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Wpływ zanieczyszczeń stałych i zdyspergowanych węglowodorów na odzysk litu z wody złożowej

Knapik Ewa

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 10

1005--1008

PL

Zsyntezowano H₂TiO₃ metodą reakcji w ciele stałym i zastosowano jako sorbent do odzysku litu z solanki złożowej wydobywanej wraz z węglowodorami na Niżu Polskim. Do celów porównawczych testowano również odzysk litu z modelowego roztworu LiOH z dodatkiem wybranych zanieczyszczeń (toluen, heksadekan, bentonit). Po 24 h kontaktu z roztworem LiOH pojemność sorbentu wynosiła 30,33 mg/g, zaś w solance spadła ona do 18,22 mg/g. Badania potwierdzają, że typowe zanieczyszczenia obecne w solankach złożowych pogarszają sorpcję litu, stąd powinno się je wstępnie uzdatniać przed właściwym odzyskiem.

EN

H₂TiO₃ was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method and applied as a sorbent for Li recovery from formation brine collected from a hydrocarbon reservoir located in the Polish Lowlands. For comparison, Li recovery was also tested from a model LiOH soln. (200 mg/L Li) with the addn. of selected impurities: bentonite, toluene, and hexadecane. After 24 h of contact with the pure LiOH soln., the sorbent capacity was 30.33 mg/g, whereas in the brine the capacity decreased to 18.22 mg/g. The results confirm that typical impurities present in formation brines deteriorate Li sorption, indicating that pre-treatment of brine is required prior to effective Li recovery.

2

Effect of bentonite silanized using microwave radiation on natural rubber properties

Mičicová Zuzana, Božeková Slavomíra, Pajtášová Mariana, Skalková Petra, Vršková Juliána, Labaj Ivan

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 11-12

721--726

EN

Bentonite was modified with silane using microwave irradiation (Milestone flexiWAVE system) and compared with conventionally treated bentonite under identical conditions. The modified bentonite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of modified bentonite on the rheological and mechanical properties of natural rubber was investigated. The use of microwave radiation to modify bentonite with silane significantly improved the compatibility of the filler with the polymer matrix, which resulted in more effective stress transfer, more uniform filler distribution and improved mechanical properties of the composite.

PL

Bentonit modyfikowano silanem przy użyciu promieniowania mikrofalowego (system Milestone flexiWAVE) i porównano z bentonitem poddanym obróbce konwencjonalnej w identycznych warunkach. Modyfikowany bentonit scharakteryzowano za pomocą spektroskopii w podczerwieni z transformacją Fouriera, dyspersyjnej analizy rentgenowskiej z energią oraz analizy termograwimetrycznej. Zbadano wpływ modyfikowanego bentonitu na właściwości reologiczne i mechaniczne naturalnego kauczuku. Zastosowanie promieniowania mikrofalowego do modyfikacji bentonitu silanem znacząco poprawiło kompatybilność napełniacza z osnową polimerową, co skutkowało efektywniejszym przenoszeniem naprężeń, bardziej równomiernym rozmieszczeniem napełniacza i poprawą właściwości mechanicznych kompozytu.

3

Synthesis and characterization of aluminum/iron – pillared bentonite catalysts for empty fruit bunches biomass gasification

Komala Ria, Rohendi Dedi, Gulo Fakhili, Faizal Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 3

119--134

EN

Biomass gasification, such as the gasification of empty fruit bunches (EFB), is a promising method for renewable energy production. However, its efficiency remains limited due to high tar formation, incomplete carbon conversion, and the lack of effective catalysts. This study aims to synthesize a catalyst from bentonite pillared with aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) to address these challenges and enhance gasification efficiency. The catalyst was characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDS, and XRD, and gasification was performed at 550 °C with catalyst concentrations of 1.25% and 2.5%. FTIR confirmed the formation of Al-O and Fe-O bonds, while SEM revealed a smooth, porous surface with evenly distributed metals. The material exhibited a porosity of 54.36% and a pore volume of 7.448 × 10-2 m3. EDS recorded Al and Fe contents of 12.9% and 8.0%, respectively, and XRD confirmed the successful incorporation of metal pillars. XRD analysis showed significant structural changes, with metal-pillared bentonite achieving the highest crystallinity of 68.96% and an average crystal size of 22.152 nm, reflecting improved stability and catalytic performance. These modifications enhanced porosity and thermal stability, crucial for high-temperature applications. Gasification with the 2.5% catalyst increased H2 content to 36.1%, CO to 19.7%, and reduced CO2 to 1.2%. Carbon conversion efficiency reached 82.5%, and cold gas energy efficiency improved to 41.2%. In conclusion, Al/Fe-pillared bentonite enhanced gasification performance and produced high-quality syngas suitable for renewable energy applications.

