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1

Improving Ballistic Resistance of Armor Steel by FCAW with Hardfacing Alloys of Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C System

Prysyazhnyuk Pavlo, Biały Witold, Bembenek Michał, Panchuk Vitalii, Medvid Iuliia, Duriagina Zoia, Romanyshyn Taras, Vytvytskyi Vasyl

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2025

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nr 3 (33)

380--387

EN

Armor steels can be strengthened against modern ballistic threats through surface hardfacing with advanced Fe-based alloys. This study develops a series of flux-cored arc welded (FCAW) hardfacing alloys in the Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C system to enhance the ballistic resistance of Armox® 440T steel. Single-layer (~3 mm) hardfacings were deposited on 6 mm armor plates using an automated hardfacing device, and subsequently characterized with respect to their microstructure, phase composition, and ballistic performance. Thermodynamic calculations and microscopy revealed an austenitic matrix reinforced by hard boride inclusions. By increasing the Mo and B concentrations, the alloy solidification shifted from a primary austenite + austenite boride mixture to a primary boride + austenite boride mixture structure. The compositions with high Mo:B ratio yielded a ~25% volume fraction of Mo2(Fe,Mn)B2 borides. Ballistic tests using 7.62 mm steel-core bullets (~830 m/s) showed that uncoated Armox 440T was completely perforated, whereas all hardfaced plates prevented penetration. Notably, coatings with higher boride content eliminated rear-side spalling, indicating superior energy absorption and projectile fragmentation. These findings demonstrate that FCAW-applied hypereutectic Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C hardfacing alloys can significantly improve the ballistic performance of armor plates.

2

Study of the stress-strain state of a perforated plate with stiffening ribs

Bembenek Michał, Nurkusheva Saltanat, Mykhailiuk Vasyl, Machnik Ryszard

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics

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2025

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Vol. 24, nr 2

18--32

EN

This study investigates the mechanical behaviour of solid and perforated plates with stiffening ribs through a systematic three-stage approach integrating simulation and experimental methods. Initial investigations focused on the formation of stiffeners, revealing that rupture ceased at a hole diameter of 10 mm, with maximum equivalent stresses reaching 275 MPa. Using ANSYS Workbench, we analysed the stress-strain state and stability characteristics, finding a critical load of 43 N for stability loss in the perforated plates. Experimental results indicated that a perforated plate deflected 10.35 mm under a load of 38.5 N, whereas a solid plate exhibited the same deflection under only 11.5 N, indicating a 70 % difference in load capacity. Additionally, the weight of the solid plate was measured at 92.8 grams, compared to 76.6 grams for the perforated plate, achieving a weight reduction of over 17 %. These findings highlight the superior structural performance and material efficiency of perforated plates with stiffening ribs. The study underscores the potential for optimizing engineering designs to enhance functionality and reduce material usage.

3

Working parts for intensive crushing and grinding of feed from waste raw materials: A review

Iskakov Ruslan, Gulyarenko Alexandr, Hyla Paweł, Bembenek Michał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 7

98--131

EN

Processing of waste into feed involves the need to grind it. Therefore, the study of research on this problem is relevant. The study aims to summarize scientific data on developing working parts for grinding feed from waste. In this regard, we analyzed scientific publications. As a result, it was revealed that the trend in grinding feed raw materials is the use of all types of food production and agricultural waste. Ten types of plant waste from the food industry and seven types of animal waste are indicated. It was found that the main working parts for grinding feed are technical devices for cutting, impact, abrasive-crushing, splitting-breaking, and impact-cutting action. It was revealed that an evident trend is improving working parts for intensive grinding based on optimal design developments of working parts, increasing the efficiency of working surfaces and design and technological parameters, and combining several methods of destroying feed raw materials using one type of working part. In general, the disadvantages and advantages of saws (4 types), rollers and disks (7 types), hammers and knives (21 types), and shredder disk knives (4 types) are analyzed and summarized in tables.

