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1

Study of the effect of a bulking agent on the biodrying of municipal solid waste

Widyarsana I Made Wahyu, Wulandari Suci

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 2

83--90

EN

The characteristics of municipal solid waste in Indonesia tend to be wet and have a low calorific value. Therefore, a pre-treatment process is needed to dry the municipal solid waste before converting it into RDF. Biodrying is one of the solid waste drying methods that can be used for this purpose. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in bulking agents on the biodrying performance of municipal solid waste and to compare the resulting product with RDF standards. Reactor 1 consists of 100% organic waste without a bulking agent. Reactors 2, 3, and 4 contain organic waste mixed with straw, wood shavings, and rice husks, respectively, as bulking agents. The experiment lasted for 30 days. Measurements were taken for solid waste mass, temperature, moisture content, calorific value, proximate analysis (including volatile solids, fixed carbon, and ash content), and ultimate analysis. Statistical analysis of the test parameters showed that the addition of bulking agents significantly affected the moisture content and fixed carbon levels. A comparison between the biodrying results and RDF standards from several references shows that the biodried waste only meets RDF requirements for volatile content, chlorine, and sulfur. Among the variations tested, the organic waste mixed with straw (Reactor 2) yielded the most optimal results compared to other variations, with a moisture content of 54.33% (wet basis) and a calorific value of 5.4 MJ/kg.

2

Thermodynamic modelling of waste to energy power plant: A case study in Makassar City, Indonesia

Hamzah Nur, Suryanto Suryanto, Anshar Muhammad, Firman Firman, Djalal Muhammad Ruswandi, Al Afgan Muhammad Alif

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 2

114--117

EN

Waste is a major problem in big cities in Indonesia, one of which is Makassar City. Every year the amount of waste generated by the residents of Makassar City continues to increase, but this is not proportional to the capacity of the landfill. Therefore, researchers want to design a waste-to-energy power plant system in Makassar City or other words apply the waste-to-energy concept. The waste-to-energy concept aims to process waste into energy and reduce the volume of waste in landfills. Then the research method used is thermodynamic modelling using STEAG Ebsilon Professional version 13.02 software. From this analysis it was found that the capacity of the waste that can be burned is 742.648 tons/day, the thermal input of the incinerator is 39.011 MW, the thermal capacity of the boiler is 30.749 MW, the thermal efficiency of the waste-to-energy boiler with direct method 83.123 % and with indirect method 82.107 %, the mechanical power of the steam turbine is 10.816 MW, the heat duty of the high-pressure feed-water heater is 1,681.321 kW, the heat duty of the low-pressure feedwater heater is 1,780.234 kW, and the cooling duty of the air-cooled condenser 20.337 MW. This design has a net thermal efficiency of 24.110%, a gross plant heat rate of 12,683.130 kJ/kg, a net plant heat rate of 13,816.942 kJ/kg, an auxiliary load of 912.744 kW, a net plant power of 9.638 MWe, the specific fuel consumption 1.124 kg/kWh for each unit at the maximum load, and reducing municipal solid waste generation per year by 271,066.520 tons.

PL

Odpady stanowią poważny problem w dużych miastach Indonezji, jednym z nich jest Makassar City. Każdego roku ilość odpadów wytwarzanych przez mieszkańców Makassar City stale rośnie, jednak nie jest to proporcjonalne do pojemności składowiska. Dlatego badacze chcą zaprojektować system elektrowni przetwarzających odpady na energię w mieście Makassar, czyli innymi słowy zastosować koncepcję przetwarzania odpadów na energię. Koncepcja waste-to-energy ma na celu przetwarzanie odpadów na energię i zmniejszenie ilości odpadów trafiających na składowiska. Następnie zastosowaną metodą badawczą jest modelowanie termodynamiczne z wykorzystaniem programu STEAG Ebsilon Professional wersja 13.02. Z analizy tej wynika, że wydajność spalania odpadów możliwych do spalenia wynosi 742,648 ton/dobę, moc cieplna spalarni wynosi 39,011 MW, moc cieplna kotła wynosi 30,749 MW, sprawność cieplna spalarni -kocioł energetyczny metodą bezpośrednią 83,123 % i metodą pośrednią 82,107 %, moc mechaniczna turbiny parowej 10,816 MW, obciążenie cieplne wysokociśnieniowego podgrzewacza wody zasilającej 1681,321 kW, obciążenie cieplne niskociśnieniowego Moc podgrzewacza wody zasilającej wynosi 1780,234 kW, a wydajność chłodnicza skraplacza chłodzonego powietrzem 20,337 MW. Konstrukcja ta charakteryzuje się sprawnością cieplną netto wynoszącą 24,110%, współczynnikiem ciepła brutto instalacji wynoszącym 12 683,130 kJ/kg, współczynnikiem ciepła netto instalacji wynoszącym 13 816,942 kJ/kg, obciążeniem pomocniczym wynoszącym 912,744 kW, mocą netto instalacji wynoszącą 9,638 MWe, zużycie paliwa 1,124 kg/kWh na każdą jednostkę przy maksymalnym obciążeniu oraz ograniczenie wytwarzania odpadów komunalnych w skali roku o 271 066,520 ton