4

Iron-based pigments on zeolite and clay minerals

Michorczyk Barbara, Baran Dominika

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

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2025

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Vol. 46, nr 2

art. no. e95

EN

A series of inexpensive, stable, and environmentally friendly iron pigments was synthesized based on zeolite and clay minerals. For the synthesis of pigments, zeolite – clinoptilolite and clay minerals: bentonite and kaolin were used and as a source of iron ions – iron chloride. The influence of the type of clay minerals/zeolite used and the preparation method on the color of the obtained pigments and the resistance of the produced material to factors such as: UV radiation, organic solvents, alkalis and acids were studied. The use of different synthesis methods and various clay minerals or zeolite for the preparation of iron-based pigments enabled the formation of a wide range of colors, varying from beige and red to different shades of brown. The non-toxicity and good stability of the obtained pigments combined with the low cost of their production make them have great potential for use in many areas, such as ceramics, painting and others.

5

Effect of Input Parameters on The Mechanical Properties of Green Sand Mould

Modi Arpit H., Acharya Shailee G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

129--137

EN

Among all the methods of metal forming, green sand moulding is the most commonly used method due to its low cost and high speed of work. Main constituents of green sand mould are sand, water, coal dust and binder. Mechanical properties like permeability, green compressive strength, mould hardness, compactibility and moisture content of green sand directly affects the quality of castings produced. This research is done to investigate the effect of input parameters (bentonite, garcolap powder, water) on the mechanical properties of green sand mould. Three levels of each input parameter were considered, and the experiments were designed using design expert software version-13. The regression analysis was performed on the experimental results using Minitab software version-21 to evaluate the effect of bentonite, garcolap powder and water on mechanical properties of green sand mould. Twenty experiments were designed by the software. Values of mechanical properties of green sand like compactibility, permeability, mould hardness, green compressive strength and moisture content were measured by performing experiments on specimen prepared from green sand in accordance with the IS: 1918-1966. Measured values were compared with the standard for validation. Results of this research clearly indicate that bentonite is the only input parameter which has the highest effect on mechanical properties of green sand mould.

6

Optimization of (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (geraniol) transformation process parameters using Response Surface Method (RSM)

Fajdek-Bieda Anna, Wróblewska Agnieszka

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2024

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Vol. 26, nr 1

24--38

EN

This paper presents the results of studies on the transformation of geraniol (GA) in the presence of the natural mineral bentonite. The paper determines the influence of temperature, catalyst content, and reaction time on the course of the process. In order to determine the most favorable process conditions, the catalytic tests were carried out without solvent and under atmospheric pressure. Three functions were chosen to determine the most favorable process conditions: GA conversion and the selectivities of the main products: linalool – LO and beta-pinene – BP. In addition, the paper optimize GA transformation process based on response surface methodology (RSM). The impact of the most relevant process indicators was presented. For all factors of the method, their effects on all primary parameters were determined in the form of second-degree polynomials, and such process conditions were determined to achieve their maximum.

7

Głębokie składowiska długożyciowych, wysokoaktywnych odpadów radioaktywnych z uwzględnieniem roli minerałów ilastych

