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1

Zastosowanie nanocząstek cynku jako substancji aktywnej w leczeniu trądziku i regeneracji tkanki łącznej

Träger Dominika, Młyniec Katarzyna, Słota Dagmara

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2025

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Vol. 46, nr 1

16--21

PL

Skóra, jako największy organ ludzkiego ciała, odgrywa kluczową rolę w obronie organizmu przed czynnikami zewnętrznymi. Z tego powodu podlega ona częstym uszkodzeniom, takim jak oparzenia czy urazy, które mogą prowadzić do powstania blizn. Najczęściej przejawiającym się powszechnym zagrożeniem dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania tkanki łącznej jest trądzik pospolity. Jednym ze sposobów zwalczania zapalenia skóry powstałego na wskutek trądziku oraz wspomagania regeneracji tkanki jest stosowanie biomateriałów polimerowych zawierających nanocząstki cynku (n-ZnO). Ze względu na właściwości antyoksydacyjne oraz przeciwzapalne wykazują one dużą skuteczność w walce z trądzikiem. W pracy przedstawiono przegląd literatury dotyczącej charakterystyki n-ZnO, ich oddziaływania na skórę oraz możliwości łączenia z fazą polimerową w celu otrzymania biomateriałów wspomagających regenerację tkanki łącznej.

EN

Skin, as the largest organ of the human body, plays a key role in the body’s defense against external agents. For this reason, it is subject to frequent damage, such as burns or injuries, which can lead to the formation of scars. The most frequently displayed threat to the proper functioning of connective tissue is acne vulgaris. One way to combat acne-induced dermatitis and promote tissue regeneration is to use polymeric biomaterials containing zinc nanoparticles (n-ZnO). Due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, they have demonstrated high efficacy against acne. A review of the literature on the characteristics of n-ZnOs, their effects on the skin and the possibility of combining them with a polymeric phase in order to obtain biomaterials that support connective tissue regeneration were presented.

2

Novel antioxidant materials based on polysaccharides containing resveratrol and syringic acid

Kulka-Kamińska Karolina, Kurzawa Marzanna, Sionkowska Alina

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2025

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vol. 28, no. 173

art. no. 6

EN

Polysaccharides offer exceptional advantages for biomedical applications due to their natural biocompatibility, biodegradability, and lack of immune response. By incorporating active ingredients, researchers can tailor these materials’ properties for specific uses. This study focused on developing enhanced biodegradable films using chitosan and konjac glucomannan as base materials, enriched with two natural antioxidants: resveratrol and syringic acid. Films containing these antioxidants at two different concentrations (10% and 20% were obtained and thoroughly characterized using multiple analytical techniques. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of the active compounds, while scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed homogeneous surfaces with slightly increased roughness due to the additives. The antioxidant-enriched films demonstrated significant improvements in several properties. Most importantly, they showed strong antioxidant activity, with resveratrol and syringic acid working synergistically to enhance radical scavenging capabilities. The 20% concentration films exhibited markedly improved wettability, while mechanical properties were enhanced compared to the pure polymer blend. Although moisture vapor transmission decreased with the additives, this actually represents a beneficial barrier property for many applications. The films’ swelling behavior proved particularly interesting, showing high swelling capacity at physiological pH (7.4) but significantly lower swelling at acidic pH (5.5). This pH-responsive behavior, combined with enhanced antioxidant properties, makes these materials especially promising for medical applications such as wound dressings. The obtained antioxidant-enhanced biopolymer films hold considerable potential in multiple industries, including medical devices, cosmetics, food products, and packaging applications. With further biological testing, these materials could advance wound care treatments by providing protective barrier functions and therapeutic antioxidant benefits.

