Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Koordynacja cyfrowa w zarządzaniu interakcjami pomiędzy uczestnikami rynku w transporcie multimodalnym

Jaworski Tomasz

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2025

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R. 80, nr 6

2--6

PL

Transport multimodalny na świecie stale rośnie (w 2021 globalnie przewieziono ok. 815,6 mln TEU), podobne tendencje widać w Europie i Polsce. Kluczowym wyzwaniem jest koordynacja działań wielu uczestników rynku, którzy używają własnych, niekompatybilnych systemów IT. Powoduje to wzrost kosztów transakcyjnych (R. Coase), związanych z negocjacjami, niejednolitą dokumentacją i opóźnieniami. Rozwiązaniem jest cyfrowa standaryzacja procesów i wdrożenie modeli Freight as a Service (FaaS), gdzie przewozy są traktowane jako kompleksowa usługa Just-in-Time, a systemy TOS (Terminal Operating System) umożliwiają automatyzację i integrację danych. Koordynacja pracy przeładunkowej terminala w Antwerpii – oparta na cyfrowym bliźniaku portu, blockchainie oraz standardach danych – jest przykładem skutecznej redukcji kosztów transakcyjnych i wzorem do zastosowania w Polsce.

EN

Multimodal transport continues to grow globally, reaching approximately 815.6 million TEU transported in 2021, with similar trends observed in Europe and Poland. A key challenge is coordinating the actions of multiple market participants who operate their own incompatible IT systems. This leads to increased transaction costs (R. Coase), associated with negotiations, inconsistent documentation, and delays. The proposed solution is the digital standardization of processes and implementation of the Freight as a Service (FaaS) model, where freight transport is managed as a comprehensive Just-in-Time service. Terminal Operating Systems (TOS) enable automation and data integration within this framework. The coordination of terminal handling operations in Antwerp - based on the port's digital twin, blockchain, and data standards - demonstrates effective transaction cost reduction and serves as a model for implementation in Poland.

2

Sustainable and smart logistics centers: Challenges and opportunities for Ukraine's transport system

Vovk Yuriy, Vovk Iryna, Plekan Uliana, Tson Oleg, Oleskyuk Vasyl

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2025

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Vol. 10, No. 1

116--124

EN

Purpose: The devastation of Ukraine's transport infrastructure during the ongoing conflict has created immense challenges and a unique opportunity to rethink and rebuild the nation's logistics system for the twenty-first century. This paper investigates how integrating sustainable and smart logistics centers can catalyze Ukraine's economic recovery and future competitiveness. Methodology: Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, including satellite-based damage assessments, comparative analysis with leading European logistics models, and in-depth case studies of Ukrainian logistics hubs, the study explores both the obstacles and the transformative potential of digitalization, automation, and green technologies in the Ukrainian context. Results: The findings reveal that while Ukraine faces severe barriers, such as regulatory fragmentation, underinvestment in digitalization, and a legacy of war-related destruction, there are clear pathways forward. International best practices, particularly those from Germany, France, and Poland, demonstrate that multimodal, technology-driven logistics centers can accelerate recovery and foster sustainable growth. Case studies from Lviv and Odesa show that even amid a crisis, adopting solar energy and automated systems leads to measurable efficiency gains and cost reductions. The research also highlights the critical importance of harmonizing Ukrainian regulations with European Union standards, leveraging EU funding for corridor modernization, and fostering public-private partnerships to drive innovation. Theoretical Contribution: Theoretically, the paper advances the understanding of logistics center development in transition economies, proposing a framework synthesizing digital, environmental, and organizational innovations. Practical Implications: It offers policymakers and industry leaders actionable recommendations for regulatory reform, investment prioritization, and technology adoption to position Ukraine as a future leader in sustainable, smart logistics within the European transport network.

