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Urban design as a way to address climate change and heat islands: the cases of Barcelona and Milan

Lucchini Marco, Bonenberg Wojciech, Bonenberg Agata

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2024

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nr 60

191--216

EN

The climate crisis and global warming have intensified heatwaves, especially in cities, where urban heat islands make conditions unhealthy, particularly for vulnerable members of the society like the elderly persons and children. In cities like Barcelona and Milan, geographical and population factors worsen this effect. Mitigating urban heat involves strategies at three levels: urban policy, settlement-scale projects, and architectural interventions, focusing on improving the urban climate, enhancing energy efficiency, and incorporating greenery. This paper compares how Barcelona and Milan address heat waves, examining not just their effectiveness but also the cultural values shaping these urban and architectural strategies.

PL

Kryzys klimatyczny i globalne ocieplenie nasilają fale upałów, szczególnie w miastach, gdzie miejskie wyspy ciepła pogarszają warunki życia, zwłaszcza dla osób wrażliwych, takich jak seniorzy. W miastach takich jak Barcelona i Mediolan, czynniki geograficzne i gęstość zaludnienia dodatkowo wzmacniają ten negatywny efekt. Łagodzenie miejskich wysp ciepła wymaga strategii na trzech poziomach: polityk miejskich, projektów na skalę osiedli oraz interwencji architektonicznych, koncentrujących się na poprawie klimatu miejskiego, zwiększeniu efektywności energetycznej i wprowadzeniu zieleni. Artykuł porównuje sposoby w jakie Barcelona i Mediolan radzą sobie z falami upałów, badając nie tylko skuteczność działań, ale także wartości kulturowe, które kształtują te strategie urbanistyczne i architektoniczne.

2

Spazio Forma Idea. Zapis dyskusji akademickiej o idei architektury współczesnej - noty z seminarium naukowego

Bonenberg Agata, Lucchini Marco

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

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2023

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Z. 13

13--21

PL

Niepublikowaną dotąd częścią projektu „Czynniki kulturowe i demograficzne w kształtowaniu architektury XX i XXI wieku” jest upowszechnienie rezultatów podczas polsko-włoskiego seminarium naukowego; zagadnieniu temu poświęcony został ten artykuł o charakterze sprawozdawczym. Seminarium naukowe Spazio Forma Idea odbyło się w maju 2021 r. z inicjatywy Dyrektor Instytutu Architektury Wnętrz i Wzornictwa WAPP, prof. A. Bonenberg. W jego ramach prelegenci - profesorowie Politechniki Mediolańskiej i Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Poznańskiej - mieli wykłady upowszechniające i rozwijające wątki badawcze architektury najnowszej.

EN

The unpublished part of the project “Cultural and demographic factors in shaping architecture of the 20th and 21st centuries” is the dissemination of the results during a Polish-Italian scientific seminar; the following reporting article is devoted to this issue. The scientific seminar Spazio Form Idea was held in May 2021 on the initiative of the Director of the Institute of Interior Architecture and Design of WAPP, Prof. A. Bonenberg. Within its framework, speakers, professors from the Politecnico di Milano and the Faculty of Architecture of the Poznan University of Technology, gave lectures, disseminating and developing the research threads of recent architecture.

3

Sensitization of designers to the needs of people with disabilities. Application of experiences in residential interior solutions in Milan

Bonenberg Agata, Lucchini Marco, Linowiecka Barbara

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2023

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nr 45

92--103

EN

The coordinated experimental and design activities presented in this article are dedicated to the topic of design for people with disabilities. They involve two dimensions. The first and most significant is to draw the attention of future designers and current Interior Design students to the challenges in using space encountered by people with disabilities. To achieve this, sensitization training (workshops) was conducted through simulated disability experiences. Personal experiences and the identification of real difficulties in accessing the surrounding space served as a starting point for design activities: solutions for residential spaces intended for use by people with disabilities in Milan along Via De Amicis. The projects were carried out in collaboration with the Politecnico di Milano as part of the Collaborating Classroom initiative, aimed at jointly achieving educational goals in different parts of the world using a shared digital environment and information and communication technologies (ICT). The basis for interior development was architectural projects created by students within Design Lab1 under the guidance of Prof. Marco Lucchini. The subject of the architectural project was a five-story residential building, in which some units were fully adapted for wheelchair users, crutch users, or blind individuals. Changes, modifications, and improvements made by the students were based on individual experiences of simulating disabilities through the execution of organized tasks outlined in a proprietary accessibility questionnaire (Table 1, 2). Observations of movement, overcoming obstacles, using toilets, and other pieces of furniture were used to create non-obvious functional-spatial solutions linked to design solutions from the field of interior design and design.