4

The carbon dioxide emission balance and ability to chip wood by 10 kW machines used in urban areas in terms of increasing interest in using wood biomass resources for personal use

Warguła Łukasz, Nati Carla, Wieczorek Bartosz, Bembenek Michał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 4

401--415

EN

Urbanized areas are spaces that provide interesting amounts of wood wastes to address as renewable resources. Due to limited working space in these areas, small, low-power wood chippers are used. Machines with similar power but different cutting mechanisms are available on the market. The article presents a study of four machines with four different cutting mechanisms: disc, drum, two cylinders, and flail. Wooden beams of three wood species (ash, pine, spruce) with varying hardness according to the Janka classification and ten cross-sectional dimensions ranging from 10×10 mm to 100×100 mm, along with a moisture content (MC) of 10±2%, were chipped. In the tested machines, stopping the working mechanism caused slippage of the V-belt transmission, protecting the machine from the consequences of overload. It was shown that in terms of chipping capabilities, drum, disc, two cylinders, and flail chippers, respectively, exhibit the highest to lowest capabilities. The range of materials shredded by the tested machines varies from 80×80 mm to 10×10 mm depending on the wood type and cutting mechanism. The average energy consumption of the tested machines is 2.07 ± 0.73 kWh, and the maximum value recorded for the drum chipper is 5.21 ± 0.2 kWh. Wood species and cross-section are key factors in energy consumption, while the chipper model has little impact. Considering that the average emissions during the production of electricity from fossil fuels are 0.95 kg CO2 per 1 kWh, these machines produce from 1.970.5 kg CO2 h-1 to a maximum of 4.49 kg CO2 h-1 (mean 1.97 kg CO2 h-1). Assuming that one tree absorbs from 7 kg CO2 per year, it can be assumed that one tree reduces CO2 emissions from 3 hours of machine work over a year. This is a time significantly shorter than the time required to chip the branches of a single tree subjected to the pruning process. This allows for maintaining a positive CO2 reduction balance.

5

Influence of process parameters in tungsten inert gas welding of titanium supported by you only look once – based defect detection algorithm

Frankiewicz Przemysław, Góral Tomasz, Bembenek Michał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 8

1–14

EN

Welding titanium remains a significant challenge because of its high reactivity with atmospheric gases at elevated temperatures, leading to potential defects. This study investigates the effect of welding parameters in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding on the quality of titanium welds. Experimental trials were conducted on Grade 2 titanium sheets, varying key process factors such as current, shielding gas flow, and nozzle geometry. Additionally, artificial intelligence-based defect detection model using the YOLO convolutional neural network was applied to evaluate the weld quality. The results demonstrate that optimizing these parameters significantly reduces oxidation and improves weld penetration. The highest-quality weld was obtained using a welding current of 83 A, a shielding gas flow rate of 15 L/min at the weld face, 14 L/min from an auxiliary device, and 3 L/min at the weld root. A 14 mm nozzle with a gas lens effectively minimized surface oxidation, leading to a defect-free weld as confirmed by AI-based detection. The YOLO-based defect detection model achieved high precision and recall for most defect classes, including non-conformance (95.1% / 80.0%), geometric (87.8% / 71.4%), and post-processing defects (100% / 72.1%), with lower performance observed for adjacent (74.8% / 60.5%) and integrity defects (86.4% / 27.3%). This study confirms the potential of integrating AI into welding process evaluation, highlighting the role of shielding gas distribution in achieving high-quality titanium welds.