Przelaskowska Anna, Łykowska Grażyna

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 11

679--688

PL

W związku z planami rozwoju energetyki jądrowej w Polsce istotnym zagadnieniem staje się problem składowania odpadów promieniotwórczych. Najbezpieczniejszą opcją dla długożyciowych odpadów wysokoaktywnych, do jakich zalicza się wypalone paliwo jądrowe, są składowiska zlokalizowane w głębokich strukturach geologicznych. System głębokiego składowania odpadów promieniotwórczych, gwarantujący długotrwałe bezpieczeństwo, jest oparty na koncepcji wielobarierowej, obejmującej bariery naturalne, jakimi są różne ośrodki skalne, oraz bariery inżynierskie. Skały i minerały ilaste mogą pełnić dwojaką funkcję w składowaniu odpadów promieniotwórczych. Formacje ilaste stanowią naturalne bariery ochronne, w tej roli wykorzystywane są np. we Francji formacje ilaste Callovo-Oxfordian i w Szwajcarii formacje Opalinus Clay. Z drugiej strony skały ilaste o dużych właściwościach pęczniejących, takie jak bentonity, wchodzą w skład geotechnicznych systemów barier (ang. engineered barrier systems, EBS). Wykorzystanie bentonitów w roli bufora w składowiskach odpadów promieniotwórczych jest związane z właściwościami takimi jak: dominacja transportu dyfuzyjnego i niska przepuszczalność, wysokie zdolności absorpcyjne i dobre właściwości pęczniejące, umożliwiające samouszczelnienie. W pracy dokonano przeglądu istniejących i planowanych głębokich składowisk odpadów wysokoaktywnych na świecie. Przykładem takiego składowiska jest obiekt w szwedzkim Forsmark, zaprojektowany z wykorzystaniem metody KBS-3. W metodzie tej wypalone paliwo jądrowe składowane jest najpierw przez 30 lat w składowisku pośrednim, a następnie zostaje umieszczone w miedzianych kapsułach z żeliwnym wkładem. Kapsuły są otoczone warstwą buforu bentonitowego o grubości 2 m i składowane na głębokości około 500 m w granitowych skałach. Bufor bentonitowy odgrywa kluczową rolę w zapewnieniu podstawowych funkcji bezpieczeństwa, czyli ograniczenia (całkowita izolacja odpadów) i opóźnienia (zmniejszenie tempa migracji radionuklidów w razie niepowodzenia izolacji, np. rozszczelnienia kapsuł). W pracy przedstawiono różne funkcje bezpieczeństwa zapewniane przez minerały ilaste, a także metody badawcze stosowane w analizach iłów wykorzystywanych w składowiskach odpadów promieniotwórczych. Wieloletnie, szeroko zakrojone badania dotyczące zarówno lokalizacji składowiska, jak i roli barier geotechnicznych mających sprawować funkcję ochronną przed ewentualnymi zagrożeniami są niezbędne ze względu na konieczność zabezpieczenia odpadów na bardzo długi czas bez ingerencji człowieka.

EN

In light of plans for nuclear power development, radioactive waste storage is becoming an important issue in Poland. The safest option for long-lived, high-level waste, including spent nuclear fuel, involves repositories located in deep geological structures. The deep disposal system for nuclear waste, which guarantees long-term safety, is based on a multi-barrier concept with natural barriers (host rock) and engineered barrier systems. Clay minerals and rocks can be used both as host rock, as in France (Callovo-Oxfordian Clay formations) and Switzerland (Opalinus Clay formations), and as key elements of the geotechnical barrier systems (EBS). The use of bentonites as a buffer in radioactive waste repositories is related to properties such as: dominance of the diffusive transport, low permeability, high absorption capacity, and high swelling properties, which enable self-sealing of the buffer. This paper reviews existing and planned deep repositories for high-level waste worldwide. An example of such a repository is the facility in Forsmark, Sweden, designed using the KBS 3 method. In this method, spent nuclear fuel is stored in an intermediate repository for 30 years and then placed in copper canisters with cast iron liners. The canisters are surrounded by a 2 m thick layer of bentonite buffer and stored at a depth of about 500 m in granite rock. The bentonite buffer plays a key role in providing the basic safety functions of containment (complete isolation of waste) and retardation (reducing the rate of radionuclide migration in the event of isolation failure, such as canister leaks). This paper presents several safety functions provided by clay minerals and various investigation methods of clays used in radioactive waste repositories. Many years of extensive research into both the location of the repository and the role of geotechnical barriers are necessary because of the need to secure the waste for a very long time without human intervention.

8

Formulation and enhancement of the rheological properties of raw bentonite using sodium carbonate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Weramwanja Peter M., Rading George O., Mbuya Thomas O., Kihiu John M., Borode Joseph O.