3

In vitro cytotoxicity and physicochemical evaluation of freeze-dried hydrogel delivery systems of hydrocortisone

Odziomek Kacper, Komaniecka Sandra, Bialik-Wąs Katarzyna

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2025

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vol. 28, no. 173

art. no. 3

EN

Despite the diversity of available formulations for relieving topical symptoms of chronic skin diseases, inflammation, and hypergranulation tissue resulting from burn wounds, their efficacy is limited by side effects, application inconveniences, including the oiliness of the formulations, and the need for frequent application, which can affect patient compliance. Therefore, research has been carried out on freeze-dried hydrogel delivery systems of hydrocortisone, to evaluate their physicochemical (gel fraction, swelling ratio, pH and conductivity measurements), structural (FTIR), and morphological (SEM) properties, as well as their cytotoxicity (MTT tests). The gel fraction of freeze-dried hydrogel biomaterials (M-TH25 and M-TH50) reached 64% ± 0.3 and 63% ± 1.7, respectively, slightly higher than for the reference matrix (M) (61 ± 0.8). The swelling ratio (pH = 7.4) was in the range of 212–253% and 184–222%, respectively, comparable to the reference sample (208–277%). The incorporation of a thermosensitive polymeric nanocarriers (poly-N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers) containing hydrocortisone in the quantitative range 25–50 mg did not significantly change the overall morphology of the biomaterials. Both M and M-TH25 samples exhibit non-cytotoxicity towards mouse fibroblast cells BALB/3T3 (93% ± 10; 100% ± 8) and L929 (114% ± 8; 72% ± 10) cells with an observable variation in response for the M-TH25 sample, likely due to differences in cell behaviour and surface area. Importantly, M-TH50 sample shows cytotoxic effects (40% ± 5; 59% ± 4) mainly resulting from an excessively high concentration of the incorporated active substance. Further studies are planned (including on the release profile and kinetics of hydrocortisone and the assessment of the therapeutic effect), which may help to select an appropriate concentration of drug in the quantitative range 25-40 mg

4

Chitosan films incorporated with mastic oil for potential application in biomaterials: Physicochemical characterization

Brudzyńska Patrycja, Sionkowska Alina

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2025

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vol. 28, no. 173

art. no. 10

EN

Chitosan is applied for novel and multifunctional biomaterials development. To enhance physicochemical and biological properties, as well as to improve the functionality of chitosan-based materials, multiple natural products are incorporated, such as essential oils. Essential oils with therapeutic potential can also be extracted from natural resins. Mastic gum, a soft resin collected mainly from Pistacia lentiscus, is a source of mastic oil, which is characterized by antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activities, and wound healing properties. The purpose of the study was to prepare and physicochemically characterize chitosan films enriched with mastic oil and polysorbate 80 as an emulsifier. FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate chemical structure. Mechanical properties, swelling degree, and contact angle were also investigated. The effect of mastic oil and emulsifier on the properties of chitosan films was observed. Modified films incorporated with various concentrations of mastic oil were characterized by the hydrophilic surface, increased tensile strength, and elongation at break, thus greater flexibility as well as swelling capacity and stability in phosphate-buffered saline. These features might be an advantage in terms of material fabrication intended for biomedical applications, for example, wound healing. Chitosan and mastic oil might be a promising combination for use in biomaterials.

5

Usage of mycelium-based composites in the construction of small architectural structures

Lewandowska Anna

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2024

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nr 58

57--74

EN

Mycelium is a biomaterial that can be an innovative alternative to existing solutions in architecture. The study analyzed 10 examples of small architectural structures built on the basis of the mycelium based composites. The aim of the research was to collect data showing the scope of possibilities of mycelium with other building materials, ways of protecting mycelium against external factors, and aesthetic and finishing aspects.

PL

Grzybnia (mycelium) jest biomateriałem, który może być innowacyjną alternatywą dla istniejących rozwiązań w architekturze. W badaniu analizom zostało poddanych 10 przykładów małych struktur architektonicznych w których konstrukcji wykorzystano kompozyty na bazie grzybni. Celem badań było zebranie danych pokazujących zakres możliwości wykorzystania mycelim w tworzeniu tego typu obiektów. Skupiono się na połączeniach grzybni z innymi materiałami budowlanymi, sposobach ochrony grzybni przed czynnikami zewnętrznymi oraz aspektach estetycznych i wykończeniowych.