6

Optimization of the support of a horizontal pressure vessel

Bembenek Michał, Mykhailiuk Vasyl, Liakh Mikhailo, Deineha Ruslan, Matviienkiv Oleh, Pawlik Jan, Góral Tomasz, Dzienniak Damian

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 202

47--58

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the optimization of support structures for horizontal pressure vessels using simulation modeling. The research aims to reduce the mass of the support while ensuring structural integrity and identifying opportunities for future improvements in materials and design. Design/methodology/approach: The research was conducted by creating a three-dimensional support model in SolidWorks, compliant with GOST standards. The stress-strain behavior and optimization of the support structure were analyzed using SolidWorks’ Simulation module, which employs the finite element method (FEM). Non-uniform load distributions, such as sinusoidal and parabolic loads, were applied during the loading process to enhance the accuracy of the simulation without incorporating the vessel body itself. Findings: The simulation results showed that optimizing the support structure led to a 15% reduction in its mass. Even though this also resulted in a 23% increase in equivalent stresses in critical areas, the support structure remains safe to operate, with a strength reserve factor under static loads exceeding 2. Research limitations/implications: Further research should include simulations that account for the type and properties of connections between elements, particularly weld calculations. Additionally, future studies could explore the use of higher-grade steels than the tested 09G2C steel to achieve further mass reductions, provided the cost is justifiable. Practical implications: This study is particularly relevant for the design of pressure vessel supports used in vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers transporting liquids or liquefied hydrocarbon gases. Reducing the mass of support structures can increase payload capacity, offering significant commercial benefits in transportation efficiency. Social implications: A lighter, optimized support structure can contribute to more fuel-efficient transportation of liquid and gas materials, thereby reducing the environmental impact of logistics operations. Originality/value: The originality of this study lies in the combined use of topological and parametric optimization techniques for modeling horizontal pressure vessel supports. The paper provides valuable insights into how simulation-based optimization can lead to significant mass reductions while maintaining structural safety. This research is particularly useful to engineers and designers working on pressure vessel supports for transportation applications.

7

Study of the migration attractiveness of the countries of the European Continent: analysis of the factors of its formation

Mosora Larysa, Lopushynskyi Ivan, Midor Katarzyna, Bembenek Michał

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2024

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nr 3 (32)

409--418

EN

The article presents the author’s approach to the classification of types of attractiveness that may be characteristic of certain European countries. The migration attractiveness of countries is highlighted and a list of factors that can affect it is given. Factors were ranked according to the level of their impact on population migration, among which the following were highlighted: the economic development of countries, production processes, the use of more modern technologies, ensuring one’s financial well-being, and the culture of the production environment. The dynamics of the number of immigrants who moved to the studied European countries since 2020 are given. The main programs under which European countries accept migrants for permanent residence are considered the issues of providing housing, employment in the industrial infrastructure, and increasing the level of professional competence in various fields. To conduct a comparative assessment of the attractiveness of European countries for potential migrants, a set of available statistical indicators was selected, which fully reflects the main parameters of the countries’ attractiveness. Individual results obtained in the process of assessing the migratory attractiveness of the countries of the European Continent are presented, and proposals for its improvement are presented. It is proved that increasing migration attractiveness is possible by improving the social and economic attractiveness of countries. To do this, countries should create conditions for the development of various industries, create additional jobs, provide high wages, social services, protection, etc. to attract as many highly skilled labor resources from other countries as possible. As a result, the growth in the number of professional labor migrants in countries will contribute to the development of those industries that are common in the respective countries.

8

Restoration of the impact crusher rotor using fcaw with high-manganese steel reinforced by complex carbides

Prysyazhnyuk Pavlo, Bembenek Michał, Drach Ilona, Korzhov Andrii, Romanyshyn Liubomyr, Ropyak Liubomyr

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2024

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nr 2 (32)

294--302

EN

A new hardfacing alloy within the Fe-Ti-Nb-Mo-V-C alloying system was utilized to restore the working surfaces of cone crusher rotors using Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). TiC, NbC, Mo2C, VC, Mn, and ferromanganese powders were selected as the base materials for manufacturing the welding wire. The resulting hardfaced layer exhibits a composite structure, with manganese austenite as the matrix and complex solid solution reinforcements with a NaCl structure, closely resembling the formula (Ti0.3Nb0.3Mo0.3)C. The primary advantages of this hardfacing alloy include its capacity for intensive deformation hardening along with high abrasion resistance. The hardness of the hardfaced layer is approximately 47 HRC in the as-deposited state and increases to around 57 HRC after work hardening, surpassing typical hardfacing alloys derived from high manganese steel by about 10 HRC. The efficacy of the alloy was tested in restoring rotors made of Hadfield steel in a PULVOMATIC series crusher model 1145, during the milling of sand-gravel mixtures ranging from 25 to 150 mm into spalls measuring 5 to 20 mm. With an average productivity of approximately 60 tons per hour and a production volume of 300 tons, the utilization of this hardfacing alloy enabled multiple restorations of the rotor while maintaining productivity at a level of 15 thousand tons of spalls.