3

The Essence of Multimodal Travel and Key Standards for Data Exchange in Public Transport

Ejdys Stanisław, Dzik Renata, Kowal Barbara, Dudzicz Martyna, Piasecki Adam, Górka Wojciech, Nowak Elżbieta, Markowska Ewelina, Witkowski Dominik

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

691--699

EN

The concept of multimodal transport has recently attracted much interest. It is user-oriented, i.e. the passenger planning his trip. To properly plan and prepare a mobility offer, it is necessary to know the mobile behaviour of travellers or their changes. Both the travel history and communication preferences of passengers can contribute to the design of a mobility distribution model in which various modes of transport offered by different operators are integrated into one service provided within one digital platform. The study aims to present the concept of multimodal travel and show the added value for the traveller: the synergy of combining ticket purchase and payment channels and a wide range of transport options. The authors highlight two key public transport data exchange standards: Open Journey Planner (OJP) and General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS). Their goal is to improve the quality of public transport services and provide travellers with better access to information. The article was developed as part of the Network Management Planning and Control & Mobility Management in a Multimodal Environment and Digital Enablers project – an acronym of the MOTIONAL project – implemented by the Research and Development Ecosystem created at PKP S.A. The article's content is part of the WP20 work package Development: Integration of Railways with other means of transport. In particular, it refers to Task 20.1, Improving railway integration using B2B intermodal services, which includes Subtask 20.1.1, Providing MaaS platforms for B2B intermodal services.

4

Umieszczanie nalepek ostrzegawczych na kontenerach z towarami niebezpiecznymi klasy 1 w intermodalnych i multimodalnych łańcuchach transportowych

Chmieliński Mirosław, Chmieliński Mateusz, Bodzak Jerzy, Rabczak Marian, Marzec Roman

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2024

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R. XVIII

887--908

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano zagadnienia dotyczące umieszczania dużych nalepek ostrzegawczych i znakowania kontenerów z towarami niebezpiecznymi klasy 1 używanych w intermodalnych i multimodalnych łańcuchach transportowych. Transport towarów niebezpiecznych klasy 1 ma bezpośredni wpływ na bezpieczeństwo realizacji procesu transportowego poszczególnymi środkami transportowymi. Międzynarodowy transport towarów niebezpiecznych wymaga ich oznakowania, które stosuje się niezależnie od wybranego środka przewozu. Wykonuje się zatem oznakowania materiałów niebezpiecznych transportowanych drogą lądową (ADR), kolejową (RID) czy morską (IMDG). Na takie przewozy nałożone są odmienne regulacje i przepisy prawne. Kontenery z towarami niebezpiecznymi klasy 1, przewożone różnymi rodzajami transportu, muszą być oznakowane zgodnie z przepisami obowiązującymi w danym rodzaju transportu.

EN

The article characterizes issues related placarding and marking of cargo transport units with dangerous goods class 1 in intermodal and multimodal transport chains. Transport of dangerous goods class 1 controller has a direct impact on the safety of the transport process consisting of transport elements. International transport of dangerous goods requires their marking, which is used to enter the means of transport. Marks hazardous materials transported by land (ADR), rail (RID), and sea (IMDG). Different legal regulations apply to such transport. Containers using Class 1 harmful substances transported by means of transport modes must comply with the rules specified in the specific transport mode.

5

Methodological aspects of risk mapping in multimode transport systems

Kukulski Jacek, Lewczuk Konrad, Góra Ignacy, Wasiak Mariusz

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. 19

EN

Efficient transport solutions are based on multimodal systems, with the dominant role of rail and road transport in land versions of the systems and the connecting and directing part of intermodal terminals, transhipment terminals or warehouse centres. The implementation of transport processes is always associated with the risk of lack of timeliness (quality) or threats to people, equipment and cargo (safety) resulting from human, technical, organizational and global factors like pandemics or war. The article contains a risk mapping method in multimodal transport systems configured to estimate the risk of lowering the quality of logistics services (on-time deliveries, etc.). The method combines factors usually considered separately in studies on individual modes of transport. A formal notation of risk factors as a mathematical model was proposed, and a case study was provided to picture the implementation.