3

Study on the Quality Improvement of Mixed Municipal Solid Waste by Greenhouse Blackout Tarp with Biodrying System

Widyarsana I Made Wahyu, Sevina Raisa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

200--209

EN

At the end of 2020, Talang Gulo Landfill Site 1 in Jambi City was officially closed due to overcapacity. Municipal solid waste disposal has shifted to the Talang Gulo site 2 with a life expectancy of ± 90 years based on the design plan. However, this is difficult to realize because segregation and composting are not optimal, so more than 90% of the waste transported to the final processing site (TPA) is in a landfill. Thus, landfill mining was executed to utilize excavated landfill waste as a material and energy. It was carried out at depths of 3, 5, and 7 meters with an estimated sample age of > 9 years. The mixed landfill samples contained 55.6–66.2% moisture content, 50.3–80.6% volatile content, 19.4–49.7% ash content, 2.6–4.2% fixed carbon, and 3.5–5.7 MJ/kg calorific value. Furthermore, the landfill waste was dried using the biodrying method, combining fresh and landfill waste in the pile composition. The ratio of landfill waste to the addition of fresh waste is 1:0 (control pile), 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The drying method reduced moisture content of 9–29.1% with a lower calorific value of 5–6.8 MJ/kg. Based on statistical analysis, it is known that waste ratio has a significant effect on moisture content. Based on the weighting results, the optimum mixture ratio is 1:1 (pile 2).

4

Source Apportionment of Microplastics in Environment from Sanitary Landfill – A Case Study of Muangpak Municipality Landfill, Thailand

Saengchut Phongthon, Viriya Haritsalak, Kongritti Nirun

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

278--284

EN

The controlling microplastics (MPs) at source is a management method that can effectively reduce the amount of contamination in the environment. The main source of MPs was landfills that the decomposition of solid waste, MPs has an impact on environmental quality especially the health of humans. This research was investigated of MPs contamination at landfill site in the Muangpak municipality for analysis of MPs quantitative and source apportionment of MPs. The results of the composition of municipal solid waste by quartering method found that bio-degradable solid waste was as high as 36.27% followed by general solid waste of 35.97% which was mostly plastic waste and effect the contamination of MPs in the environment. The distribution of MPs in environmental found that highest abundance was 66.44% of leachate sludge pond 1 followed by leachate sludge pond 2 (26.30%), sediment of surface water (3.32%), leachate pond 1 (1.04%), leachate pond 2 (0.80%), groundwater point 3 (0.62%), groundwater point 1 (0.58%), surface water (0.53%) and groundwater point 2 (0.37%). The contamination of polymer types of MPs at higher densities of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) than polypropylene (PP) was found in samples closest to landfill area especially leachate pond more than 90%. The source apportionment of MPs using statistical analysis found that plastic waste has correlated to occurrence of LDPE and plastic bottle waste has correlated to occurrence of HDPE that both types of plastic waste are related to the amount of general solid waste and recycle solid waste increases every year.

5

Investigation into the Contamination of Soil with Multiple Components in the Vicinity of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Bereziuk Oleh, Pashechko Mykhaylo, Savulyak Valeriy, Kalda Galyna, Prus Aleksandra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

206--213

EN

Here determination of the level dimensions regularity of the multicomponent contamination zones (by heavy metals and petroleum products) of the soils adjacent to the municipal solid waste landfill. The dependences of the mercury, copper and zinc concentrations in the soil on the distance to the landfill of municipal solid waste were determined, similar dependence was specified for petroleum products for a distance of up to 500 m. The research employed the regression analysis technique for investigating single-factor experiments and other paired patterns. The selection of a suitable function was based on commonly utilized options, determined by the criterion of achieving the maximum correlation coefficient value. Regression analyses were conducted by employing linearizing transformations, facilitating the conversion of non-linear regularities into linear forms. Graphical dependences, describing the change in the concentrations of individual soil pollutants with the distance from the municipal solid waste landfill have been built, they enable to demonstrating the satisfactory convergence of theoretical outcomes with empirical observations was achieved. The level regularity of multicomponent soil contamination (with petroleum products and heavy metals) at the distance from the municipal solid waste landfill has been obtained, it’s required for determining the dimentions of the zones of multicomponent soil contamination. Applying the method of iterations, the dimensions of the multicomponent contamination zones (with petroleum products and heavy metals) of the soils, adjacent to the landfill of municipal solid waste have been determined: very heavy pollution–22.93 m, heavy pollution–81.77 m, average pollution–474.9 m from the foot of the landfill.