4

The metaphor: a literary tool lent to the architectural design. Theoretical references, research method and practical experience in teaching activity

Lucchini Marco

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2023

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nr 56

101--116

EN

The design process in Architectural Design Studio’s first classes for students is often based on images that are erroneously used as references by copying some formal choices. In the most general sense, this issue is related to a gap between architectural culture and society, as architecture is considered a virtual and consumable object. Those problems could be faced with an old but still effective tool that is the metaphor. Architecture is mainly known by images, and each image has a visible and an invisible part; the latter concerns the culture that underlies it. The paper assumes the metaphor is a design tool that can be helpful in the initial stages of the design process as it allows anyone to quickly connect images, ideas, and experiences, getting deeper into the invisible part of images. Since the metaphor is mainly a linguistic agent, most of the studies concern the use of the metaphor in the field of theoretical criticism and for reviewing other projects. The paper proposes to integrate this approach by investigating the metaphor to support the transfer of shapes and figures between different architectures. Furthermore, the proposed process foresees a permanent part based on the type of dynamic and more mobile part where metaphorical thinking finds space. Therefore, two types of use of the metaphor are put forward: the first interprets existing buildings by recognising both linguistic metaphors used by the critics and those crystallized in the architectural form; the second instead stimulates students to use visual metaphors in determining the shape and volume of the project.

5

Home Office: working and studying spaces in residential interiors during and after forced social isolation

Bonenberg Agata, Lucchini Marco

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2022

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nr 39

98--109

EN

The influence of global lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the lives of many people. Once performed elsewhere, many activities had to be moved to private spaces of individual homes, influencing how people use their residential space, modifying their living and working conditions. The purpose of this study was to research the changes in the use of residential space through questionnaires addressed to respondents in five age groups (up to 25, 26–35, 36–50, 51–65, and over 65), and living or studying in the Milan area (Lombardy)—an area affected severely by COVID-19 in the period March–May 2020. The obtained questionnaire results allowed the authors to create a set of guidelines for apartment design, intended to improve their spatial performance. The observations made when creating the case study projects led to two main conclusions: First, at the level of the house plan, the arrangement of the plan should be free and adaptable, al-lowing for fast alteration by the user. Second, the project should be tailor-made, highly specialized, and purposefully designed at the level of home office design, including appropriate furnishings, technical appliances, and lighting systems.

6

A common ground between neurosciences and architectural design: empathy, embodiment, emotion

Lucchini Marco, Bonenberg Agata

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2022

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nr 50

67--80

EN

In the last decade, the increasing popularity of neuroscience has involved architecture. Both neuroscientists and architects have endeavoured to understand how the experience of architecture works from the standpoint of cognitive functioning. This has been possible thanks to the neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI and discoveries like mirror neurons. These researches, despite their outstanding quality, are difficult to implement for what concerns the practice of architectural design. However, there is a common ground where architectural theory, phenomenology and neuroscience intersect, represented by empathy, embodiment, and emotion. They are the frame of the awareness of space and the counterpart of the visual perception. The main goal of design is to make the living space but to take a meaning, it has to be the “negative” of the human body. This process comes into existence through “old” tools, i.e. the mentioned empathy, embodiment, and emotion. Still, they can get a new meaning if their traditional hermeneutic is blended with the latest knowledge provided by neurosciences.

7

The house is the city: resilience in Barcelona apartments plans during ’50-’60 modernism

Lucchini Marco, Urban Gaspar Jaen I

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2021

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nr 36

4--20

EN

The paper deals with the Modernist housing design in Barcelona during ‘50s and ‘60s. In this period, the architecture culturally committed was struggling against Francoist censorship and the wild real estate development. The urban landscape is characterized by the housing design that can be considered a critical interface between the houses ground plan layout and the arrange-ment of the urban tissue at the settlement scale. The evolution of the Modernist housing design in Barcelona is the outcome of a dialectic be-tween long-lasting types as the H-model, a strong will to be modern expressed by architects as a reaction against the cultural lack of Francoism, the avant-garde heritage, namely the GATCPAC (Group of Catalan Architect and Technicians for the Promotion of Contemporary Architecture) and the research aimed to resume the traditional Barcelonese way of built-in which lays the city identity. By this point of view, we can argue that the concept of resilience in spite of its use as buzz word in the last 15 years is rooted in the history of the city: Barcelona it’s an example due to the “resistance” carried on by the modernist architects that was the background for the Renaissance of the city since the Olimpic Games onward.

8

Projektowanie wnętrz po pandemii Covid-19: od przygnębienia spowodowanego odosobnieniem do innowacyjnego podejścia do projektowania przestrzeni domowej