6

Research on path optimization for multimodal transportation of hazardous materials under uncertain demand

Han Wei, Chai Huo, Zhang Jianpeng, Li Yuanping

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 67, iss. 3

91--104

EN

In the process of long-distance and large-volume transportation of hazardous materials (HAZMAT), multimodal transportation plays a crucial role with its unique advantages. In order to effectively reduce the transportation risk and improve the reliability of transportation, it is particularly important to choose a suitable transportation plan for multimodal transport of HAZMAT. In this paper, we study the transportation of HAZMAT in multimodal transport networks. Considering the fluctuation in demand for HAZMAT during the actual transportation process, it is difficult for decision makers to obtain the accurate demand for HAZMAT orders in advance, leading to uncertainty in the final transportation plan. Therefore, in this paper, the uncertain demand of HAZMAT is set as a triangular fuzzy random number, and a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model is established with the objective of minimizing the total risk exposure population and the total cost in the transportation process of HAZMAT. In order to facilitate the solution of the model, we combined the fuzzy random expected value method with the fuzzy random chance constraint method based on credibility measures to reconstruct the uncertain model clearly and equivalently, and designed a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) to obtain the Pareto boundary of the multi-objective optimization problem. Finally, we conducted a numerical example experiment to verify the rationality of the model proposed in this paper. The experimental results indicate that uncertain demand can affect the path decision-making of multimodal transportation of HAZMAT. In addition, the confidence level of fuzzy random opportunity constraints will have an impact on the risk and economic objectives of optimizing the multimodal transportation path of HAZMAT. When the confidence level is higher than 0.7, it will lead to a significant increase in transportation risks and costs. Through sensitivity analysis, it can provide useful decision-making references for relevant departments to formulate HAZMAT transportation plans.

7

Methodology for expert evaluation of multimodal cargo transportation routes

Asenov Asen, Pencheva Velizara, Ivanov Boril

Transport Problems

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2021

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T. 16, z. 2

167--178

EN

The multimodal transportation of transit cargo is suitable for implementation through Bulgaria in the East-Northwest direction through the sea and river ports of the country as an alternative to the Romanian and Greek routes. Among the multimodal routes with a land leg through Bulgaria used and known so far, those via two seaports (Burgas and Varna) and three river ports (Ruse, Svishtov and Vidin) are most suitable. An expert evaluation methodology for selection of the most appropriate route is developed, including the Delphi method. A survey was conducted among 11 highly ranked and internationally recognized Bulgarian experts, known for their exceptional experience in the field of freight forwarding and international cargo transportation through Bulgaria. The results of the study show that the most suitable route for transit transportation is through the ports of Varna and Ruse with intermediate road haulage.

8

Examples of use of electronic and power-electronic solutions in multimodal transport

Kaczerska Dominika, Kaczerski Krystian

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2020

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nr 115

21--30

EN

The paper discusses examples of the application of new technological solutions in the field of automation, IT, and electronics in multimodal transport. In the 21st century, electric vehicles and electronic systems that accelerate the delivery process are becoming increasingly important. The purpose of the article is to show examples of the application of electronics and power electronics in road, rail, and sea transport. The functioning of selected devices and systems used in specific modes of transport is also described.

9

Recenzja: K. Kowalczyk – Pasażerski transport kolejowy na obszarach aglomeracyjnych w Polsce a rozwiązania multimodalne w codziennych dojazdach do pracy, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin, 2019; 182 ss.

Ciechański Ariel

Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG

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2020

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nr 23(1)

99--101

10

Role interesariuszy w rozwoju transportu multimodalnego w świetle wyników badań w Projekcie ChemMultimodal

Ocicka Barbara

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2020

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nr 2

11--17

PL

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie i określenie ról głównych in- teresariuszy mających wpływ na rozwój multimodalnego transportu towarowego. Podstawę wnioskowania stanowią wyniki Projektu ChemMultimodal zrealizowanego w latach 2016–2019 w regionie Europy Środkowej. W Projekcie wyko- rzystano ilościowe i jakościowe metody badawcze: badanie ankietowe, pogłębione wywiady indywidualne oraz studia przypadków. Wyniki badań na przykładzie branży chemicz- nej doprowadziły do konstatacji o konieczności holistyczne- go podejścia w dążeniu do wzrostu znaczenia transportu multimodalnego w przewozach ładunków. Wymaga ono in- tegracji strategii, celów i działań kluczowych interesariuszy. Do interesariuszy tych należą: instytucje określające strate- gie i regulacje w zakresie polityki transportowej oraz planu- jące i finansujące inwestycje na poziomie Unii Europejskiej, krajowym i regionalnym, ogniwa łańcuchów dostaw, przed- siębiorstwa produkcyjne i handlowe oraz uczestnicy rynku usług TSL, a także klastry i izby przemysłowe.