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 11

705--715

EN

Drilling fluids play a critical role in the exploration and production of oil and gas. Among the various types of drilling fluids, water-based mud has attracted significant attention due to its sustainability and low cost compared to synthetic mud. In Kenya, there is an increasing demand for sustainable drilling fluid compounds, such as bentonite, which is readily available in some parts of the country, for example, Isinya and Amboseli. The main drawback for the beneficiation of Kenyan bentonite include low concentration of smectite, high levels of iron contaminant, and inconsistent composition. Hence, there is a need to enhance local bentonite to improve its performance for effective drilling applications. In this work, we incorporated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as additives to improve the properties of the raw bentonite. The rheological characteristics of both pristine and activated bentonite were investigated using the Rheolab QC rheometer. The findings revealed that the yield point of the Isinya and Amboseli samples increased as a function of the levels of activation reagents (Na2CO3 and CMC). It was noted that more than 1.25w% of Na2CO3 was required to bring the yield stress closer to the required 15 Pa for drilling application. Additionally, the Isinya bentonite (IS3) provided adequate rheological characteristics for drilling muds after compounding with 2.5w% CMC additive. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the local bentonite in Kenya for drilling applications. In the future, we will explore the potential of using other additives to further enhance the properties of local bentonite for geothermal power production, with the goal of lowering electricity generation cost and supporting ongoing efforts to provide reliable and affordable energy, as proposed in Kenya Vision 2030 project.

PL

Płuczki wiertnicze odgrywają kluczową rolę w procesie poszukiwania i wydobycia ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Spośród różnych rodzajów płuczek wiertniczych, dużym powodzeniem cieszą się płuczki na bazie wody, ze względu na ich trwałość i niski koszt w porównaniu do płuczek syntetycznych. W Kenii rośnie zapotrzebowanie na zrównoważone mieszanki płuczek wiertniczych, jak np. bentonit, który jest łatwo dostępny w niektórych rejonach kraju, np. w Isinya czy Amboseli. Głównymi wadami kenijskiego bentonitu są niska zawartość smektytu, wysoki poziom zanieczyszczeń żelazem i niejednolity skład. W związku z tym istnieje potrzeba wzbogacania lokalnego bentonitu w celu poprawy jego wydajności pod względem efektywnego wykorzystania w procesie wiercenia. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano węglan sodu (Na2CO3) i karboksymetylocelulozę (CMC) jako dodatki poprawiające właściwości naturalnego bentonitu. Właściwości reologiczne zarówno czystego, jak i zmodyfikowanego bentonitu zostały zbadane za pomocą reometru Rheolab QC. Wyniki wykazały, że granica płynięcia dla próbek z Isinya i Amboseli wzrastała w zależności od poziomu odczynników aktywujących (Na2CO3 i karboksymetyloceluloza). Zaobserwowano, że do uzyskania granicy płynięcia zbliżonej do wymaganych 15 Pa dla zastosowań wiertniczych wymagany był dodatek Na2CO3 w ilości ponad 1,25w%. Dodatkowo, bentonit Isinya (IS3) wykazywał odpowiednie właściwości reologiczne dla płuczek wiertniczych po dodaniu 2,5% karboksymetylocelulozy. Ponadto bentonit Isinya (IS3) wykazał odpowiednie właściwości reologiczne po dodaniu 2,5% dodatku CMC. Wyniki te wskazują na możliwość wykorzystania lokalnego bentonitu w Kenii do zastosowań wiertniczych. W przyszłości przebadany zostanie potencjał wykorzystania innych dodatków w celu dalszej poprawy właściwości lokalnego bentonitu w aspekcie produkcji energii geotermalnej, jak również obniżenia kosztów wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i wspierania bieżących wysiłków na rzecz zapewnienia niezawodnej i przystępnej cenowo energii, zgodnie z założeniami projektu Kenya Vision 2030.

9

Catalytic Gasification of Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunches Using Iron and Aluminum Metal Pillared Bentonite Catalysts to Produce Environmentally Friendly Fuel Gas

Sisnayati Sisnayati, Said Muhammad, Komala Ria, Dwipayana Hendra, Faizal Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 12