6

Analysis of the State of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine, the Composition of the Leachate, and Promising Technologies for its Treatment

Chelyadyn Lubomyr, Khomyn Volodymyr, Slyuzar Andriy, Chelyadyn Volodymyr, Shymanskyi Volodymyr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

132--142

EN

The characteristics of the hydrogeology of the municipal solid waste landfill in Ivano-Frankivsk are given. Accumulation of waste in landfills causes environmental problems due to pollution of the atmosphere, water resources, and soil. It was established that there is practically no contamination of the water horizon with infiltrate. Commissioning of the leachate pipeline, which feeds part of the leachate to the city’s treatment facilities, solves the problem of the accumulation of leachate at the landfill, however, creates an additional burden on these facilities. The composition of the infiltrate was analyzed. It was confirmed that the main harmful pollutants of infiltrates are oil products, nitrogen-containing compounds, dyes, humic compounds, and heavy metals. The main methods of cleaning of infiltrates abroad and in Ukraine are characterized. Based on the analysis of the available impurities, for the purification of the infiltrate, it is proposed to use the technology of physical-electrochemical wastewater treatment, which includes their treatment in electrocoagulators and the separation of coagulated impurities in a thin-layer settling tank. Our studies showed that during infiltrate purification up to normative indicators of its discharge to treatment plants are not reached and it is worth using additional treatment of the infiltrate with oxidizers. As a result of exploratory studies, it is proposed to carry out additional treatment with hypochlorite ions, which can be obtained during the electrolysis of the infiltrate on an inert anode. Cleaning the infiltrate using the described technology will reduce environmental pollution, which means increasing the level of environmental safety of the solid waste landfill.

7

Comparison of the effectiveness of the MBT process in the processing of biodegradable components separated mechanically and from mixed or unsorted municipal waste from three localities

Meller Edward, Rogalska Patrycja

Instal

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2024

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nr 10

51--57

EN

The aim this present paper is to determine the biodegradable waste composition in the Municipal Waste Recovery and Disposal Plant in Leśno Górne. It presents the analysis of the material composition of two fractions of 20-80 mm and > 80 mm in diameter, separated from municipal solid waste supplied to the MBT plant from three localities. The waste delivered to the plant within one year was analysed, the analyses were conducted once a month. On the basis of the percentage share of individual fractions and their material composition, having considered the mass of organic waste separated at the sorting stand, biodegradable waste balance (treated and intended for landfilling) was determined. Separate fractions 0-20 mm, 20-80 mm and > 80 mm constitute, 18.43%, 29.83 %, and 50.21% of the municipal waste mass, respectively. The content of individual fractions in waste mass showed seasonal fluctuations and differences depending on the place of waste generation. However, no statistically significant interactions were found regarding the share of particular fractions and the season and/or place of waste generation. The share of biodegradable waste in the granular size of 20-80 mm constituted, on average, approx. 60% of the mass, whereas the fraction of > 80 mm approx. 40%. The research showed that, approx. 50% of biodegradable waste is stabilized and the remaining share, together with the fraction of > 80 mm, is to be landfilled in the untreated form or sent to waste incineration plant.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest określenie bilansu odpadów biodegradowalnych dla Zakładu Odzysku i Składowania Odpadów Komunalnych w Leśnie Górnym (woj. Zachodniopomorskie). Badano skład morfologiczny dwóch frakcji o uziarnieniu 20-80 mm oraz > 80 mm wydzielonych ze stałych odpadów komunalnych dostarczanych do zakładu MBP z trzech miejscowości: Szczecin, Police, Trzebież. Odpady badano przez jeden rok analizując je dla każdej miejscowości raz w miesiącu. Dla frakcji o uziarnieniu 0-20 mm przeprowadzono badania właściwości fizyko-chemicznych. Na podstawie procentowego udziału poszczególnych frakcji oraz ich składu morfologicznego, a także przy uwzględnieniu masy odpadów organicznych wydzielonych w obrębie trybuny sortowniczej określono bilans odpadów biodegradowalnych (przetworzonych oraz kierowanych do składowania). Wydzielone frakcje odpadów 0-20 mm, 20-80 mm i >80 mm stanowią odpowiednio 18,43%, 29,83%, 50,21% masy odpadów komunalnych. Zawartość poszczególnych frakcji w masie odpadów podlegała wahaniom sezonowym, a także różniła się zależnie od miejsca wytworzenia. Nie stwierdzono jednak występowania statystycznie istotnych interakcji między udziałem poszczególnych frakcji, a sezonem lub/i miejscem ich wytworzenia. Udział odpadów biodegradowalnych o uziarnieniu 20-80 mm stanowił średnio około 60% masowych, zaś we frakcji > 80 mm około 40%. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych badań, procesowi kompostowania poddawanych jest ok. 50% odpadów biodegradowalnych, pozostała część tych składników kierowana jest, wraz z frakcją > 80 mm, na składowisko w postaci nieprzetworzonej lub do spalarni odpadów.