EN

The aim of the article is to identify and define the roles of the main stakeholders that influence the development of multimodal freight transport. The conclusions are based on the results of the ChemMultimodal Project implemented in 2016–2019 in the Central Europe region. The Project team used quantitative and qualitative research methods: survey, in-depth individual interviews and case studies. The research findings on the example of the chemical industry led to the conclusion of the need for a holistic approach in the pursuit of increasing the significance of multimodality in cargo transportation. It requires integration of strategies, objectives and activities of key stakeholders. These stakeholders include: institutions that define strategies and regulations in the field of transport policy, plan and finance investments at the EU, national and regional level, links of supply chains, manufacturing and trade companies, logistics service providers as well as clusters and chambers of industries.

11

Znaczenie regulacji dla zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu

Nowicka Katarzyna, Ocicka Barbara, Pluta-Zaremba Aneta

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 3

330--332

12

How to improve freight transport emissions' management?

Cichosz Marzenna, Pluta-Zaremba Aneta

LogForum

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2019

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Vol. 15, no. 1

93--105

EN

Background: To fight against climate change, the EU is committed to the world's most ambitious climate and energy targets, i.e. CO2 reduction at least 20% by the year 2020 and 80-95% by 2050, in reference to 1990. This paper aims to look at the problem of freight transport emissions' measurement and management in order to reduce CO2. The focus is on the chemical industry itself. The authors try to answer following research questions: (i) Do chemical and logistics companies in Poland measure and manage freight transport emissions? (ii) Where do they see the biggest challenges to emissions' management and how do they address them? (iii) Is a toolbox facilitating modal shift able to increase the usage of multimodal transport by chemical and logistics companies? Methods: The research problem is investigated using a two-stage effort. Stage one is structured, in-depth interviews conducted among chemical and logistics companies operating in Poland. The results of this stage have provided the base for the toolbox developed to facilitate the modal shift in chemical transports. Stage two presents the results of the toolbox's beta-version tests conducted among chemical companies in Poland in 2017. Results: Within the findings, the authors diagnose the obstacles which prevent companies from multimodal transport, and present toolbox consisting of: consulting services, multimodal planning guidelines, IT visualization, and CO2 calculator. The toolbox facilitates transport partners' cooperation on shifting chemical freight from road to multimodal. Conclusions: With technological developments, which strongly influence shippers and transport providers and offer improvement opportunities in efficient transport management, the topic of freight transport emissions' measurement and management in order to reduce CO2 should be investigated in more detail.

PL

Wstęp: Chcąc walczyć ze zmianami klimatycznymi, UE zobowiązała się do realizacji ambitnych celów klimatycznych i energetycznych, tj. redukcji CO2 o co najmniej 20% do 2020 roku i 80-95% do 2050 roku, w odniesieniu do 1990 roku. Celem tego artykułu jest spojrzenie na problem pomiaru i zarządzania emisjami w transporcie towarów w celu ograniczenia emisji CO2. Artykuł koncentruje się na przemyśle chemicznym. Autorzy starają się odpowiedzieć na następujące pytania badawcze: (i) Czy firmy chemiczne i logistyczne w Polsce mierzą i zarządzają emisjami transportu towarowego? (ii) Gdzie widzą największe wyzwania związane z zarządzaniem emisjami i jak je adresują? (iii) Czy zestaw narzędzi ułatwiających zamianę gałęzi transportu, przyczyni się do zwiększenia wykorzystania transportu multimodalnego przez firmy chemiczne i logistyczne? Metody: Problem badawczy jest analizowany dwustopniowo. Pierwszy etap to ustrukturyzowane, pogłębione wywiady przeprowadzone wśród firm chemicznych i logistycznych działających w Polsce. Wyniki tego etapu posłużyły do przygotowania narzędzia ułatwiającego zamianę gałęzi transportu chemicznego. Drugi etap prezentuje wyniki testów beta wersji narzędzia wspierającego zamianę transportu drogowego chemii na transport multimodalny, które to testy przeprowadzono wśród firm chemicznych w Polsce w 2017 roku. Wyniki: Autorzy dokonali diagnozy przeszkód uniemożliwiających firmom transport multimodalny oraz przygotowali i przedstawili narzędzie obejmujące: usługi konsultingowe, wytyczne do zmiany gałęzi, wizualizację IT rozwiązania multimodalnego oraz kalkulator CO2. Celem narzędzia jest ułatwienie współpracy partnerów w zakresie zamiany transportu drogowego towarów chemicznych na transport multimodalny. Wnioski: Ze względu na zmiany technologiczne, które mają znaczny wpływ na załadowców i dostawców usług transportowych oraz oferują możliwości usprawnienia zarządzania transportem, należy bardziej szczegółowo zbadać kwestię pomiaru i zarządzania emisjami transportu towarowego w celu ograniczenia emisji CO2.