6

Innovative polymer composites based on biomedical materials - Rapid communication

Bulanda Katarzyna, Bartusik-Aebisher Dorota, Oleksy Małgorzata, Aebisher David

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 5

318--324

EN

The article presents preliminary research on the influence of calcium phosphate (10–40 wt%) on the functional properties of ABS. Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene was used as a compatibilizer (0.5 wt%). The mass flow rate, tensile properties and hardness were determined. The effect of the filler on the color change of the polymer matrix was also examined. For a composite containing 20 wt% calcium phosphate, the mechanical properties of samples obtained by 3D printing and injection molding were compared, with worse properties obtained by 3D printing. This can be explained by limited adhesion between the printed layers.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wstępne badania wpływu fosforanu wapnia (10–40% mas.) na właściwości użytkowe ABS. Jako kompatybilizator użyto polietylen szczepiony bezwodnikiem maleinowym (0,5% mas.). Określono masowy wskaźnik szybkości płynięcia, właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i twardość. Zbadano także wpływ napełniacza na zmianę barwy osnowy polimerowej. Dla kompozytu zawierającego 20 wt% fosforanu wapnia porównano właściwości mechaniczne próbek uzyskanych metodą druku 3D i formowania wtryskowego, przy czym gorsze właściwości uzyskano metodą druku 3D. Można to wyjaśnić ograniczoną przyczepnością pomiędzy drukowanymi warstwami.

7

Development of atomic layer deposition hemocompatible coatings for materials dedicated for the implants in the cardiovascular environment

Szawiraacz Karolina, Kurtyka Przemysław, Więcek-Chmielarz Justyna, Zając Zuzanna, Basiaga Marcin, Taratuta Anna, Ostrowski Roman, Major Roman

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2024

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vol. 27, no. 172

art. no. 06

EN

An atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects in children and the most frequent congenital defect found in adults. Currently, several types of kits are available for percutaneous closure of ASD. The design of these implants is based on the Nitinol alloy. Despite the good biocompatibility of Nitinol alloys, the use of these materials for long-term implantation is questionable due to the high nickel content and the risk of releasing nickel ions as a result of corrosion in the body’s environment. A way to improve the hemocompatibility of Nitinol alloys is to modify their surface. As part of this work, the conditions for the production of SiO2 surface layers using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method and laser surface modification with three different laser cutting speeds were developed to improve biocompatibility. This allowed us for the comparison of different surface modifications (ALD and laser modification) in terms of their impact on cell-material interactions. The general analysis concerning biocompatibility confirmed the biological usability of the designed ALD deposited coatings. Surface nanostructuring had a positive effect on the natural biological layer formation. The analysis performed indicated the appropriate behaviour of the natural biological layer, known in the literature as pseudointima, in contact with blood. It was evident that platelet activation on the surface was reduced.

8

Commonly used metallic biomaterials may be involved in cancer processes – in vitro studies

Walczyńska Marta, Kamińska Marta, Walkowiak-Przybyło Magdalena, Siatkowska Małgorzata, Komorowski Piotr, Walkowiak Bogdan

