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EN
Accurate prediction of hazardous gas dispersion is crucial for risk assessment. During a chlorine release, a toxic cloud forms near the ground surface. The extent of the hazardous zone depends on meteorological conditions, terrain features and source characteristics. This study presents a numerical model of chlorine emissions from a storage tank, accounting for both the type of release (gas-phase or two-phase outflow) and atmospheric parameters, with the aim of predicting chlorine concentrations and supporting emergency response planning and mitigation measures. In this work, a simulation was made of an accidental chlorine release in an open area from a cylindrical storage tank (diameter 0.8 m, height 1.2 m, filling level 64%). A two-dimensional (2D) horizontal dispersion model was developed using the ALOHA software to assess near-ground concentration profiles and cloud spreading. The 2D modelling enabled the evaluation of horizontal chlorine dispersion in different seasons and under varying meteorological conditions for both two-phase and gas-phase releases. Under identical meteorological conditions, the two-phase release produced zone ranges (for concentrations > 1000 ppm) up to three times larger than those observed for the gas-phase release. The influence of atmospheric stability and wind speed on the shape of the hazard zone was highlighted. The largest hazardous zone ranges occurred under high atmospheric stability (stability classes F and E). The faster the air mass flow, the smaller the extent and maximum width of the hazardous zone. Wind speed, time of day and season were observed to have a significant impact on dispersion, underscoring their importance in hazard prediction and emergency response planning.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zastosowania defektoskopii ultradźwiękowej w pomiarach przepływów dwufazowych. W pracy opisano sprawdzenie aparatury pomiarowej poprzedzające wykonanie pomiarów różnych struktur przepływu dwufazowego woda-powietrze oraz przedstawiono rezultaty pomiarów.
EN
The article concerns the use of ultrasonic flaw detection in the measurement of two-phase flows. The work describes the checking of the measuring equipment preceding the measurement of various structures of two-phase water-air flow and presents the measurement results.
EN
The mechanical mixing process is a common operation in the technological processes of many industries, also in the mineral processing. The separation of valuable mineral from gangue in the flotation chamber results in electrical power consumption of 1-10 kW/m3 and depending on the type of flotation machine. Air is introduced into the flotation chamber and the bubbles are dispersed using a rotorstator system, which simultaneously mixes the suspension with air bubbles. Flotation efficiency depends on tank shape, rotor and stator design, as well as operating conditions such as rotor speed, aeration rate, and suspension properties. Striving to reduce energy consumption while maintaining high process efficiency, optimizing the shape of the stator-rotor system is crucial. This system determines the distribution of bubble in flotation chamber and the occurrence of elementary flotation acts. The article presents experimental results from measurements of the velocity field of the water and air-water systems in a laboratory flotation chamber under various hydrodynamic conditions by using the digital image anemometry (PIV) technique and numerical simulations (CFD).The obtained dates were used to check the distribution of the gas phase in the flotation chamber and to assess the energy consumption of the rotor.