9

Evaluation of the state of innovative activity of machine-building enterprise

Goryk Оleksii, Buchynskyi Andrii, Romanyshyn Lyubomyr, Nurkusheva Saltanat, Bembenek Michał

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2024

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nr 1 (32)

1--11

EN

The innovative activity of machine-building enterprises is the main guarantee of their sustainable and effective development, which makes it possible to compare technical and technological innovation in the production of products in different periods and between different enterprises in points. Quantitative numerical assessment of the innovative component of the enterprise is a prerequisite for developing a strategy for further effective production management. After all, in addition to financial performance indicators, technical innovations play a decisive role in the modern market environment, although little attention is paid to them. In the work, based on organizational and technical modeling and logical methods of exploratory evaluation, the author’s method of establishing a quantitative comparative level of innovative activity of a machine-building enterprise was built. The developed methodology for evaluating the innovative component of machine-building production is based on three basic criteria: mastering new machines, mastering technological processes, and the effectiveness of implementing design and technological solutions. The first two criteria take into account the nomenclature, novelty, the risk of introducing a new solution and the technical level of products. To determine these criteria, several levels of novelty of machines and technologies are proposed and the author’s understanding of their content is given. The third criterion, the effectiveness of implementation, is evaluated by indicators that take into account the intensity of adjustments at various stages of design. The result of the study is a method of comparative assessment of the level of innovative components of the development of machine-building production with a set of indicators that provide professionals with a tool for monitoring the processes of introducing new equipment and technologies into production and the subsequent formation of an effective innovative strategy for the development of a machine-building enterprise. The capability of the proposed methodology is presented in the given example of evaluating the innovative development (state) of an abstract machine-building enterprise.

10

A comparative thermal analysis of two workpiece materials of different machinability when turning based on IR thermography

Uhrynski Andrzej, Nurkusheva Saltanat, Usserbayev Muratbek, Hyla Pawel, Bembenek Michał

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, No. 1

50--59

EN

The comparative thermography analysis of temperature during machining by turning was presented. For the tests cast iron EN-GJL 250 and stainless steel 1.4301 were used. The machining by turning was performed with the TNMG 220408HS PC9030 and TNMA 220208 NC6210 cutting inserts design for machining that kind of materials. The temperature was measured on the machined material and on the surface of the cutting insert. The temperature distribution was performed during 3 subsequent turning passes; therefore, the coolant was not used during machining. The emissivity of TNMG 220408HS PC9030 and TNMA 220208 NC6210 cutting inserts was performed. In the case of EN-GJL-250 cast iron, the tests have shown that due to safety reasons (the lack of the safety cover in the working area of the lathe) it was impossible to perform the measurements at the highest assumed machining speed of 339.1 m/min. The higher average temperatures in the material were recorded for 1.4301 steel, even though the machining process was performed at a much lower machining speed than in the case of EN-GJL-250 cast iron. The average cutting insert temperature when turning EN-GJL-250 cast iron was approximately 100°C higher than for 1.4301 steel.