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2024

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vol. 27, no. 172

art. no. 03

EN

There are reports available in the literature describing neoplastic changes around implants or at distant sites that temporally correlate with implantation, although they are not supported by sufficient clinical evidence. Such reports mainly concern the implantation of dental implants, which are performed in the largest number, and squamous cell carcinoma is one of the main types of cancer located in the vicinity of such implants. The occurrence of malignancies after hip arthroplasty has also been described in the vicinity of endoprostheses. At present, there are no indisputable data on the promotion of carcinogenesis by the implants used, and the problem of accelerated tumour induction in the area of implantation is still poorly understood and unclear. The aim of the study was a preliminary assessment of changes in the physiological processes of cells induced by metallic biomaterials intended for orthopaedic implants. A preliminary assessment of changes in the expression of cancer-promoting genes in chondrocytes exposed to metallic biomaterials was recently published. The current report is an analytical summary of changes in proliferation potential, DNA damage repair activity, and apoptosis level of primary and neoplastic cells (chondrocytes and osteoblasts) exposed to commonly used metallic biomaterials (AISI 316L, Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al7Nb, and CoCrMo). Immunofluorescence labelling techniques in flow cytometry were used for the study. The results obtained allow us to state that short-term (48 h) direct exposure to metallic biomaterials of osteoblasts and chondrocytes, both primary and cancerous, can cause significant changes in cell physiology, which may result in promoting the cancer process.

9

Biocompatible antimicrobial ZnO coatings on Ti13Nb13Zr alloy for orthopaedic applications

Cholewa Klaudia, Goldsztajn Karolina, Walke Witold, Samotus Aneta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2024

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vol. 27, no. 172

art. no. 02

EN

Biocompatibility is one of the requirements that every medical device must meet. The biological assessment of an implant or other medical device is performed according to the requirements of the EN ISO 10933 standard. Despite research on the biocompatibility of medical devices, the risk of bacterial, peri-implant, or hospital-acquired infections still exists, which prolongs healing processes and may cause issues with the proper acceptance of the implant by the body. To mitigate these infections, various solutions have been proposed to enhance antibacterial properties. The work attempts to develop and assess the suitability of the ZnO antibacterial coating to improve the physical and chemical properties of the Ti13Nb13Zr titanium alloy used for implants in bone surgery. The scope of the research included surface wettability tests, scanning electron microscope observations, surface roughness measurements, tribological tests, tests of coating adhesion to the surface, evaluation of electrochemical properties, and cytotoxicity tests. Based on the results, it was found that the applied ZnO coating showed the hydrophilic character of the surface and also improved the electrochemical properties of the surface, so it can be effectively used in biomedical applications simultaneously improving resistance to hydrophobic strains of bacteria.

10

Study of the Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Surface Modified Steel for Medical Applications

Taratuta Anna, Lisoń-Kubica Julia, Kazek-Kęsik Alicja, Antonowicz Magdalena, Basiaga Marcin

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 2

85--95

EN

Various types of metal implants, both in Poland and worldwide, are mainly manufactured from stainless steel due to their biocompatibility, strength, and relatively low price. However, any such procedure involves the risk of peri-implant infection, stimulated, among other things, by the formation of a bacterial biofilm on the surface of the implant. In this paper, several methods of modifying the surface of steel for medical applications were proposed, such as mechanical polishing, electropolishing, sandblasting, and the application of a thin surface layer. This was followed by a series of physicochemical and biological tests. The results indicate that the titanium nitride coating improved corrosion resistance and reduced bacterial adhesion on the surface. No significant improvement in abrasion was observed, and the adhesion of the coating closely depended on the method of preparation.

PL

Implanty metalowe, zarówno w Polsce, jak i na świecie, produkowane są głównie ze stali nierdzewnej ze względu na jej biokompatybilność, wytrzymałość i stosunkowo niską cenę. Jednak każdy tego rodzaju zabieg wiąże się z ryzykiem powstania zakażenia okołowszczepowego, stymulowanego m.in. powstawaniem biofilmu bakteryjnego na powierzchni implantu. W pracy zaproponowano kilka metod modyfikacji powierzchni stali do zastosowań medycznych, takich jak polerowanie mechaniczne, elektropolerowanie, piaskowanie oraz nałożenie cienkiej warstwy powierzchniowej. Następnie przeprowadzono szereg badań fizykochemicznych i biologicznych. Wyniki wskazują, że powłoka azotku tytanu poprawiła odporność na korozję oraz ograniczyła adhezję bakterii na powierzchni. Nie zaobserwowano znaczącej poprawy ścieralności, a adhezja powłoki ściśle zależała od metody jej przygotowania.