PL
Proces mechanicznego mieszania jest powszechną operacją w procesach technologicznych wielu gałęzi przemysłu, również w przetwórstwie minerałów. Oddzielenie cennego minerału od skały płonnej w komorze flotacyjnej powoduje zużycie energii elektrycznej wynoszące 1-10 kW/m3 i w zależności od rodzaju maszyny flotacyjnej. Powietrze jest wprowadzane do komory flotacyjnej, a pęcherzyki są rozpraszane za pomocą układu wirnik-stojan, który jednocześnie miesza zawiesinę z pęcherzykami powietrza. Sprawność flotacji zależy od kształtu zbiornika, konstrukcji wirnika i stojana, a także warunków pracy, takich jak prędkość wirnika, szybkość napowietrzania i właściwości zawiesiny. Dążąc do zmniejszenia zużycia energii przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu wysokiej sprawności procesu, optymalizacja kształtu układu stojan-rotor ma kluczowe znaczenie. Układ ten określa rozkład pęcherzyków w komorze flotacyjnej i występowanie elementarnych aktów flotacji. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki eksperymentów z pomiarów pola prędkości układów woda i woda-powietrze w laboratoryjnej komorze flotacyjnej w różnych warunkach hydrodynamicznych, wykorzystując technikę cyfrowej anemometrii obrazowej (PIV) oraz symulacje numeryczne (CFD). Uzyskane dane posłużyły do sprawdzenia rozkładu fazy gazowej w komorze flotacyjnej oraz do oceny zużycia energii przez wirnik. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki eksperymentów z pomiarów pola prędkości układów woda i woda-powietrze w laboratoryjnej komorze flotacyjnej w różnych warunkach hydrodynamicznych, wykorzystując technikę cyfrowej anemometrii obrazowej (PIV) oraz symulacje numeryczne (CFD). Uzyskane dane posłużyły do sprawdzenia rozkładu fazy gazowej w komorze flotacyjnej oraz do oceny zużycia energii przez wirnik.
PL
Tematyka artykułu dotyczy możliwości wykorzystania metody defektoskopii ultradźwiękowej do wykrywania nieciągłości w przepływie dwufazowym woda - powietrze. Opisano w nim zasadę pomiarową, sposób testowania układu pomiarowego, a następnie przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki badań dla poziomego przepływu: pęcherzykowego, korkowego rzutowego. Przedstawiona metoda pozwala na wyznaczenie szeregu wielkości charakterystycznych dla przepływu dwufazowego, a mianowicie: rozkładu fazy gazowej wysokości i długości korka czy prędkości fazy gazowej. Można również wyznaczyć udział objętościowy fazy gazowej w przepływie. Wykorzystując wiele czujników ultradźwiękowych zamontowanych w jednej płaszczyźnie pomiarowej można zbudować układ tzw. tomografii ultradźwiękowej.
EN
The article focuses on the application of ultrasonic flow detection for identifying discontinuities in water-air two-phase flow. It details the measurement principle and the methodology for testing the measurement system. The paper then presents exemplary research results for horizontal flow regimes: bubbly flow and slug flow. This method enables the determination of several key parameters characteristic of two-phase flow, specifically: gas phase distribution, slug height and length, and gas phase velocity. Furthermore, the void fraction of the gas phase in the flow can also be determined. By utilizing multiple ultrasonic sensors mounted in a single measurement plane, an ultrasonic tomography system can be constructed.
EN
Measuring Void Fraction (VF) in a pipeline is crucial for ensuring operational efficiency, safety, and environmental responsibility in various engineering applications. There are several methods commonly used to measure VF in multiphase flow systems. Capacitance sensors are a dependable and practical option for measuring VF, providing benefits such as versatility, sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. In this study, simulations were performed to produce different VF levels of an air-water stratified two-phase flow, ranging across 31 distinct VF values from completely full to entirely empty. Moreover, an 8-blade concave capacitive sensor was designed and utilized for VF measurements. In order to use the power of the Finite Element Method (FEM), COMSOL Multiphysics was employed to produce the desired void fractions and measure the capacitance value of each pair of electrodes. The capacitance values of these electrode pairs were measured, resulting in the creation of sinograms corresponding to different VF. These sinograms were utilized as inputs for a Deep Neural Network (DNN) developed in Python, specifically a Multilayer Perceptron model, to estimate VFs. Furthermore, to enhance user understanding, sinograms were employed to reconstruct fluid images using the back-projection method. The results demonstrated an accuracy of 0.002, a significant improvement over previous methodologies in VF measurement.