13

Podróże osób z niepełnosprawnością i osób o ograniczonej sprawności ruchowej w transporcie multimodalnym

Raczyńska-Buława Ewa

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 7-8

47--56

PL

Tematyka dostępności coraz częściej staje się tematem dyskusji i prac na różnych szczeblach administracji rządowej i samorządowej. Wpływ na popularność tematu mają przede wszystkim ogłoszenie rządowego projektu Dostępność Plus wraz z Porozumieniem na rzecz dostępności oraz przewidywane zmiany w prawie na szczeblu unijnym – projektowane wdrożenie Europejskiego Aktu Dostępności oraz planowana nowelizacja Rozporządzenia 1371/2007, będącego odpowiednikiem rozporządzenia 181/2011 w sprawie praw pasażerów w transporcie autobusowym i autokarowym. Prezentacja tych zagadnień jest przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu.

EN

Availability of transport is becoming the topic of discussion and thesis on the various levels. Impact on the popularity of the topic are result of announcement of governmental projects „Dostępność Plus” and „Porozumienie na rzecz dostępności”, and also expected changes in EU law – project of European Accessibility Act and novelization of Regulation (EU) No 1371/2007, equivalent of Regulation (EU) No 181/2011, passenger rights in bus and coach transport. The issues has been presented in this article.

14

The model of selecting multimodal technologies for the transport of perishable products

Leleń Paweł, Wasiak Mariusz

Archives of Transport

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2019

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Vol. 50, iss. 2

17--33

EN

The main goal of this paper is to provide an original model of selecting multimodal technologies for the transport of perishable goods. The model in particular refers to the transportability of cargoes. The features of cargoes that have the most impact on transportability were specified. Formal representations of the key elements of the model were presented and characterized, including: perishable cargoes, form of transported goods (solid, liquid, etc.), means of handling (including loading devices and transport means), transport routes, categories of human labor, multimodal technologies and transportation tasks. A formal representation of decision variables, as well as constrains and a criterion function were provided. The model bases on two main solution assessment criteria: cost criterion and cargo safety criterion. A cargo safety criterion in the model is composed of 18 partial criterion functions. Each of these functions directly affects one safety aspect of the transported cargo. The exemplary partial criteria of cargo safety included in the model are: acceptable transport time, minimum or maximum temperature in the cargo’s direct surroundings, resistance to mechanical damage. In order to present a practical application of the presented mathematical model the paper shows also an example of selecting one of the multimodal technologies for the transport of perishable goods from the set of pre-defined types of multimodal transport technologies. The developed method uses different elements of the mathematical model provided in the paper, depending on the considered problem (including characteristics of cargo and their transport forms). For a significant group of perishable cargoes, it is not required to consider all defined criteria associated with cargo safety. The developed model allows for the accurate selection of transport technology for perishable cargoes for most transportation tasks. It should help to increase the efficiency of selection of multimodal transport technology for perishable products. The selected technology will then be characterized by the lowest transport cost and will ensure the safety of transported cargoes, as well as will meet other requirements determined by the transport task. As part of further work, it is possible to develop proposed method by considering additional characteristics of perishable cargoes.

15

Innowacje w zarządzaniu transportem : perspektywy rozwoju synchromodalności w branży chemicznej w Polsce

Cichosz M., Nowicka K., Ocicka B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

|

T. 97, nr 10

1611--1615

16

Efektywne planowanie transportu multimodalnego

Cichosz M., Nowicka K., Ocicka B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

|

T. 97, nr 9

1421--1425

17

Study on the design of container highway and railway automatic transfer vehicle in ocean port

Dong L., Liu G., Ye X., Wang W.