8

Analiza opłacalności wykorzystania odpadów komunalnych w procesie wytwarzania ciepła systemowego. Studium przypadku dla Pruszkowa

Mirosz Liliana, Mróz Pelagia

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2024

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Nr 4

21--27

PL

Temat artykułu wynika z potrzeby zwiększania zdolności przerobowej instalacji termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych (ITPOK), w związku ze wzrostem ilości tego rodzaju odpadów oraz koniecznością odchodzenia od wykorzystania w ciepłownictwie paliw kopalnych. Zaproponowano studium przypadku takiej instalacji. Wybrano miasto Pruszków, dla którego instalacja miałaby pokrywać jego podstawę ciepłowniczą. Przedstawiono analizę ekonomiczną takiej inwestycji. Wyznaczono niezbędne parametry wejściowe, tj. nominalna moc cieplna instalacji, wymagany strumień odpadów o odpowiednich właściwościach, strumień dostępny z okolic miasta (z uwzględnieniem istniejących instalacji termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych), ilość substancji wprowadzanych do powietrza wraz ze spalinami. Zdefiniowane dane posłużyły do obliczenia opłacalności ITPOK na podstawie przychodów ze sprzedaży ciepła i opłaty bramowej za przyjęcie odpadów, przy uwzględnieniu nakładów inwestycyjnych i kosztów eksploatacyjnych. W obliczeniach uwzględniono przystąpienie ITPOK do unijnego systemu handlu uprawnieniami do emisji (EU ETS, z ang. EU Emissions Trading System), przy czym wykonano je dla dwóch wariantów. Jeden z nich nie powoduje zmiany cen ciepła ani opłaty bramowej w stosunku do sytuacji, gdy ITPOK nie uczestniczy w EU ETS. Drugi, koszt uczestnictwa związany z EU ETS przerzuca w 50% na odbiorców ciepła i w 50% na dostawców odpadów. Wskaźnik IRR dla pierwszego wariantu wyniósł 2%, natomiast dla drugiego 6%. Należy jednak podkreślić, że w obliczeniach zawyżono nakład inwestycyjny, ze względu na brak aktualnych zakończonych przetargów na instalacje o podobnej przepustowości do analizowanej w artykule. Są to także wartości nieuwzględniające preferencyjnego finansowania z zewnątrz w formie bezzwrotnych dotacji. Dla uzyskanego większego wyniku (6%) przygotowano analizę wrażliwości IRR. Czynnikiem najmocniej wpływającym na IRR jest nakład inwestycyjny, następnie cena ciepła i opłata bramowa. Zmiany powyższych parametrów w zakresie ± 20% powodują zmiany IRR w zakresie od ok. 4 do ok. 9%. W podsumowaniu wskazano, jak można podnieść wartość IRR, a także dlaczego inwestycja w ITPOK jest korzystna dla lokalnej społeczności i środowiska.

EN

The topic of the article results from the need to increase the capacity of municipal waste-to-energy (WTE) plants due to the growth of waste generation and the necessity to move away from the use of fossil fuels in district heating. The case study of such a plant was proposed. The city of Pruszków was selected for which the installation would cover its district heating base load. An economic analysis of such an investment was presented. The necessary input parameters were determined, i.e. the nominal thermal power of the installation, the required waste stream with appropriate properties, the stream available from the area around the city (taking into account existing thermal waste treatment installation), and the amount of substances released into the air with exhaust gases. Defined data were used to calculate the economical profitability of WTE plant taking into account revenues from heat sale and the gate fee for waste acceptance, as well as CAPEX and OPEX. The calculations took into account WTE plant's accession to the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS), and were performed for two variants. One of them does not change heat prices or gate fees compared to the situation when WTE plant does not participate in the EU ETS. The second one transfers the cost of participation related to the EU ETS in 50% to heat consumers and 50% to waste suppliers. The IRR for the first variant was 2%, while for the second one it was 6%. It should be emphasized, however, that the calculations overestimated CAPEX due to the lack of current completed tenders for installations with similar capacity to the one analyzed in the article. These values also do not take into account preferred financing in form of non-refundable grants. A sensitivity analysis for IRR was prepared for the obtained higher resułt (6%). The factor that has the greatest impact on IRR is CAPEX, followed by the heat price and the gate fee. Changes in the above parameters in the range of ± 20% cause changes IRR ranging from approx. 4 to approx. 9%. The summary indicates how the IRR value can be increased, as well as why the investment in WTE plant is beneficial for the local community and the environment.

9

DCSNN optimized with hybrid Border Collie optimization and Archimedes optimization algorithms for solid waste prediction in Chennai

Vidya Soundarapandian, Janani Elangeswaran Srie Vidhya, Sreedevi B.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 1

5--25

EN

The rapid growth of smart cities and industry causes an increase in waste production. The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) increases by several factors, including population growth, economic status, and consumption trends. The inadequacy of basic trash data is a major issue for managing MSW. Numerous existing models based on solid waste prediction have been presented so far, but none of them predict solid waste accurately and also it consumes more time. To address these concerns, a deep convolutional spiking neural network for solid waste prediction (DCSNN-SWP) is proposed in this paper. Here, the real-time solid waste prediction data are gathered from the quantity of municipal corporation of Chennai (MCC), landfill, garden garbage, and coconut shell reports in Tamil Nadu (Chennai), such as Zone 9 (Nungambakkam), Zone 10 (Kodambakkam) and Zone 13 (Adyar). Then the collected solid waste data are pre-processed using the kernel correlation model. Then the pre-processing data is given to DCSNN-hybrid BCMO and Archimedes optimization algorithm which accurately predicts the solid waste as wet waste, dry waste, horticulture waste, and dumping yard for 2022-2032 years. The proposed DCSNN-SWP method has been implemented in Python.