402--410

EN

Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources such as palm oil, coal and so on. These two types of coal mining and palm oil plantation sectors have provided many benefits for community welfare. The aims of research is to utilize palm oil industry waste in the form of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and fine coal waste (FCW) into synthetic gas (syngas) through a catalytic gasification process which is then used as a source of energy and/or synthesis chemicals. Gasification temperatures are 450 °C, 550 °C and 650 °C. Gasification time 20, 30 and 40 minutes. The ratio between pillared bentonite catalyst and EFB is 0.125 and 0.25. The resulting syngas is analysed for the content of H2, CO, CH4 and CO gases. At gasification temperatures of 450 °C, 550 °C and 650 °C, the H2 /CO gas ratio is 1.90; 2.05 and 2.27. The increase in this ratio is not very significant, because the increase in the H2 /CO ratio increases only 19.47% from a temperature of 450 °C to a temperature of 650 °C. The comparison value between combustible gas (H2, CO and CH4) and non-combustible gas (CO2), namely the CG/NCG ratio shows the quality of a syngas. The higher the CG/NCG value, the better syngas is as a gas fuel because it has a higher heating value. The CG/NCG value at a temperature of 450 °C is 14.18, while at a temperature of 550 °C it is 17.16 and at 650 °C it is 21.41. With an increase in temperature from 450 °C to 650 oC the increase in CG/NCG value is 51%. Therefore, by increasing the CG/NCG value, the quality of the syngas will increase and the calorific value of burning the syngas will improve. The HHV value at a temperature of 450 °C is 8.34 MJ/Nm3, at a temperature of 550 °C is 12.32 MJ/Nm3 and at a temperature of 650 °C is 15.53 MJ/Nm3. Thus, increasing the temperature from 450 °C to 650 °C, there is an increase in HHV of 86.21%. This result is economically beneficial because the increase in calorific value will increase the benefits of syngas. The higher the HHV value, the better the syngas is used as gas fuel. The HHV value at a temperature of 450 °C is 7.49 MJ/Nm3, at a temperature of 550 °C is 11.06 MJ/Nm3 and at a temperature of 650 °C is 13.91 MJ/Nm3. Thus, by increasing the gasification temperature from 450 °C to 650 °C, there is also an increase in LHV of 85.71%, meaning it has increased quite significantly. When compared with the use of 0.125% catalyst, the increase in catalyst concentration of 0.25% is smaller than 91.90%. From the experimental results it can be concluded that increasing temperature will improve the quality of syngas. Improving the quality of syngas can be done through the syngas enrichment process through the conversion of CO2 gas reacting with carbon to produce CO gas. The concentration of CO2 gas can be reduced by absorbing CO2 gas by the Ca(OH) 2 solution.

10

Polymer composites for obtaining human anatomic structures

Oleksy Małgorzata, Dynarowicz Klaudia, Aebisher David

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 6

323--329

EN

Composites based on PLA with the addition of 3, 6 and 10 wt% silica, hydroxyapatite and bentonite were obtained by twin-screw extrusion. Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene was used to enhance interface interactions. The influence of the fillers used on the Charpy impact strength, Rockwell hardness, tensile properties and processing shrinkage was investigated. Test samples were obtained by 3D printing. The highest impact strength and hardness were obtained for the composite containing 10 wt% hydroxyapatite. PLA with 10 wt% hydroxyapatite and 3 wt% bentonite was used to obtain anatomical structures by 3D printing.

PL

Metodą dwuślimakowego wytłaczania otrzymano kompozyty na osnowie PLA z dodatkiem 3, 6 i 10% mas. krzemionki, hydroksyapatytu oraz bentonitu. W celu zwiększenia oddziaływań na granicy faz użyto polietylenu szczepionego bezwodnikiem maleinowym. Zbadano wpływ stosowanych napełniaczy na udarność Charpy’ego, twardość Rockwella, właściwości mechaniczne przy statycznym rozciąganiu oraz skurcz przetwórczy. Próbki do badań otrzymano za pomocą druku 3D. Największą udarność i twardość uzyskano w przypadku kompozytu zawierającego 10% mas. hydroksyapatytu. Do otrzymywania struktur anatomicznych metodą druku 3D zastosowano hybrydowy kompozyt PLA zawierający 10% mas. hydroksyapatytu i 3% mas. bentonitu.

11

Modification of bentonite nanoclay for textile application

Amir Muhammad, Hasany Syed Farhan, Asghar Muhammad Sajid Ali

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 2

79--85

EN

The influence of the bentonite content (1, 3, 5 wt%) on the mechanical properties of lightweight cotton (C), polyester (P) and polyester-cotton (P/C 50/50) fabrics was investigated. Starch was used as a water-insoluble binder for coating fabrics. Bentonite nanoparticles were obtained by repeated hydration, decantation and evaporation of the water dispersion. The bentonite particle size was determined by the XRD method using the Debye-Scherrer equation. The diffraction of the laser beam was used to determine particles size distribution. The addition of bentonite nanoclay significantly improved tensile strength (26-61% and 99–118% in the warp and weft direction, respectively) and tear strength (4‒13% and 5–24% in the wrap and weft direction, respectively) of coated fabrics. Their abrasion resistance has also slightly increased. The biggest changes were noted for the cotton fabric, the smallest for the polyester fabric, which may result from the low compatibility between starch and the polyester fabric.