PL
Identyfikacja struktury przepływów dwufazowych ciecz-gaz w rurociągach jest istotna dla oceny przebiegu wielu procesów przemysłowych. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano Konwolucyjną Sieć Neuronową VGG-16 do analizy spektrogramów sygnałów uzyskanych dla przepływu woda-powietrze z wykorzystaniem metody absorpcji promieniowania gamma. Analizowano cztery typy przepływu: rzutowy, tłokowy, tłokowo-pęcherzykowy i pęcherzykowy. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono na laboratoryjnej instalacji hydraulicznej wyposażonej w radiometryczny układ pomiarowy, zawierający źródło promieniowania Am-241 i detektor scyntylacyjny NaI(Tl). Stwierdzono, że sieć VGG-16 poprawnie rozpoznaje strukturę przepływu w ponad 90% przypadków.
EN
Identification of the liquid-gas flow structure is important for assessing the course of many industrial processes. In this work, the Convolutional Neural Network VGG-16 is applied for analysis of spectrograms of signals obtained for water-air flow by use gamma-ray absorption method. Four types of flow regimes as plug, slug, bubble, and transitional plug – bubble were studied.The experiments were carried out on the laboratory hydraulic installation fitted with radiometric measurement system containing an Am-241 radiation source and a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. It was found that the VGG-16 network correctly recognize the flow structure in more than 90% of cases.
EN
The paper presents the results of analysis of thermal-flow processes in the ejector-condenser for selected geometrical param-eters using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) methods. The ejector-condenser is the water-driven, two-phase ejector responsible for creating a sub-pressure allowing exhaust gases (steam and CO2 mixture) to be entrained, condensing steam, and then increasing the pressure above the atmospheric conditions. The axisymmetric numerical model was developed to take into account multiphase, turbulent flow with steam condensation in the presence of inert gas. The influence of the selected geometrical parameters, such as the motive nozzle's and mixing chamber's diameters on the ejector performance was investi-gated. CFD analysis results are presented in the form of developed scalar distributions as well as pressure, temperature and steam mass flow changes along the flow path. Performances for different geometry modes were calculated and compared using parameters such as compression ratio, expansion ratio, mass entertainment ratio and condensation efficiency. The max-imum achieved compression ratio for the analyzed geometrical variants is 1.113 for the assumed mass entertainment ratio of 0.0295. The condensation efficiency varies in a range of 49.6%–91.4% depending on motive fluid inlet conditions and geom-etry mode.
EN
Two-phase flow in channels of small dimensions is often a non-stationary process, the nature of such flow is oscillatory. Due to small channel dimensions, high heat flux, parallel channels interactions, pressure and temperature oscillations, the character of the phenomena occurring during boiling is complex. The changes of the measured signals are observed in different time scales. In order to examine in detail two-phase flow parameters changes, many acquisition devices are often installed. This solution becomes challenging concerning mini and microchannel heat-exchangers due to space limitation and modifications of an experimental setup. This paper presents a novel application of multiscale entropies for spatial and temporal analysis of two-phase flow based on only one registered parameter. This analysis is performed based on pixel brightness changes in photo frames registered by a high speed camera during two-phase flow. The spatial changes of pixel brightness are observed on single frames and temporal changes are examined using a set of frames (in time). The Composite Multiscale Sample Entropy is applied to identify two-phase flow patterns and to analyze the complexity of phase distribution. Using Multivariate Multiscale Sample Entropy the most rapid changes of phase distribution in a multichannel heat exchanger are determined.
EN
During flow boiling in a system with small (mini/micro) channels, several instabilities may occur at the same time, which overlap each other - such a phenomenon complicates the analysis of boiling dynamics. The above mentioned processes cause that the fluctuation of recorded signals occur on various time scales. Although many criteria for the stability of two-phase flows are available, their practical application is limited (they need many recorded parameter of two phase flow). Methods which we are looking for should allow flow pattern identification based on a small number (or single) recorded signals. The paper presents a new approach to the recurrence plot method combined with Principal Component Analysis and Self-Organizing Map analysis. The single signal of pressure drop oscillations has been analyzed and used for flow pattern identification. New method of correlation analysis of flow patterns on video frames has been presented and used for flow pattern identification. The obtained results show that pressure drop oscillations and high speed video contain enough information about flow pattern for flow pattern identification.