10

Simplified mathematical model of oxy-fuel combustion of municipal solid waste in the grate furnace: effect of different flue gas recirculation rates and comparison with conventional mode

Copik Paulina, Szlęk Andrzej, Ditaranto Mario

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2024

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Vol. 45, no. 4

13--25

EN

Bioenergy carbon capture technology (BioCCS or BECCS) plays a key role in the European Green Deal, which aims to decarbonize industry and energy sectors, resulting in the production of energy with negative CO2 emissions. Due to the biogenic origin of carbon contained in municipal solid waste (MSW), the application of carbon capture in waste incineration plants can be classified as BioCCS. Thus, this technology has attracted scientists' attention recently since it reduces excessive waste and emissions of carbon dioxide. Currently, there are four incineration plants in the Netherlands, Norway and Japan, in which CO2 capture is implemented; however, they are based on the post-combustion technique since it is the most mature method and not requires many changes in the system. Nevertheless, the separation of CO2 from the flue gas flow, which contains mostly nitrogen, is complex and causes a large drop in the total performance of the system. Oxy-fuel combustion technology involves the replacement of air as an oxidizer into high purity oxygen and recirculated exhaust gas. As a result, CO2-rich gas is produced that is practically ready for capture. The main goal of the study is to develop a mathematical model of oxy-waste combustion to answer the research questions, such as how the composition of oxidant that is supplied to the process affects the combustion performance. The model includes all important processes taking place within the chamber, such as pyrolysis, char burnout and gas combustion over the grate. The results of the work will contribute to the development of oxy-waste incineration plants and will be useful for design purposes.

11

Analysis of output, component characteristics and management status of municipal solid waste on the Tibetan plateau

Zhou Wenwu, Dan Zeng

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 2

93--100

EN

This article describes the population of Xizang, the composition of municipal solid waste, and the distribution of municipal solid waste treatment facilities. With the development of Xizang's economy and tourism, the amount of municipal solid waste cleared and transported in Xizang has increased from 380,000 tons in 2003 to 692,200 tons in 2021, with an average annual growth rate of 4.56%. The proportions of kitchen waste, paper waste, and ash waste in the municipal solid waste components in Xizang have significantly decreased over the past 10 years. For example, the proportion of ash decreased from 22.83% in 2012 to 13.04% in 2021. Overall, recyclables such as paper, plastic rubber, textiles, glass, metal and wood and bamboo accounted for between 55.69% and 58.22% of the total municipal solid waste in Lhasa City. The disposal of municipal solid waste in Xizang was mainly through landfill. There are more than 130 landfill sites, 1 incineration plant, 5 pyrolysis pilot sites, 2 kitchen waste treatment plants, and more than 160 waste transfer stations for municipal solid waste disposal in Xizang. The designed daily disposal capacity of municipal solid waste is 3,768.4 tons per day.

12

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Treatment by Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus through Constructed Wetlands

Sial Taufique Ahmed, Teewno Abdul Majid, Memon Sheeraz Ahmed, Mahar Rasool Bux, Korai M. Safar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

303--314

EN

A sustainable performance evaluation of pilot-scale was carried through horizontal sub-surface Constructed Wetlands system for treating the leachate from constructed Municipal Solid Waste Landfill at Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro. The CWs were planted with Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus with sand and gravel. The leachate had been treated with two different cycles, first cycle was performed in the winter season whereas second cycle in summer, to differentiate the performance with seasonal variation. Chemical parameters of leachate pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids TSS, Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), Total Phosphate PO43- (TP) and heavy metals, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) were tested with intervals of certain weeks. The tests result showed that all parameters experienced a considerable reduction in their concentrations. Significant reduction efficiencies were recorded for parameters, BOD with 53–82%, COD with 32–46%, TSS with 59–75%, NH3-N with 90–92%, NO3-N with 85–87%, and TP with 48–64%, and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 28–48% respectively in four weeks of the first cycle by all three plants. Whereas, in the second cycle, the removal efficiencies of BOD 78–93%, COD 63–76%, TSS 52–83%, NH3-N 90–91% and NO3-N 91–92% and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 21–58% respectively in five weeks were observed by all three plants. Along with the experimentation, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals UN SDGs are also highlighted. This study helps achieving tremendous SDGs accompanying treatment of leachate.