PL

Zbadano wpływ zawartości bentonitu (1, 3, 5% mas.) na właściwości mechaniczne lekkich tkanin bawełnianych (C), poliestrowych (P) i poliestrowo-bawełnianych (P/C 50/50). Jako nie-rozpuszczalny w wodzie środek wiążący do powlekania tkanin zastosowano skrobię. Nanocząstki bentonitu otrzymywano poprzez kilkukrotną hydratację, dekantację i odparowanie dyspersji wodnej. Wielkość cząstek bentonitu oznaczono metodą XRD, stosując równanie Debye-Scherrera. Dyfrakcja wiązki laserowej posłużyła do określenia rozkładu wielkości cząstek. Zastosowanie nanoglinki bentonitowej wpłynęło na istotną poprawę wytrzymałości na rozciąganie (o 26‒61% w kierunku osnowy i 99‒118% w kierunku wątku) oraz rozdzieranie (4‒13% w kierunku osnowy i 5‒24% w kierunku wątku) powlekanych tkanin. Nieznacznie zwiększyła się również ich odporność na ścieranie. Największe zmiany zanotowano w przypadku tkaniny bawełnianej, najmniejsze dla tkaniny poliestrowej, co może wynikać z małej kompatybilności między skrobią a tkaniną poliestrową.

12

Effect of low-temperature plasma-treated bentonite on rubber compounds properties

Mičicová Zuzana, Pajtášová Mariana, Ondrušová Darina, Božeková Slavomíra, Ďurišová Silvia, Janík Róbert

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 11-12

625--630

EN

The influence of low-temperature plasma modification of bentonite on the dynamic-mechanical properties and vulcanization of rubber mixtures was examined. EDX, FTIR and TGA analysis were used to evaluate the filler. IR spectra of modified bentonite indicate lower intensity of the bands associated with OH groups and water. TGA confirms a smaller weight loss of samples subjected to plasma treatment, which also proves a lower water content in the mineral, confirming the effectiveness of the plasma treatment used.

PL

Zbadano wpływ modyfikacji bentonitu plazmą niskotemperaturową na właściwości dy-namiczno-mechaniczne oraz wulkanizację mieszanek gumowych. Do oceny napełniacza zastosowano analizę EDX, FTIR i TGA. Widma IR modyfikowanego bentonitu wskazują na mniejszą intensywność pasm związanych z grupami OH i wodą. TGA potwierdza mniejszy ubytek masy próbek poddanych obróbce plazmowej, co również świadczy o mniejszej zawartości wody w minerale, potwierdzając sku¬teczność zastosowanej obróbki plazmowej.

13

Physicochemical properties and NH3-SCR catalytic performance of intercalated layered aluminosilicates

Szymaszek-Wawryca Agnieszka, Díaz Urbano, Samojeden Bogdan, Motak Monika

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 4

art. no. 171381

EN

The representative of natural layered clays, bentonite, was modified according to two routes and tested as a new catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia (NH3-SCR). The natural acid-activated clay was ion-exchanged with Na+ or remained in H-form and pillared with metal oxides. In order to limit the number of synthesis steps, iron as an active phase was introduced simultaneously with Al2O3 during the intercalation procedure. Additionally, the samples were doped with 0.5 wt% of copper to promote low-temperature activity. It was found that the performed modifications resulted in disorganization of the ordered layered arrangement of bentonite. Nevertheless, acid activation and pillaring improved structural and textural parameters. The results of catalytic tests indicated that the samples containing Fe2O3 pillars promoted with Cu exhibited the highest NO conversion of 85% at 250°C (H-Bent-AlFe-Cu) and 75% at 300°C (Na-Bent-AlFe-Cu). What is important, activity of the protonated samples in the high-temperature region was noticeably affected by the side reaction of ammonia oxidation, correlated with the production of NO and resulting in N2O emission during the process comparing to Na-Bentonite catalysts.

