Z uwagi na dodatni bilans materii i energii misy jeziornej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem materii organicznej, jezioro Druzno i jego najbliższe otoczenie charakteryzuje się wyjątkowym bogactwem fauny i flory zarówno pod względem gatunkowym jak i populacyjnym. Jezioro Druzno stanowi także ważne ogniwo w układzie transportowym, jakim jest Kanał Elbląski. Kanał ten poza funkcją transportową stanowi przykład osiągnięć technicznych podporządkowanych wykorzystaniu systemu wodnego do celów użytkowych. Przedstawione wyżej uwarunkowania podkreślające funkcje jeziora Druzno wskazują, że należy dołożyć wszelkich starań w celu utrzymania istniejącego stanu i zabezpieczenia dalszego funkcjonowania tego unikalnego ze wszech miar systemu hydrograficznego, który dodatkowo przekłada się na inne elementy środowiska.

20

Nutrient status in the Szczecin Lagoon - past, present and future prospects

Pastuszak M., Wielgat M., Sitek S.

Oceanological Studies

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2001

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Vol. 30, No. 1-2

59-86

EN

Nutrient concentrations and their annual/interannual variability in the Szczecin Lagoon are shaped by variable riverine water/nutrient discharges and bio-geochemical processes in the Lagoon which modify the dissolved/suspended matter introduced. On an interannual scale, nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the Lagoon in 1969-97 displayed quite considerable variability, with maxima of NO3 coinciding with minima of PO4 concentrations. Both NO3 concentrations in the Lagoon and total nitrogen loads showed a strong positive correlation with the water volumes discharged (r = 0.73 and 0.82, respectively). This dependence was much weaker and negative for PO4 (r = - 0.51), and weak and positive for total phosphorus loads (r = 0.35). It would appear, therefore, that in the catchment area of the Oder River, nitrogen sources are mainly diffuse, while phosphorus is derived from point sources. There was a considerable predominance of nitrates in the inorganic nitrogen pool, but the presence of ammonium in large concentrations in winter and summer was also evident. Among the inorganic nutrient species, nitrates exhibited the highest transformation rate into organically bound forms (over 60%) while passing through the Lagoon. The mechanisms responsible for the nutrient transformation patterns in the Lagoon - temperature, in particular - are discussed in the paper. Phytoplankton production in the Lagoon appeared to be phosphorus-limited in spring and nitrogen-limited in summer.