13

Evaluation of the Energy Capacity of the Controlled Landfill from Mohamedia Benslimane by Three Theoretical Methods – Land Gem, IPCC, and TNO

Oukili Ahlam Idrissi, Chhiba Mostafa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

19--30

EN

The objective of this study was to estimate the content of methane produced and generated by the anaerobic biodegradation of the main organic fraction of municipal solid waste from the controlled landfill of Mohammedia-Benslimane (Morocco) by three theoretical models, based on the first order decay equation: LandGEM, IPCC and TNO. To carry out this study, the quantities of solid waste buried in this landfill since its inauguration in 2012 were used and the composition of the biogas in-situ in 2020 and 2021was determined. The quantities of waste that will be buried in this landfill from 2022 to 2032 were estimated by projection.The results of the analysis of the biogas generated in this controlled landfill in 2020–2021 indicate that it is composed of 59.59% CH4, 38.9% CO2, and 0.14% O2. This result indicates that the waste is in a stable methanogenesis phase. The results obtained by using the three methodologies show that the total volume of CH4 generated during the period 2012–2021 was 32.59 Mm3 according to the IPCC model, 20.95 Mm3 according to the LandGEM model and 20.96 Mm3 according to the TNO model. The total volume of CH4 that will be produced during the period 2022–2032 has been projected to 107.48 Mm3 by the IPCC model, to 76.84 Mm3 by the LandGEM model, while the total volume of CH4 projected under the TNO method will be 67.67 Mm3. The maximum methane production will reach a value of 12.07 Mm3, 9.46 Mm3 and 7.82 Mm3 for the IPCC, LandGEM and TNO models, respectively. In 2021, the volume of methane estimated by the three models is higher than that on-site measurement by a factor of 3.5(IPCC), 2.4 (LandGEM) and 2.3 (TNO). The results clearly indicate that the three models over predict methane generations when compared to the on-site generations. According to the LandGEM methodology, the electricity estimated will reach a maximum value of 33 GWh/year in 2032.The efficient use of methane generated by this controlled landfill as a source of electrical energy in the upcoming years can be an option for the sustainable management of waste.

14

Metrological Aspects of Controlling the Rotational Movement Parameters of the Auger for Dewatering Solid Waste in a Garbage Truck

Wójcik Waldemar, Bereziuk Oleh V., Lemeshev Mykhailo S., Bohachuk Volodymyr V., Polishchuk Leonid K., Bezsmertna Oksana, Smailova Saule, Kurmagazhanova Saule

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2023

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Vol. 69, No. 2

233--238

EN

In the article, a device for measuring the parameters of the rotational movement of the auger for dewatering solid waste is proposed based on the analysis of signal processing methods and measurement of physical quantities. It can be used in the development of high-performance special vehicles for transporting waste as the main link in the structure of machines for the collection and primary processing of solid waste. The structural scheme of the means and block diagram of the microcontroller control program algorithm for implementation of the device for measuring the parameters of the rotational motion are proposed. The main technical characteristics of the proposed means are given. The results of experimental tests for measuring the parameters of rotational motion are shown. The results of experimental studies, which are given in the work, confirmed the reliability of the measured parameters.

15

From waste to value: recovering critical raw materials from urban mines in the European Union and United States

Jędrusiak Radosław, Bielowicz Barbara, Drobniak Agnieszka

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2023

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T. 39, z. 3

43--63

EN

Municipal waste is a global issue and they are generated in all countries around the world. Both in the European Union and the United States, a common method of non-recyclable waste utilization is thermal incineration with energy recovery. As a result of this treatment, residual waste like bottom ash, air pollution control residues and fly ashes are generated. This research shows that residues from waste incineration can be a potential source of critical raw materials. The analysis of the available literature prove that the residues of municipal waste incinerators contain most of the elements important for the US and EU economies. Material flow analysis has shown that each year, the content of elemental copper in residues may be 29,000 Mg (USA) and 51,000 Mg (EU), and the amount of rare earth elements in residues exceeds their mining in the EU. In the case of other elements, their content may exceed their extraction by even over 300%. The recovery of elements is difficult due to their encapsulation in the aggregate matrix. The heterogeneous nature of residues and the many interactions between different components and incineration techniques can make the process of recovery complicated. Recovery plants should process as much of the residues as possible to make their recovery profitable. However, policy makers from the EU and the US are introducing new legal regulations to increase the availability of critical raw materials. In the EU, new regulations are planned that will require at least 15% of the annual consumption of critical raw materials to come from recycling. Therefore, innovative technologies for recovering critical raw materials from waste have a chance to receive subsidies for research and development.

PL

Odpady komunalne stanowią globalny problem i są wytwarzane we wszystkich krajach na całym świecie. W Unii Europejskiej i Stanach Zjednoczonych powszechną metodą utylizacji odpadów nienadających się do procesów recyklingu jest ich termiczne spalanie z odzyskiem energii. W wyniku tego procesu generowane są pozostałości procesowe, takie jak popioły denne, stałe pozostałości z oczyszczania spalin i popioły lotne. Badania wykazały, że te odpady mogą być potencjalnym źródłem surowców krytycznych. Analiza dostępnej literatury dowodzi, że pozostałości z instalacji termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych zawierają większość surowców krytycznych ważnych dla gospodarki USA i UE. Analiza przepływu materiałów wykazała, że zawartość miedzi pierwiastkowej w pozostałościach może wynosić rocznie 29 000 Mg (USA) i 51 000 Mg (UE), a ilość metali ziem rzadkich w pozostałościach przewyższa ich wydobycie w UE. W przypadku innych pierwiastków, ich zawartość może przewyższać wydobycie nawet o ponad 300%. Odzyskiwanie pierwiastków jest jednak trudne ze względu na ich agregację. Heterogeniczna natura pozostałości i liczne interakcje między różnymi składnikami oraz technikami spalania mogą komplikować proces odzysku. Instalacje specjalizujące się w przetwarzaniu pozostałości muszą przetwarzać jak najwięcej odpadów aby ich odzysk był opłacalny. Jednak politycy z UE i USA wprowadzają nowe regulacje prawne w celu zwiększenia dostępności surowców krytycznych. W UE planowane są nowe przepisy wymagające, aby minimum 15% rocznego zużycia surowców krytycznych pochodziło z recyklingu. Dlatego innowacyjne technologie odzysku surowców krytycznych z odpadów mają szanse na uzyskanie dotacji na badania i rozwój.