11

Comparative study of experimental thermographic data and finite element analysis on temperature evolution of PET-G layer deposition during additive manufacturing process

Kowalski Łukasz, Bembenek Michał, Uhryński Andrzej, Bajda Szymon

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

art. no. e147926

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been gaining popularity in recent years due to patent releases – and in effect – better accessibility of the technology. One of the most popular AM technologies is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which is used to manufacture products out of thermoplastic polymers in a layer-by-layer manner. Due to the specificity of the method, parts manufactured in this manner tend to have non-isotropic properties. One of the factors influencing the part’s mechanical behavior and quality is the thermoplastic material’s bonding mechanism correlated with the processing temperature, as well as thermal shrinkage during processing. In this research, the authors verified the suitability of finite element method (FEM) analysis for determining PET-G thermal evolution during the process, by creating a layer transient heat transfer model, and comparing the obtained modelling results with ones registered during a real-time process recorded with a FLIR T1020 thermal imaging camera. Our model is a valuable resource for providing thermal conditions in existing numerical models that connect heat transfer, mesostructure and AM product strength, especially when experimental data is lacking. The FE model presented reached a maximum sample-specific error of 11.3%, while the arithmetic mean percentage error for all samples and layer heights is equal to 4.3%, which the authors consider satisfactory. Model-to-experiment error is partially caused by glass transition of the material, which can be observed on the experimental cooling rate curve after processing the temperature signal.

12

The improvement of the service inspection at the Hyundai Premium Astana

Nurkusheva Saltanat, Kostyuchenkova Oksana, Rustembayev Arman, Bembenek Michał

Archives of Engineering Knowledge

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2024

|

T. 10, Nr 1

130--136

EN

This study explores the optimization of service inspection at the Hyundai Premium Service Center in Astana, focusing on enhancing operational efficiency and profitability. Utilizing statistical analyses and operational data from November 2024, the research examines the relationship between service requests and revenue generation. Simulations with service requests ranging from 1,000 to 6,000 reveal a consistent increase in revenue, with a stabilization at approximately 254 million Tenge for six service posts when requests exceed 3,000. The highest revenue peak of 530 million Tenge is achieved with eight service posts servicing 6,000 requests, highlighting the importance of optimizing service post allocation. Analysis identifies the optimal configuration for maximizing profits as six service posts with 15 workers, resulting in a profit of 522 million Tenge. This underscores the necessity of balancing service post numbers and workforce levels to fully utilize operational capacity, enhancing financial outcomes. Key findings include the identification of inefficiencies during high-demand periods and the critical need for strategic resource allocation. The study emphasizes the value of effective operational management and planning in improving service center performance, customer satisfaction, and maintaining a competitive advantage in the automotive market.

13

Improving the efficiency of the Honda V6 engine cylinder deactivation system

Hnyp Mariia, Melnyk Vasyl, Baidauletova Madina, Bembenek Michał

Archives of Engineering Knowledge

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2024

|

T. 10, Nr 1

72--78

EN

In modern conditions of operation of cars, especially in megacities, a significant proportion of modes are low loads and idling. Operation in such modes is accompanied by increased specific fuel and lubricant consumption, increased specific emissions of toxic components of exhaust gases, etc. There are a number of methods and means of increasing the efficiency of idling and low load modes. Today, one of the promising methods for solving the problem of increasing efficiency and reducing the concentration of toxic products in exhaust gases at partial loads and idling is the method of cylinder shutdown with valve timing control. The study of indicator and specific performance indicators of the internal combustion engine was carried out using a method that allows determining the impact of switching off any number of cylinders on the power and fuel economy indicators of the engine. Due to the shutdown of cylinders from 1 to 3, an increase in the average indicator pressure by 10.5% was recorded. Due to the increase in the average indicator pressure in the cylinders, the indicator efficiency increases. The shutdown of cylinders in the Honda V6 engine with an engine capacity of 3.5 liters from 1 to 3 leads to an increase in the indicator efficiency of up to 10.5%. According to the results of the study of the effective performance indicators of the Honda V6 engine with a volume of 3.5, it was found that the average effective pressure is 0.981 MPa, the specific effective fuel consumption is 0.260, and the effective efficiency is 0.3142, and they remain practically unchanged.