11

The influence of amino chain length and calcium lignosulfonate modification on lignosulfonamides flammability and thermal stability

Majka Tomasz M.

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 10

544--554

EN

The i nfluence of methods for obtaining lignosulfonyl chloride (through chemical modifications of calcium lignosulfonate) and the amine chain length on the thermal properties and flammability of lignosulfonamides were examined. HCl/HSO3Cl, HCl/PCl5, PCl5, and SOCl2 were used to calcium lignosulfonate modification. The conditions for the synthesis of lignosulfonamides were optimized. Promising results were aquired for N-butyl-N-dodecyl-lignosulfonamides obtained by reaction with thionyl chloride and PCl5. Tests confirmed negligible flammability and better thermal stability. The obtained lignosulfonamides can be used as flame-retardants in biocomposites.

PL

Zbadano wpływ metod otrzymywania chlorku lignosulfonylu (poprzez modyfikację chemiczną lignosulfonianu wapnia) oraz długości łańcucha aminowego na właściwości termiczne i palność lignosulfonamidów. Do modyfikacji lignosulfonianu wapnia zastosowano HCl/HSO3Cl, HCl/ PCl5, PCl5 i SOCl2. Zoptymalizowano warunki syntezy lignosulfonamidów. Obiecujące wyniki uzyskano dla N-butylo-N-dodecylo-lignosulfonamidów otrzymanych w reakcji z chlorkiem tionylu i PCl5. Badania potwierdziły znikomą palność i lepszą stabilność termiczną. Otrzymane lignosulfonamidy można stosować jako środki zmniejszające palność biokompozytów.

12

Study of selected properties of PLA used in 3D printing

Sośniak K., Biela D., Szalaty D., Ścieszka M., Polok-Rubiniec M., Włodarczyk-Fligier A., Kania A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 116, nr 2

72--79

EN

Purpose: This study focuses on determining the best possible structure of the orthosis made with FDM 3D printing technology. To produce the samples, a thermoplastic PLA material was selected that met the conditions of biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. The samples produced were subjected to a tensile strength test and corrosion resistance. Design/methodology/approach: Studies based on FEM analysis were carried out using the advanced engineering software CAE - Inventor. The samples were designed in the CAD system, while the G-Code path was generated using the PrusaSlicer 2.5.0 program dedicated to the Prusa i3 MK3S+ printer, which was used to create the models. Surface morphology observations of PLA were carried out with a Zeiss SUPRA 35 scanning electron microscope (SEM). The static tensile test was performed on the Zwick/Roell z100 device based on the PN-EN ISO 527:1 standard. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out using the Autolab PGSTAT302N Multi BA potentiostat in Ringer solution at a temperature of 37ºC. Findings: The research allowed the appropriate structure of the orthosis made of PLA polymer material using 3D FDM printing technology. The static tensile test, SEM and corrosion tests confirmed the correct application of this material for the selected purpose. It was possible to determine that samples with holes of 10 mm had the highest strength properties. Due to the tensile tests, the average tensile strength of those samples was around 61 MPa. The corrosion parameters of PLA were determined using Tafel analysis. Research limitations/implications: The research methodology proposed in work can be used to study other biomedical materials. The results presented can be the basis for further tests in order to search for the best orthopaedic stabiliser. Originality/value: The innovative part of the article are three different versions of structures intended for making orthoses used in medicine.