Lucchini Marco, Bonenberg Agata

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2021

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nr 36

66--84

PL

Jak długo będzie trwała pandemia COVID-19? Jest to pytanie zasadnicze, gdy nowe warianty wirusa uznane przez WHO za „niepokojące” pokazują, że stan zagrożenia jeszcze się nie skończył. Nie ma dowodów na to, że pandemia COVID-19 zostanie wkrótce wyeliminowana: jedynym sposobem na poradzenie sobie z nią jest zaufanie badaniom naukowym i przeciwdziałanie zakażeniom. Architektura jest istotnym elementem tego przeciwdziałania. Środowisko zbudowane, w tym mieszkaniowe stanowi dominującą przestrzeń życia człowieka. Dom jest podstawowym schronieniem, jest twierdzą, która może stanąć w obliczu zagrożenia ze strony świata zewnętrznego, w tym pandemii. Ale odporność (lub w zaktualizowanych terminach, „resilience”) dotyczy związku między fizycznym kształtem domu, jakością przestrzeni i emocjonalną kondycją ludzi. Formalna struktura domu nabiera znaczenia reprezentacyjnego, ponieważ jest ściśle związana z pewnymi archetypicznymi figurami architektonicznymi, takimi jak obudowa, która z kolei przywołuje obrazy takie jak schron lub więzienie. Obrazy te w czasie zamknięcia mogą łączyć się z lękiem przed pandemią pogłębiającą cierpienie. Zgodnie z metodą projektowania architektonicznego opartą na badaniach historycznych, artykuł stwierdza, że wiedza o przeszłości, tj. o tym, jak architektura radziła sobie z wielkimi pandemiami, takimi jak Dżuma, oraz o ewolucji przestrzeni domowej powinna zostać połączona z innowacyjnymi projektami, które dostosowują fizyczne aspekty architektury do sfery emocjonalnej.

EN

How long will the COVID-19 pandemic last? This is a core question as the new variants considered “of concern” by WHO show that the emergency is not over yet. There is no evidence that the COVID-19 will be eradicated for goods shortly: the only way to cope with it is to trust in scientific research and resist. Architecture and housing design is a structural sector of this resistance as it is a great part of the human environment. As well the house is the primary shelter where we place our domestic universe, it is the fortress that can stand at threatens of the outside world, including pandemics. But the resistance (or in updated terms, “resilience”) concerns the connection between the house’s physical shape, the quality of the space, and people’s emotional response. The formal structure of the house gets a representational meaning since it is strictly bound to some archetypical architectural figures like the enclosure which, in turn, evokes images like the shelter or the prison. Those images during lockdown time can link themselves with the fear of the pandemic worsening the distress. According to the architectural design method grounded on historical research the article states that the knowledge of the past, i.e. the way architecture coped with the great pandemics as the Black Plague, and the evolution of domestic space should be merged with innovative design that adapt the physical aspects of architecture to the emotional realm.

9

Home office spaces for smart work. Impact of Covid-19 lockdown on arrangements of residential Interiors

Bonenberg Agata, Lucchini Marco

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2021

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nr 48

9--30

EN

The Covid-19 pandemic has encouraged a shift to smart-working both for companies as well as their employees. Work-related activities once performed in dedicated offices had to be moved to private spaces of individual homes, severely influencing how people use their residential space. Living and working conditions have been modified and the balance between them – interrupted. In this paper the authors present a study of the changes in the use of residential space based on questionnaires addressed to respondents in five age groups (up to 25, 26-35, 36-50, 51-65, more than 65), and living or studying in and around Milan (Lombardy), an area affected severely by Covid-19 between March and May 2020. The obtained questionnaire results have allowed the authors to create a set of apartment design requirements, which improve the performance of space. Research has led to a model-case study apartment.

PL

Pandemia Covid-19 zmusiła do przejścia w tryb pracy zdalnej rzesze pracowników. Czynności dotychczas wykonywane w przeznaczonych do tego biurach, zostały przeniesione do prywatnych przestrzeni indywidualnych domów, co wpłynęło na sposób, w jaki ludzie wykorzystują przestrzeń mieszkalną. Warunki życia i pracy uległy zmianie, a dotychczasowa równowaga między nimi – zaburzeniu. W niniejszej pracy autorzy przedstawiają badania zmian zachodzących w użytkowaniu przestrzeni mieszkalnej na podstawie ankiet skierowanych do respondentów w pięciu grupach wiekowych (do 25 lat, 26-35 lat, 36-50 lat, 51-65 lat, powyżej 65 lat), mieszkających lub uczących się w Mediolanie (Lombardia) i jego okolicach, na obszarach silnie dotkniętych przez Covid-19 w okresie od marca do maja 2020 roku. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły autorom na opracowanie zestawu wymogów dotyczących projektowania mieszkań, uwzględniając domową przestrzeń biurową. Badania doprowadziły do realizacji modelowego mieszkania.

10

The “double slab”: features and meaning of a residential building type in Barcelona Modern Movement

Lucchini Marco, Urban Gaspar Jaen Y

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2019

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nr 40

107--120

EN

The paper is a part of a wider research developed by the authors since 2014 about the relationship between Modern Architecture in Barcelona and Milan between ’40s and ’60s . Here a particular building type the „double slab” has been investigated. It is based on a modular design system for housing quite popular among architects in Barcelona and throughout Spain. The “double slab” is very well typologically defined and for this reason got a strong identity but at the same time it is quite flexible and easy to be adapted to different styles which span from pre-modernism to the contemporary styles passing through the Regionalism.