EN
Measuring of parameters of two-phase flows usually needs the contactless measuring techniques to be used together with advanced methods of signal processing. One of these techniques, which are employed for many years in measurements of liquid-gas, liquid-solids and gas-solid particles flows is a method of gamma-ray den-sitometry. Frequently in such measurements the mutually delayed stochastic signals are received from the scin-tillation detectors. For the time delay estimation the well-known cross-correlation method is usually used due to the random nature of the signals and presence of disturbances. This paper describes a proposition of use of Hilbert Transform to time delay estimation in radioisotope measurements of two-phase flow. It presents results of simulation study of the modified cross-correlation method, in which the Hilbert Transform of one measured signal is used. The simulations have been carried out for models of stochastic signals, corresponding to signals received in investigations of liquid-gas flow through horizontal pipeline, carried out with use of gamma-ray absorption technique. It has been stated that the described method provides better metrological properties than classical cross-correlation.
PL
Znajomość struktury przepływów dwufazowych w rurociągach jest niezbędna dla oceny prawidłowego przebiegu wielu procesów przemysłowych. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano Konwolucyjną Sieć Neuronową (CNN) do analizy histogramów sygnałów uzyskanych dla przepływu ciecz-gaz z wykorzystaniem absorpcji promieniowania gamma. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono na laboratoryjnej instalacji hydraulicznej wyposażonej w radiometryczny układ pomiarowy. W pracy zbadano cztery typy przepływu: rzutowy, tłokowy, tłokowo-pęcherzykowy i pęcherzykowy. Stwierdzono, że sieć CNN poprawnie rozpoznaje strukturę przepływu w ponad 90% przypadków.
EN
Knowledge of the two-phase flow structure is essential for the proper conduct of industrial processes. In this work, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is applied for analysis of histograms of signals obtained for liquid-gas flow by use gamma-ray absorption. The experiments were carried out on the laboratory hydraulic installation fitted with radiometric measurement system. Four types of flow regimes as plug, slug, bubble, and transitional plug – bubble were studied in this work. It was found that the CNN network correctly recognize the flow structure in more than 90% of cases.
EN
The PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) method is one of the optical, non-invasive measurement methods for measuring fluid velocity and it can be used in the study of two-phase gas-liquid flows to determine velocity fields. The velocity distribution of the liquid and gas phases influences the formation of two-phase flow structures and, consequently, the mechanisms of energy and moment exchange in the two-phase flow. The article concerns the application of the PIV method in the assessment of hydrodynamic phenomena occurring during two-phase flow realized in pipe minichannels with internal diameters d > 2 mm. Fluorescent marker particles with a density close to that of water were used in the research. The preliminary tests were carried out on the adiabatic water-air mixture. The research aimed to check the applicability of PIV methods also in non-adiabatic flows. As a result of preliminary studies, the velocity maps of the liquid phase, histograms and velocity profiles in the vertical section of the minichannel tested were obtained.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania symulacyjne metody pomiaru czasu opóźnienia sygnałów losowych wykorzystującą fazę wzajemnej gęstości widmowej. Analizę oparto na modelach sygnałów stochastycznych, symulujących sygnały pochodzące z detektorów scyntylacyjnych wykorzystywanych w pomiarach przepływów dwufazowych w rurociągu poziomym.