14

Derivation of Material Constants for Experimental SKR-788 Silicone Samples via Simulation Modeling and Laboratory Testing

Mykhailiuk Vasyl, Kryzhanivskyy Yevstakhiy, Mosora Yurii, Deineha Ruslan, Dzienniak Damian, Bajda Szymon, Bembenek Michał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 5

268--276

EN

The development of various machines and equipment containing parts or assemblies made of hyperelastic materials (e.g., rubber, silicone) is difficult because of the intricacies involved in the description of their mechanical properties. This is especially seen in calculations using simulation modeling. The behavior of hyperelastic materials is described by utilizing the results of research conducted with specialized equipment. This allows for the most accurate determination of their mechanical properties. Hyperelastic materials are widely used across diverse industries, encompassing mechanical engineering, the chemical and petrochemical sectors, cement production, and beyond. To determine the mechanical characteristics of SKR-788 silicone, batches of test samples were prepared, varying solely in the ratio of the base to the catalyst. Laboratory testing of silicone samples was performed on an Instron 4500 device, and data such as loads, displacements, and deformations were obtained. In order to verify the results of the tests against the results of simulation modeling in Ansys software, a model of the experimental sample was built. The obtained results of uniaxial tensile testing of the experimental sample were taken into account during the description of the material in the Mooney–Rivlin model. The calculation scheme for the test sample during simulation modeling is similar to the one used during its laboratory testing. Applying the load to the test sample during the simulation proceeded incrementally based on time. As a result of the work, the constants of the SKR-788 silicone material for the three-parameter Mooney–Rivlin model were defined (C10 = −0.10335 МРа, C01 = 0.57534 МРа, and C11 = 0.093309 МРа). As a result of simulation modeling of the experimental silicone sample, the values of its displacements and stresses were obtained. Upon comparing the stress values derived from the results of laboratory testing on the Instron 4500 equipment with those obtained from simulation modeling, a discrepancy of up to 7% was identified. For the first time, the characteristics of the SKR-788 silicone material have been established and verified. This will facilitate the design and research of various equipment and machine components made from hyperelastic materials.

15

Study of parameters of the mixture and heat generation of the dd15 diesel engine of the sandvik lh514 loader in the process of using alternative fuels based on rme

Bembenek Michał, Melnyk Vasyl, Mosora Yurii

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 2

169--176

EN

Today, there is a growing shortage of commercial motor fuels in the world. This is due to the tendency to regulate the extraction of hydrocarbons, which are the main raw materials for their production; and, therefore, to reduce the import of oil, alternative types of fuel for diesel engines based on oils and animal fats are becoming widespread today. In this regard, intensive work is underway to convert internal combustion engines to biofuel-based ones both in countries with limited fuel and energy resources and in highly developed countries that have the opportunity to purchase liquid energy carriers. Biodiesel fuel (biodiesel, PME, RME, FAME, EMAG, etc.) is an environmentally friendly type of biofuel obtained from vegetable and animal fats and used to replace petroleum diesel fuel. According to the results of modelling, in the process of using RME B100 biodiesel fuel, we found a reduction in nitrogen dioxide emissions by 21.5% and a reduction in soot emissions by 34.5%. This will positively affect the environmental performance of the Sandvik LH514 loader, which is especially relevant in closed environments such as mines. So, according to the results of studies of the operation of the DD15 engine of the Sandvik LH514 loader on commercial and RME B100 biodiesel fuel, it was established that the use of biodiesel fuel leads to a deterioration of the mixture, due to which heat generation is reduced and, as a result, fuel consumption increases and engine power decreases, but the aspect of environmental indicators constitutes the significant improvement demonstrated by the present work.