16

Towards circular cities – exploring the circular economy approach in context of municipal solid waste

Rivera Alejandro Guzman, Jarzębowski Sebastian, Romero León Katia, Bourlakis Michael

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2023

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nr 3

50--61

EN

The objective of this research is to determine whether the city under investigation in a developing country is pursuing a "circular city" model based on various indicators and the city's current characteristics. The city under analysis was Xalapa, the capital city of the state of Veracruz in Mexico. To accomplish our research goals, we employed a qualitative methodology. We conducted interviews with the government representative responsible for municipal solid waste management during the designated period, as well as with the proprietors of the 18 most prominent private waste collection centers. Additionally, we obtained relevant information from the government through the transparency platform. For our assessment, we utilized the waste-focused indicators provided by L. Girard and F. Nocca. Our analysis indicates that the city under investigation is not on the trajectory towards adopting a "circular city" model. However, the context of municipal solid waste (MSW) offers valuable suggestions for future implementation of circular economy (CE) practices. The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights for researchers in other developing countries who are also engaged in exploring the issues discussed. Also, the lessons derived from this study hold relevance for cities in developing countries, as they grapple with environmental and economic degradation similar to the city studied.

PL

Celem tego badania jest ustalenie – na podstawie różnych wskaźników i obecnej charakterystyki miasta – czy badane miasto w kraju rozwijającym się realizuje model „miasta o obiegu zamkniętym”. Analizowanym miastem była Xalapa, stolica stanu Veracruz w Meksyku. Aby osiągnąć nasze cele badawcze, zastosowaliśmy metodologię jakościową. Przeprowadziliśmy wywiady z przedstawicielem rządu odpowiedzialnym za zarządzanie stałymi odpadami komunalnymi w wyznaczonym okresie, a także z właścicielami 18 najbardziej znanych prywatnych centrów zbiórki odpadów. Ponadto uzyskaliśmy odpowiednie informacje od rządu za pośrednictwem platformy przejrzystości. Do naszej oceny wykorzystaliśmy wskaźniki dotyczące odpadów dostarczone przez L. Girarda i F. Noccę. Nasza analiza wskazuje, że badane miasto nie znajduje się na ścieżce prowadzącej do przyjęcia modelu „miasta o obiegu zamkniętym”. Jednak kontekst stałych odpadów komunalnych (MSW) oferuje cenne sugestie dotyczące przyszłego wdrażania praktyk gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym (CE). Wyniki przedstawione w tym badaniu oferują istotne spostrzeżenia dla badaczy w innych krajach rozwijających się, którzy również są zaangażowani w badanie omawianych zagadnień. Ponadto wnioski wyciągnięte z tego badania mają znaczenie dla miast w krajach rozwijających się, ponieważ zmagają się one z degradacją środowiskową i gospodarczą podobnie jak badane miasto.

17

Life cycle assessment of traditional market solid waste management in Malang Regency, Indonesia

Hardianto Hardianto, Tjahjadi Martinus Edwin, Sunaryo Dedy Kurnia, Sudiasa I. Nyoman

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 3

43--52

EN

Traditional markets in Malang Regency are divided into four classes with particular classifications. The traditional market solid waste research aims to show the environmental impact of solid waste management efforts using life cycle assessment (LCA) and selected scenarios to reduce solid waste sustainably. The planned management follows four scenarios: Scenario 0 represents the baseline scenario. Scenario 1 assumes that non-composted solid waste recycling is carried out. Scenario 2 assumes that composting takes place. Finally, Scenario 3 assumes that non-composted solid waste recycling and composting are integrative ely carried out by building a reduced reuse recycle solid waste treatment facility (TPS 3R) near the market. The environmental impact analysis was carried out with various impact categories (carcinogens, respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics, climate change, radiation, ozone layer, ecotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, land use, minerals, and fossil fuels). The results show that the smallest environmental impact is in Scenario 3 in most classes, namely the scenario where non-composted solid waste was integratively recycled and composted.