13

Effect of the structure and hydrothermal conditions on the strength of polymer-ceramic composites

Walczak Agata, Niewczas A. M., Pieniak D., Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Kordos P., Przystupa Krzysztof, Popovych V.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 121, nr 2

327--340

EN

The properties of polymer composites depend on their structures. Good initial properties are often not enough because they change under environmental conditions. Thus, studies of functional properties should provide information about their initial properties and behaviour under operating conditions. The study aimed to determine the effect of the structure of dental composites and the environmental hydrothermal conditions on their mechanical strength. Design/methodology/approach Light-cured polymer matrix ceramic composites (LC PMCCs) were investigated. Commercially available composites and experimental materials with different filler particle contents were tested. Compressive strength, three-point and biaxial flexural strength tests were carried out. The tests were performed using composites without a load history, exposed to a moist environment and hydrothermal ageing. Findings In most cases, changes in compressive strength under the effect of the moist environment and hydrothermal ageing were non-significant. Compressive and three-point flexural strength values obtained for universal-type materials were higher than those obtained for flow-type composites. In contrast, higher values of biaxial flexural strength characterised the latter. Hydrothermal ageing caused the greatest decrease (approx. 60%) in the three-point flexural strength of universal-type composites. The strength degradation of flow-type materials was about 40%. Research limitations/implications It is unknown whether the effects of fatigue due to mechanical and hydro-thermal loads are additive, i.e., whether the principle of superposition applies in the case of combined action of these loads or whether a synergy phenomenon occurs. In the next stages, experiments can be carried out involving the simultaneous operation of both types of force. Practical implications The issue of durability is well established in the field of machine operation and, to a lesser extent, in relation to medical devices. Understanding the importance of the durability of medical facilities is not common. This interdisciplinary project may contribute to the dissemination of knowledge in this field. Originality/value Based on the obtained test results, it should be concluded that the based on the change in the elastic modulus.

14

Skóra rybia jako źródło kolagenu. Charakterystyka, metody ekstrakcji i zastosowanie

Sadlik Julia, Słota Dagmara

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2023

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Vol. 44, nr 1

20--25

PL

Kolagen jest kluczowym białkiem w organizmach żywych, stanowiącym aż ok. 30% białka ludzkiego. Ze względu na swoje właściwości znajduje zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach, od inżynierii tkankowej po farmację i przemysł kosmetyczny. Z uwagi na zapotrzebowanie rynku szczególne zainteresowanie wzbudził kolagen pochodzenia rybiego, bowiem stosowanie go jest dozwolone we wszystkich religiach i nie ma związanych z tym żadnych restrykcji, jak w przypadku wiary muzułmańskiej czy żydowskiej, gdzie zakazane jest korzystanie z kolagenu wieprzowego bądź wołowego. Kolejnym aspektem przemawiającym za stosowaniem tego typu białka jest jego bezpieczeństwo, ponieważ w przeciwieństwie do pozostałych źródeł kolagenu zmniejsza on ryzyko przenoszenia różnego rodzaju chorób odzwierzęcych. Kolagen morski można pobierać z odpadów rybnych, takich jak skóra, łuski i płetwy. W artykule przedstawiono sposoby ekstrakcji oraz możliwości zastosowania takiego białka.

EN

Collagen is a key protein in living organisms, it constitutes as much as 30% of human protein. Due to its interesting properties, it is used in many fields, from tissue engineering to pharmacy and the cosmetics industry. Because of the market demand, collagen of fish origin aroused interest, its use is allowed in all religions and there are no restrictions related to it as in the case of the Muslim or Jewish faith, where the use of pork or beef collagen is prohibited. Another aspect in favor of using this type of protein is its safety, because unlike other collagen sources, it reduces the risk of transmitting various zoonotic diseases. Marine collagen can be extracted from fish waste, such as skin, scales and fins. This article presents the methods of extraction and the possibilities of using such a protein.