14

Investigating the effectiveness of organic binders as an alternative to bentonite in the pelletization of low grade iron ore

Tafadzwa Ngara, Mavengere Shielah, Bright Sharrydon, Mapamba Liberty

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 6

art. no. 176094

EN

Bentonite is the traditionally used binder in iron ore pelletization. However, it consists of up to 85% silica and alumina which are undesired acidic gangue in iron-making. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and cornstarch were used as acidic gangue-free organic alternatives to bentonite in synthesizing iron pellets. Iron ore, water and the corresponding binder were mixed and rolled in a pelletizing disk to form green pellets. The green pellets were dried and subsequently indurated in a furnace at 1200 ℃ to form indurated pellets. To evaluate the effectiveness of the organic binders, the pellets produced were tested on various pellet properties. Known industrial pellet property standards and the bentonite binder were used as references. Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch produced green pellets with average drop numbers of 7.20 ± 0.84, 5.60 ± 0.89 and 6.00 ± 1.00 respectively, compared to bentonite’s 5.00 ± 0.71. Dry pellets of average compressive strength 5.93 ± 0.09, 5.86 ± 0.03 and 11.52 ± 0.18 kg/pellet were produced by carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch respectively while bentonite’s averaged 5.60 ± 0.08 kg/pellet. For indurated pellets, carboxymethyl cellulose (210.2 ± 1.88 kg/pellet) and sodium lignosulfonate (198.1 ± 2.49 kg/pellet) pellets were weaker than those of bentonite (250.4 ± 2.06 kg/pellet) but satisfied the industrial requirement of 181.4 kg/pellet. A boron oxide additive (0.1 wt. %) was used to boost the strength of carboxymethyl cellulose indurated pellets to 252.6 ± 1.32 kg/pellet, rendering them superior to those of bentonite.

15

Tryptophan-Based Organoclay for Aqueous Naphthol Blue Black Removal – Preparation, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption Studies

Julinawati Julinawati, Febriani Febriani, Mustafa Irfan, Fathurrahmi Fathurrahmi, Rahmi Rahmi, Sheilatina Sheilatina, Ahmad Khairunnas, Puspita Kana, Iqhrammullah Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

274--284

EN

To prevent the serious threat of textile wastewater, researchers have developed adsorption-based wastewater treatment using cheap, yet effective, adsorbent materials. Of which is natural bentonite, that has the advantages for adsorption due to its porous structure and functional groups but still suffers from its low affinity against anionic and hydrophilic azo dyes. Herein, we aimed of improving the affinity by amino acid tryptophan embedment into the locally isolated natural bentonite collected from Aceh Province, Indonesia. The prepared bentonite samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorptive removal was performed on naphthol blue black (NBB) in a batch system with variations of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage. The isotherm studies were carried out at optimum conditions (contact time=15 minutes; pH 1; adsorbent dosage=0.2 g) with several models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. The characterization results revealed that the modification altered its functional group, crystallinity, and micro-surface morphology that add more benefits for adsorption. At optimum conditions, 99.2% NBB has been successfully removed from the aqueous solution. The isotherm studies suggested that the NBB adsorption onto the tryptophane-modified natural bentonite was dependent on Sips isotherm model (R2=0.999; root-mean-square-errors=1.11×10-4 mg/g).

16

Thermal Recycling of Bentonite Waste as a Novel and a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Heavy Metals Removal

Shubber Mukhtar D. H., Kebria Daryoush Yousefi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

288--305

EN

The objectives of this study are the thermal remediation of bentonite waste to convert non-hazardous material, and the use of the obtainedthermal recycling bentonite waste (TRBW) as a novel low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using the batch system. The origin of bentonite waste is a by-product from plants of spent engine oil recycling [PSEOR]. It was remediated in two stages, directly burning and in the electrical furnace at 700 °C for 100 minutes to eliminate oil residues and impurities. The tests of XRD, BET, FTIR, EDX, and SEM were accomplished to identify the chemical and physical characteristics of TRBW. After then, the examination of the ability of TRBW to adsorption of the fiveheavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Pb) with different experimental parameters such as initial concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, pH, and contact time. Different models of isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic were utilized andthe results indicate that the nature of heavy metals adsorption onto TRBW was homogeneous. According to the maximum adsorption capacities, the metals ranked as Pb> Cd> Zn> Cr> Ni, and adsorption capacities were 94.97, 73.85, 39.56, 38.34, and 36.33 mg/g, respectively.