16

On the Wear Mechanism of High-Chromium Gyratory Crusher Mantle Lining in Terms of the Assessment of the Used Material

Bembenek Michał, Krawczyk Janusz, Zagórski Krzysztof, Pawlik Jan

Tribologia

|

2023

|

nr 1

27--40

EN

After the rock is excavated in bulky chunks, it must be processed into fractions usable by diverse branches of industry. There are many approaches to achieving a fine aggregate, and the gyratory crusher is often preferable. Alas, since its working surfaces are subjected to heavy loads of abrasive material, the lining of the gyratory crusher is prone to specific geometry degeneration mechanisms. The authors subjected the mantle lining to a series of tests, such as metallurgical microstructure analysis, chemical composition and hardness evaluation and X-ray examination. Although most mantles are manufactured from the high-manganese Hadfield steel family, the lining was fabricated from high-chromium hypoeutectic white cast steel with a white iron structure. The difference in the chosen material's chemical composition resulted in an uncommon wear mechanism with visible inclined craters emerging in the lower part of the cone, where erosive, dynamically-moving particles were concentrated.

PL

Po wydobyciu skały w dużych kawałkach wymaga ona przetworzenia na frakcje nadające się do wykorzystania przez różne gałęzie przemysłu. Istnieje wiele sposobów na uzyskanie drobnego kruszywa, a kruszarka stożkowa jest często preferowaną opcją. Niestety, jej powierzchnie robocze poddawane są dużym obciążeniom ściernym, co skutkuje tym, że wykładzina kruszarki stożkowej jest podatna na specyficzne mechanizmy degeneracji geometrii. Autorzy poddali wyłożenie stożka szeregowi badań, m.in. analizie mikrostruktury, ocenie składu chemicznego, rentgenowskiej analizie fazowej i twardości w odniesieniu do właściwości tribologicznych na podstawie analizy mechanizmu zużycia. Większość stożków jest wykonywana ze stali wysokomanganowej rodziny Hadfielda, w tym przypadku wyłożenie zostało wykonane z wysokochromowej, podeutektycznego staliwa o strukturze odpowiadającej żeliwu białemu. Zastosowany materiał spowodował występowanie charakterystycznego mechanizmu zużycia w postaci tworzenia się kraterów, gdzie zużycie erozyjne koncentruje się w dolnej części stożka, przy której koncentruje się oddziaływanie większych dynamicznie przemieszczających się cząstek.

17

The role and importance of risk assessment in machinery design and control systems on the example of a model research line designed for the production of low-emission composite fuel

Kozłowski Artur, Smyła Jarosław, Bembenek Michał, Wojtas Piotr, Kasprzyczak Leszek

Journal of KONBiN

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2023

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Vol. 53, iss. 1

25--45

EN

The article discusses the construction and functionality of a modular line for the production of low-emission composite fuel, which was developed as part of a project cofinanced by European Funds, the aim of which was to develop an ecological, composite solid fuel intended for low and medium power boilers. The designed and built innovative production line has been tested in terms of safety requirements in accordance with the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. Based on the harmonized standards, the risk estimation algorithm was selected. The assessment covered, inter alia, mechanical, electrical and thermal hazards, hazards related to noise and processed material, and those related to control systems that perform safety functions. In order to eliminate non-conformities, technical and organizational measures increasing the safety of service were proposed.

PL

W artykule omówiono budowę i funkcjonalność modułowej linii do wytwarzania niskoemisyjnego paliwa kompozytowego, która została opracowana w ramach projektu dofinansowanego z Funduszy Europejskich, którego celem było opracowanie ekologicznego, kompozytowego paliwa stałego przeznaczonego do kotłów małej i średniej mocy. Zaprojektowana i zbudowana innowacyjna linia produkcyjna została sprawdzona pod kątem wymagań bezpieczeństwa według Dyrektywy Maszynowej 2006/42/WE. Na podstawie norm zharmonizowanych dokonano wyboru algorytmu szacowania ryzyka. Ocenie podlegały m.in. zagrożenia mechaniczne, elektryczne, termiczne, zagrożenia związane z hałasem i przetwarzanym materiałem oraz dotyczące systemów sterowania realizujących funkcje bezpieczeństwa. W celu eliminacji niezgodności zaproponowane zostały techniczne i organizacyjne środki podnoszące bezpieczeństwo obsługi.