18

A Strategic Analysis of the Prerequisites for the Implementation of Waste Management at the Regional Level

Kotsiuba Iryna, Herasymchuk Olena, Shamrai Volodymyr, Lukianova Vitalina, Anpilova Yevheniia, Rybak Oksana, Lefter Iulia

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

55-66

EN

In most settlements of Ukraine there are no existing programs for municipal solid waste management (MSW) and schemes for sanitary cleaning of settlements, there are no registers of waste generation, treatment and disposal and disposal sites, which leads to the formation of landfills, deteriorating sanitation settlements and increase the level of environmental danger in the region. The article presents the results of research that indicate that the existing structure of the MSW management system in Ukraine at the regional level (on the example of Zhytomyr region) is imperfect. It is characterized by fragmentation, disunity and heterogeneity. The peculiarity of the system is the lack of interaction between government agencies, environmental services and the local community, which does not provide a sufficient level of control over the sanitary condition of territories, as well as collection, transportation, disposal and disposal of solid waste. The aim of the study is to strategically analyze the preconditions for the implementation of municipal solid waste management systems to increase the level of environmental safety in the united territorial communities through the introduction of environmental logistics and crowdsourcing mechanisms. The methodological basis for assessing and selecting methods and ways to improve the environmental safety of the study region by improving the waste management system (hereinafter - waste management) is a systematic approach that allows analysis of the problem and ensures search efficiency for management decisions. The SWOT and PEST analysis identified the strengths and weaknesses of the existing waste management system and the prerequisites for the implementation of a modern system of solid waste management. The increase in the number of business structures that are ready and able to implement modern methods of waste disposal and identified the availability of modern innovative management methods in public authorities and local governments. However, the low efficiency of the existing waste management system, the lack of communication and coordination of actions between stakeholders in solving the problem pose a threat to maintaining the environmental security of the region.

19

Possibilities of using ash from thermal treatment of municipal solid waste in hardening slurries

Szarek Łukasz, Falaciński Paweł, Drużyński Piotr

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 2

76--84

EN

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the amount of municipal waste generated in Poland. In 2020, 21.6% of all municipal waste was subjected to a thermal treatment process. Consequently, the amount of ashes generated is significant. Due to their properties, it is difficult to utilize this type of waste within concrete production technology. One of the waste utilization methods is to add it to hardening slurries used in, among others, cut-off walls. The article assesses the possibility of using ashes from municipal waste incineration as an additive to hardening slurries. It also discusses the technological properties of hardening slurries with the addition of the ashes in question. The experiment showed that it is possible to compose a hardening slurry based on tested ashes with technological properties suitable for use as a cut-off wall. Further research directions were proposed.

PL

W ostatnich latach w Polsce nastąpił wyraźny wzrost ilości wytwarzanych odpadów komunalnych. W 2020 roku 21,6% wszystkich odpadów komunalnych zostało poddanych procesowi termicznego przekształcania. W związku z tym ilość wytwarzanych popiołów jest znaczna. Ze względu na ich właściwości trudno jest wykorzystać ten rodzaj odpadów w ramach technologii betonu. Jedną z metod wykorzystania odpadów jest dodawanie ich do zawiesin twardniejących stosowanych m.in. w przesłonach przeciwfiltracyjnych. W artykule oceniono możliwość wykorzystania popiołów ze spalania odpadów komunalnych jako dodatku do zawiesin twardniejących. Omówiono również właściwości technologiczne zawiesin twardniejących z dodatkiem badanych popiołów. Przeprowadzony eksperyment wykazał, że możliwe jest skomponowanie zawiesiny twardniejącej na bazie badanych popiołów o właściwościach technologicznych odpowiednich do zastosowania jako ściana odcinająca. Zaproponowano dalsze kierunki badań.

20

Geospatial indices as an alternative for environmental impact assessment of dumped waste

Mahmood Khalid, Iftikhar Wajiha, Faizi Fiza

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 1

309--322

EN

Urban municipalities throughout the world are facing grave challenge on the environmental front due to generation and mismanagement of massive amounts of municipal solid waste. This study focuses on the ecological damage caused by Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumps (MSWOD) in their vicinity. To study the adverse ecological impacts, satellite-based vegetation health indices and thermal measurements have been used as bio-thermal indicators to assess the deterioration of vegetation health and thermal heterogeneity around Mehmood Booti Municipal Solid Waste Open Dump in Lahore, Pakistan. Freely available satellite data and appropriate GIS techniques have been utilized to form basis of geospatial proximity analysis, making the approach efficient and economical. Zonal statistics and curve smoothing functions have been combined to prepare distance-dependent profiles that were subject to curve flattening technique for determination of impact range and severity in different seasonal conditions. Varying trends of high and low ranges for both indicators provide insight into factors other than main source of hazardous emissions, controlling bio-thermal conditions in the area as minor influencers. Similarly, role of meteorological variables in influencing waste decomposition and supporting vegetation health has also been distinguished. It has been discovered that the hazardous bio- and thermal influence zones around the study site have undergone expansion up to 761 m and 694 m, respectively, as compared to 650 m reported previously. Overall, the study supports the use of geospatial indicators to monitor and study environmental variables with a particular focus on emissions from MSWOD resulting from waste decomposition.