EN
In this paper simulation studies of the method of time delay measurement of random signals based on the phase of cross-spectral density function is presented. The analysis is based on models of stochastic signals from scintillation detectors used in the measurements of two-phase flows in a horizontal pipeline
EN
Liquid-gas flows in pipelines appear in many industrial processes, e.g. in the nuclear, mining, and oil industry. The gamma-absorption technique is one of the methods that can be successfully applied to study such flows. This paper presents the use of the gamma-absorption method to determine the water-air flow parameters in a horizontal pipeline. Three flow types were studied in this work: plug, transitional plug-bubble, and bubble one. In the research, a radiometric set consisting of two Am-241 sources and two NaI(TI) scintillation detectors have been applied. Based on the analysis of the signals from both scintillation detectors, the gas phase velocity was calculated using the cross-correlation method (CCM). The signal from one detector was used to determine the void fraction and to recognise the flow regime. In the latter case, a Multi-Layer Perceptron-type artificial neural network (ANN) was applied. To reduce the number of signal features, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used. The expanded uncertainties of gas velocity and void fraction obtained for the flow types studied in this paper did not exceed 4.3% and 7.4% respectively. All three types of analyzed flows were recognised with 100% accuracy. Results of the experiments confirm the usefulness of the gamma-ray absorption method in combination with radiometric signal analysis by CCM and ANN with PCA for comprehensive analysis of liquid-gas flow in the pipeline.
EN
A study of the aerothermopressor operation for air intercooling between the stages of a multistage compressor as part of a modern gas turbine (LMS100 brand from General Electric) was carried out in the article. A calculation method has been developed using numerical modeling for the evaporation of fine water droplets in the air flow. The main characteristics of the two-phase flow at the aerothermopressor outlet have been determined. It has been found that jet apparatus provides efficient atomization of the liquid, and hence, more efficient isothermal compression process in a high-pressure compressor. The aerothermopressor applying allowed to reduce the temperature of the compressed air between the compressor stages to 50-70°C. Such a decrease in temperature under the thermo-gas-dynamic compression conditions allowed to increase the pressure at the aerothermopressor outlet up to 12-28 kPa (4-9%).
PL
Metoda PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) jest jedną z optycznych, nieinwazyjnych metod pomiarowych służących pomiarowi prędkości płynów i może być wykorzystywana w badaniach przepływów dwufazowych gaz-ciecz w celu wyznaczania pól prędkości. Rozkład prędkości fazy ciekłej i gazowej wpływa na formowanie się struktur przepływu dwufazowego, a w konsekwencji na mechanizmy wymiany energii i momentu w przepływie dwufazowym. Artykuł dotyczy zastosowania metody PIV do oceny zjawisk hydrodynamicznych zachodzących podczas przepływu dwufazowego realizowanego w minikanałach rurowych o średnicy wewnętrznej d > 2 mm. W badaniach zastosowano fluorescencyjne cząstki znacznikowe o gęstości zbliżonej do gęstości wody. Badania wstępne wykonano na mieszaninie adiabatycznej typu woda-powietrze. Celem badań było sprawdzenie możliwości zastosowania metod PIV również w przepływach nieadiabatycznych. W wyniku badań wstępnych otrzymano mapy prędkości fazy ciekłej, histogramy i profile prędkości w przekroju pionowym badanego minikanału.
EN
The PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) method is one of the optical, non-invasive measurement methods for measuring fluid velocity and can be used in the study of two-phase gas-liquid flows to determine velocity fields. The velocity distribution of the liquid and gas phases influences the formation of two-phase flow structures and, consequently, the mechanisms of energy and moment exchange in the two-phase flow. The article concerns the application of the PIV method to the assessment of hydrodynamic phenomena occurring during two-phase flow realized in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d > 2 mm. Fluorescent marker particles with a density close to that of water were used in the research. The preliminary tests were carried out on the adiabatic water-air mixture. The research aimed to check the applicability of PIV methods also in non-adiabatic flows. As a result of preliminary studies, velocity maps of the liquid phase, histograms and velocity profiles in the vertical section of the tested minichannel were obtained.