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

|

S 3

5--12

EN

To realize “seamless” connection of ocean port container multimodal transport, efficiently carry out “door-to-door” transport of ocean port containers and overcome the shortcomings of existing highway and railway vehicles, this study takes the standard for heavy-duty container vehicles in TB1335-1996 Railway Vehicle Strength Design and Test Identification Code as the design basis and designs a new ocean port container transport vehicle in combination with automatic guidance technology. This study innovatively designs the automatic lifting system of the bogie and the docking part of the vehicle, introduces the automatic guidance technology and the remote-control technology to optimize the car body structure, and uses the SAP software to carry out the finite element analysis of the car body load capacity and Flexsim software to carry out the simulation analysis on the operation of vehicles. The designed transfer vehicle can improve the transfer efficiency of ocean port containers, reduce the transit time of field and station equipment and container transport links, and improve the level of multimodal transport and comprehensive economic benefits.

18

Multimodal transport risk assessment with risk mapping

Cieśla M., Mrówczyńska B., Opasiak T.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

|

z. 105

31--39

EN

The article analyzes foundations associated with risk management. The research part is based on a potential risks identification analysis, impact and probability of occurrence and significance assessment for the company performing multimodal transportation services of intermodal transport units (ITU). For this purpose a risk map analysis method was used. Identification of the twenty-four most significant threats led to the identification of the most important elements of the process of ITU carriage, which proper handling allows to minimize possible losses.

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano zagadnienia związane z podstawami zarządzania ryzykiem. Część badawczą oparto na analizie identyfikacji potencjalnego ryzyka, oceny skutków i prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia oraz oceny istotności dla przedsiębiorstwa realizującego usługi transportu zintegrowanych jednostek ładunkowych (ZJŁ) w przewozach międzygałęziowych. W tym celu posłużono się metodą mapy ryzyka. Wyodrębnienie dwudziestu czterech najbardziej istotnych zagrożeń pozwoliło na identyfikację najważniejszych elementów procesu przewozu ZJŁ, których prawidłowe wykonanie pozwala na minimalizację możliwych strat.

19

Kolej na rower! – O przekształceniach placów dworcowych wskutek wprowadzenia architektury rowerowej

Mroczek M.

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2017

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R. 24, nr 7-8

32--45

PL

Podczas gdy samo zagadnienie dotyczące integracji transportu rowerowego i szynowego jest dosyć dobrze opracowane, wciąż brak usystematyzowanej wiedzy na temat wpływu obecności roweru na kształtowanie przestrzeni publicznych, w tym tych w okolicy dworców kolejowych. Wybrane przykłady pokazują, że mariaż roweru z pociągiem lub metrem w ujęciu urbanistyczno architektonicznym może stać się czynnikiem popularyzującym transport łączony. Możliwe jest łączenie utylitarnej funkcji trans portowej z atrakcyjną przestrzenią placu, a infrastruktura rowerowa często znacząco się do tego przyczynia.

EN

The main aim of this paper is to analyse forms of chosen bicycle parks in the context of railway station plazas. When many scientific texts deal with integration rail and bicycle transport, there is still lack in knowledge about creating urban spaces by bicycles. It turns out that it is possible to linking utilitarian transport function with attractive plaza space, and bicycle infrastructure have important role in this transformation. Investigated examples show that bicycle dedicated facilities can enrich and improve stations forecourts. They make station plazas not only functional and nice place to go, but also a kind of entertaining playground for travellers (e.g. Groningen, Lillestrøm). Moreover, exposed, large bicycle parks (up to 3 000 spaces) can act like an attractive and interactive part of fore courts (Copenhagen, Amsterdam). Cyclist dedicated facilities can also create plaza frontages by filling in difficult plots or give character to the entire place (Asker, Alphen aan den Rijn). Bicycle parks occupy less precious urban space than car ones and are easier and more affordable. As a result, it can contribute to the raise of quality of sometimes grim station surroundings and above all, promote multimodal transport by their extravagant architectural form.

20

Wyzwania wobec transportu multimodalnego w polskiej branży chemicznej

Cichosz M., Nowicka K., Pluta-Zaremba A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2017

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T. 96, nr 1

26--31