18

A Novel Approach to the Screw Feeder Design to Improve the Reliability of Briquetting Process in the Roller Press

Baiul Kostiantyn, Vashchenko Serhii, Khudyakov Olexander, Bembenek Michał, Zinchenko Andrii, Krot Pavlo V., Solodka Nataliia

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

|

Vol. 25, no. 3

art. no. 167967

EN

The screw feeder design for the pre-compaction of bulk materials to be briquetted in a roll press is considered to increase the overall reliability. The relationship between the parameters of the screw feeder and its technological characteristics is investigated by the example of two fine-grained materials. A new mathematical model and design algorithm have been developed, which takes into account the properties of materials, the roller press parameters, the shape of the briquettes, and their deformation after compaction. The relationship between the pre-compaction pressure and the material stack height at the inlet is determined. The relations between the torque, the screw pitch, and the material stack height above the inlet, as well as the drive power and the screw pitch on productivity, are investigated. In experiments, using the proposed design, the compaction ratio of the peat increases by 22-27%, and hydrolyzed lignin –by 14-17%. The proposed approach allows for preventing drive overloading and ensures the reliable operation of pre-compaction devices for the roller presses.

19

Tribology Characteristics of Heatproof Alloys at a Dynamic Pin Ladening in the Variable Temperature Field

Bembenek Michał, Tsyganov Volodymyr, Sakhniuk Nataliia, Lazarieva Olha, Machnik Ryszard, Ropyak Liubomyr

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

|

Vol. 17, no. 5

140--152

EN

An analysis of the operating conditions of gas turbine engines, their components, and the destruction causes was carried out. The designer problems of tribo-joints operating under difficult conditions of force and temperature loads are singled out. The study aimed at obtaining the comparable quantitative dependences of blade material wear, taking into account the role of both cyclical changes in the temperature of the gas flow under the conditions close to real ones, and their frictional characteristics. Deformable heat-resistant nickel alloys and foundry heat-resistant nickel alloys from which T-shaped samples were made, were chosen for the research. The tests were carried out on the developed gas dynamic stand, which simulates the working conditions of the bandage joints of the bladed turbomachines of gas turbine installations. The intensity of wear was determined as the ratio of the worn material volume to the number of load cycles under different temperature conditions. The wear resistance of three-way connections operating under the conditions of non-stationary thermal loads and fluctuations in the contact was considered. It was shown that thermal cycling leads to a decrease in the wear resistance of heat-resistant nickel alloys by 2–3 times and depends on the average temperature of the cycle. It was found that resistance to the wear, and also the character of change of coefficient of friction is mainly determined by the terms of education and destruction of the protective superficial layer. Basic factors managing tribology processes in the zone of contact were determined.

20

Investigation of the Impact of Face Milling Parameters on the Roughness of the Machined Surface for 1.4301 Steel

Bembenek Michał, Dzienniak Damian, Dzindziora Agnieszka, Sułowski Maciej, Ropyak Liubomyr

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 4

299--312

EN

The objective of this research was to analyze how different milling parameters impact the roughness of the surface produced during the machining process. Kinematic parameters, such as cutting speed and feed per tooth, as well as geometric parameters, such as axial and radial depth of machining, were considered in various configurations to determine which one had the greatest impact on the surface quality of 1.4301 stainless steel (also known as AISI 304, among other designations). This type of steel is commonly used in a number of industries, such as construction, automotive, food, chemical, decoration, oil, and petrochemical, owing to its favorable properties. It is also relatively cheap. The analyzed roughness parameters included Ra, Rq, Rz, Rt, which, considered collectively, provide a comprehensive picture of the overall surface quality. Based on the results, feed per tooth is the one parameter that was to a large degree responsible for the overall quality roughness of the surface of the analyzed samples. The remaining tested parameters also had an impact on the surface quality, which resulted in a dynamic increase or decrease in roughness (extremes), but not to the same degree as in the case of feed per tooth. At one point, for a relatively low axial depth of cut, a sudden increase in the resulting roughness was recorded.