15

The properties of fish skin collagen films after cross-linking with tannic acid

Sionkowska Alina, Lewandowska Katarzyna, Szulc Marta, Brudzyńska Patrycja, Kulka Karolina, Piwowarski Łukasz

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 168

9--14

EN

Over the last three decades, an increasing interest in the preparation of new materials for wound healing has been observed. Collagen is a widely used biomaterial, and especially fish skin collagen is more and more popular among scientists. This study aimed to obtain thin films from native fish skin collagen and collagen cross-linked with tannic acid. Infrared spectroscopy, mechanical test, topographic imaging, and swelling test were used to characterize the features of the mentioned films. Statistical evaluation of the results was conducted with the Q-Dixon test. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that in the IR spectra of examined biomaterials, there are slight shifts in band positions after tannic acid cross-linking. The mechanical properties of the cross-linked material were different from those of the native collagen film. The Young’s modulus was higher for cross-linked collagen, whereas the elongation at break was lower than for pure collagen. The swelling of the collagen films increased after cross-linking with tannic acid. Swelling tests indicated that collagen cross-linked with tannic acid absorbs more water than before cross-linking. The properties of collagen films were significantly improved after tannic acid cross-linking. All alterations can be a result of collagen cross-linking by tannic acid, probably by forming hydrogen bonds between collagen and tannic acid.

16

Protein release from different forms of polylactide and alginate composite carriers

Morawska-Chochół Anna

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 169

2--10

EN

The development of composite biomaterials constituting both a porous scaffold for filling tissue defects (especially bone tissue) and a carrier of biologically active substances (proteins) is an innovative approach of the presented research. The paper presents the following studies of obtained composites: model protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) release, changes in microstructure during incubation and bioactive potential in a simulated biological environment (based on scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis – SEM/EDS – and infrared spectroscopy – FTIR). Three types of composites with a poly(L-lactide) matrix PLLA were investigated. PLA fibres covered with silica-calcium sol, calcium alginate fibres and calcium alginate beads were used as modifiers of the PLA matrix and carriers of protein. Process of releasing albumin proceeded differently depending on the material and form of the carrier. In the case of calcium alginate fibres, almost all protein was released within 14 days. For the remaining materials, this amount was reached after 3 weeks. All tested composites showed bioactive potential connected with apatite precipitation during incubation in a simulated biological environment. However, coating PLA fibres with silica-calcium sol significantly increased this effect. The highest cell viability was observed for a biomaterial modified by calcium alginate beads.

17

Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles emulsified by mixing and in a microfluidic device for potential bottom-up bone tissue engineering

Marecik Stanisław, Krok-Borkowicz Małgorzata, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 169

18--22

EN

The aim of this study was to obtain degradable poly(Llactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) with a controlled size for bottom-up bone tissue engineering. The particles were produced using the classical single water/oil emulsification method by mixing with a magnetic stirrer and by using a novel approach based on the application of a microfluidic device. This study involved a thorough investigation of different concentrations of PLGA and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) during microparticle fabrication. The oil phase was PLGA dissolved in dichloromethane or ethyl acetate at 1%, 2% and 4% w/v concentrations. The water phase was an aqueous solution of PVA at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 2.5%, 4% and 5% w/v. The size and size distribution of the MPs were evaluated with an optical microscope. Obtained MPs were incubated in contact with osteoblast-like MG-63 cells and after days 1 and 3, the cell viability was evaluated using the reduction of resazurin and the fluorescence live/dead staining. The results showed that for each concentration of PVA, the size of the MPs increased with an increase in the concentration of PLGA in the oil phase. The MPs obtained with the use of the microfluidic device were characterized by a smaller size and lower polydispersity compared to those obtained with emulsification by mixing. Both methods resulted in the generation of MPs cytocompatible with MG-63 cells, what paves the way to consider them as scaffolds for bottom-up tissue engineering.