17

Assessment of the Feasibility of Modified Chitosan Beads for the Adsorption of Nitrate from an Aqueous Solution

Jamka Zainab N., Mohammed Wadood T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

265--278

EN

The objective of the current work was to investigate the effectiveness and mechanism of nitrate removal from an aqueous solution by adsorption using metal (Zr4+)loaded chitosan and Bentonite beads (Cs-Bn-Zr). The study was carried out in a batch system, and the effect of the critical factors on the adsorption performance, such as contact time, initial nitrate anion concentration, and adsorbent dosage, were investigated. In addition, the adsorption equilibrium models of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were evaluated. The modified adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and analysis with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). The results demonstrated that at 0.2 g of CS-Bn-Zr adsorbent with an initial concentration of 50 mg/l and a contact time of 120 minutes, the maximum removal of nitrate ions was found to be 97.28%. The result demonstrated that the maximum adsorption capacity of nitrite ions on the manufactured bead was 110.46 mg/g. The Freundlich model was shown to be the most effective for the adsorbate of nitrate. The pseudo–first-order model fits the adsorption kinetic data well.

18

The Effect of Bentonite Utilization as a Chemical Coagulant on the Performance of a Water Treatment Plant

Al-Khalaf Safaa K. Hashim, Sabbar Huda Adil, Al-Husseiny Rasha A., Naje Ahmed Samir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 3

249--257

EN

In order to use alum in large numbers for the treatment of low turbidity water, a novel method has been used to treat low turbidity water using bentonite with a reduced amount of alum. Given that bentonite has a negative charge, it is added to the raw water to give the blocks weight. The weight is then added by joining the blocks together to create massive blocks that settle more quickly. In addition to providing a large surface for organic compound adsorption, it increases the suspension’s weight and particle density. There are between 10 and 50 mg/l of bentonite clay utilized.In the Karbala water treatment plant, the effectiveness of the water quality index (WQI) at turbidity 20NTU (national turbidity unit) using alum alone was subpar (71.16%). Under the same circumstances, the pilot plant’s WQI efficiency was equally low (72%). The turbidity of the water was increased to 120 NTUwhen bentonite was used in the pilot plant, increasing the efficiency of WQI to 97.2%. When bentonite was added to the water, the turbidity was increased to 200 NTU and the WQI efficiency was increased to 98.9%. The usage of bentonite produced a high level of WQI efficiency and a cheap substance free from infections or negative effects.

19

Wastewater Purification from Excess Phosphates Using Bentonite Activated by Microwave Radiation

Boichuk Bohdan, Kuzyk Andrew, Sysa Leonid, Pastukhov Paul, Shuplat Taras

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

251--259

EN

This article examines the possibilities of improving the ecological condition of small rivers on the example of the upper part of the Prut River in the vicinity of Yaremche (Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine). The previously published data of the article authors and other researchers that the amount of pollutants in river water in this area has increased, in particular, phosphorus compounds, has been confirmed. It was shown that the incompletely purified wastewaters of Yaremche, which contains an excess of phosphate ions, has a significant impact on this fact. On the basis of their own previous research and current work, the authors propose removing these ions using a natural sorbent based on bentonite, activated by microwaves in various ways. Experiments have shown that microwave activation of this sorbent increases the coefficient of phosphate ions extraction from wastewater significantly higher compared to natural bentonite. An approximate technological scheme of wastewater purification from excess phosphates after the main standard purifying cycle was suggested.

20

Preparation of Environmentally Friendly Adsorbent Using Oil Palm Boiler Ash, Bentonite and Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite Materials

Bukit Nurdin, Ginting Eva Marlina, Frida Erna, Bukit Bunga Fisikanta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

75--82

EN

Using the products derived from agricultural wastes as low-cost adsorbent materials to remove organic or inorganic contaminants would be ideal, as these materials are readily available in many countries. This study aimed to prepare environmentally friendly adsorbents made from nanocomposite OPBA / Bentonite / TiO2. The coprecipitation method was used in preparing OPBA, and CTAB surfactant was added in bentonite preparation. Meanwhile, the manufacture of TiO2 was carried out using the sol-gel method. Characterization was done by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET. The adsorbent spectra did not show a significant shift in absorption where the O-H bonds were becoming weaker due to the presence of TiO2 in the interlayer of bentonite. Another possibility is due to the influence of calcination and heating. The O-H groups of H2O are hydroxylated and dehydrated from within between layers. The formation of the composite OPBA/TiO2/Bentonite does not change the crystallinity of TiO2 significantly. This proves that there is no decrease in photocatalyst activity after the addition of OPBA and bentonite. The morphology of the whole sample has a flake-like structure that has pores. The addition of OPBA into Bentonite/TiO2 causes a decrease in the specific surface area of the sample.