EN
This paper concerns analytical considerations on a complex phenomenon which is diffusive-inertial droplet separation from the two-phase vapour-liquid flow which occurs in many devices in the power industry (e.g. heat pumps, steam turbines, organic Rankine cycles, etc.). The new mathematical model is mostly devoted to the analysis of the mechanisms of diffusion and inertia influencing the distance at which a droplet separates from the two-phase flow and falls on a channel wall. The analytical model was validated based on experimental data. The results obtained through the analytical computations stay in a satisfactory agreement with available literature data.
EN
We analyse an autoignition process in a two-phase flow in a temporally evolving mixing layer formed between streams of a cold liquid fuel (heptane at 300 K) and a hot oxidizer (air at 1000 K) flowing in opposite directions. We focus on the influence of a discretization method on the prediction of the autoignition time and evolution of the flame in its early development phase. We use a high-order code based on the 6th order compact difference method for the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations combined with the 2nd order Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) and 5th order Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) schemes applied for the discretization of the advection terms in the scalar transport equations. The obtained results show that the autoignition time is more dependent on the discretization method than on the flow initial conditions, i.e., the Reynolds number and the initial turbulence intensity. In terms of mean values, the autoignition occurs approximately 15% earlier when the TVD scheme is used. In this case, the ignition phase characterizes a sharp peak in the temporal evolution of the maximum temperature. The observed differences are attributed to a more dissipative character of the TVD scheme. Its usage leads to a higher mean level of the fuel in the gaseous form and a smoother distribution of species resulting in a lower level of the scalar dissipation rate, which facilitates the autoignition process.
PL
Tematyka artykułu dotyczy wyznaczania parametrów pojedynczego, wznoszącego się pęcherza w ciekłym metalu i w polu magnetycznym. Badania przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu impulsowej, ultradźwiękowej metody echa. W artykule przedstawiono metodę pomiaru. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników pokazano, że pęcherze wznoszą się praktycznie prostoliniowo, co oznacza, że ich prędkością końcową jest prędkość wznoszenia, w związku z czym pozostałe składowe są do pominięcia. Następnie obliczono prędkości pojedynczych pęcherzy, współczynniki oporu i przedstawiono je w zależności średnicy zastępczej oraz liczby Reynoldsa. W końcowej części artykułu pokazano zależność liczb charakterystycznych Webera, Eotvosa i Mortona od liczby Reynoldsa.
EN
The subject of the article concerns the determination of the parameters of a single, rising bubble in liquid metal and in a magnetic field. The research was carried out using the ultrasonic pulse echo method. The article presents the measurement method. On the basis of the obtained results, it has been shown that the bubbles rise practically in a straight line, which means that their final velocity is the rising velocity, and therefore the remaining components can be ignored. Then, individual bubble velocities and drag coefficients were calculated and presented in relation to the equivalent diameter and Reynolds number. The final part of the article shows the dependence of the characteristic numbers: Weber, Eotvos and Morton on the Reynolds number.
PL
Tematyka artykułu dotyczy porównania parametrów przepływu dwufazowego ciekły metal-gaz, w przepływie bez i w polu magnetycznym. W artykule przedstawiono jak zmieniają się prędkości przepływu, średnice zastępcze, współczynniki oporu oraz rozkłady przepływających pęcherzy. Obliczono także liczby Eötvösa i Webera. Jako metodę pomiaru wybrano impulsowa, ultradźwiękową metodę echa. Badania wykonano wtłaczając argon do zbiornika wypełnionego ciekłym metalem GaInSn. Przeprowadzono je dla trzech różnych dysz wlotowych gazu oraz dla przepływu łańcuchowego pęcherzy.
EN
The subject of the article concerns the comparison of two-phase liquid metal-gas flow parameters, in the flow without and with a magnetic field. The article presents how flow velocities, equivalent diameters, drag coefficients and distribution of flowing bubbles change. The numbers of Eötvös and Weber were also calculated.The ultrasonic pulse echo method was chosen as the measurement method. The tests were carried out by injecting argon into a container filled with liquid metal GaInSn. They were carried out for three differentgas inlet nozzles and for bubble chain flow.
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