18

Physical properties of biodegradable polymers exposed to artificial plasma flow

Zegartowska Alicja, Stojko Mateusz, Joszko Kamil, Goldsztajn Karolina, Orłowska Ada, Szewczenko Janusz

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 170

9--13

EN

Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of premature death. Approximately 80% of cardiovascular incidents can be prevented by optimizing risk factor control and lifestyle modification, including dietary change. Treatment of cardiovascular disease, like treatment of other diseases, can be divided into conservative and curative. Conservative treatment is based on pharmacotherapy, while surgical treatment is mainly based on the use of PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) procedures, i.e., increasing blood flow through narrowed arteries. This effect can be achieved with stents. The main limitation of metal stents is their permanent presence within the body, which can lead to complications such as thrombosis. A more advanced solution is the use of polymer or drug-coated stents, both of which are made of biodegradable materials. These stents are designed to release medications to support treatment and maintain their shape within the blood vessel before being naturally absorbed and eliminated by the body. In this study, the surface of stents made of polylactide was modified by applying a layer of PLGA using an ultrasound method. The study was carried out for uncoated and coated stents in both the initial state and after exposure to artificial plasma flow. The scope of the work included microscopic observations, weight measurements of the specimen, and examination of radial forces. The analysis of the results showed no clear effect of exposure on stent weight, but a clear effect of long- -term exposure on radial forces was observed.

19

Optimization of the calcium carbonate particles manufacturing process by the precipitation method and biological evaluation with MG-63 cells

Pudełko-Prażuch Iwona, Wojtanek Karolina, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 170

20--27

EN

As a natural mineral, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is widely investigated for various medical applications. It is a biocompatible material characterized by high degradation rate and great osteoconductivity. Many researchers evaluate CaCO3 in the form of particles as a candidate for use in drug delivery systems. In this study we present an optimization of the process of producing CaCO3 particles by the precipitation method with the use of combinations of different time of ultrasound treatment and surfactant concentrations used. Depending on the synthesis conditions, various sizes of particles were fabricated. The particles were loaded with sodium alendronate (Aln, 5% or 10% by weight) with a relatively high encapsulation efficiency between 40 and 50%, depending on the amount of Aln added and the drug loading of approximately 9% for both cases. MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were contacted with 10% wt./vol extracts of fabricated particles to assess their cytotoxicity. None of the extracts investigated was found to be cytotoxic. Furthermore, an in vitro study in direct contact of MG-63 cells with particles suspended in culture medium was performed. The results showed that the fabricated particles are cytocompatible with osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. However, the higher the concentration of the particle suspension and the greater the amount of alendronate present in the solution, the lower the metabolic activity of the cells was measured. The presented method of CaCO3 particles manufacturing is simple, cost-effective, and allows one to fabricate particles of the required size and shape that are cytocompatible with MG-63 cells in defined concentrations of particle suspensions.

20

Mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation on polymeric scaffolds and microspheres for bone tissue engineering

Walczak Kamila, Krok-Borkowicz Małgorzata, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 170

14--19

EN

In this study, we aimed to compare how the microstructure and architecture of polymer supports influence adhesion, growth and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in the context of bone tissue engineering. We manufactured poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) three-dimensional supports in the form of microspheres by emulsification and porous scaffolds by solvent casting/ porogen leaching. HMSC were seeded on both materials and on control tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS, bottom of the wells) and cultured in basal or osteogenic medium for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. HMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were studied using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays, respectively. Furthermore, cell morphology and viability were analyzed after live/dead fluorescence staining. The results show that the optimized emulsification conditions allowed the production of PLGA microspheres with a median size of 95 µm. The PLGA scaffolds had a porosity of 82.1% ± 4.2% and a pore size of 360 µm ± 74 µm. HMSC cultured on control TCPS in osteogenic medium were more spread and polygonal than those in basal medium. They were characterized with a lower proliferation rate, as shown by the LDH results, but higher ALP activity. This suggests that hMSC osteogenic differentiation was achieved. The same tendency was observed for cells cultured on microspheres and scaffolds. Cell proliferation was more efficient on both materials and control in growth medium as compared to differentiation medium. The amount of ALP, i.e. a marker of osteogenic differentiation, was elevated, as expected, in differentiation medium. However, on day 14 cells cultured on the scaffolds in basal medium exhibited the same osteogenic potential as those cultured in differentiation medium. In general, both microspheres and scaffolds promoted hMSC adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation and may be used for bone tissue engineering.