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1

Forming the Tribological Properties of Carbon Bearing Materials

Myalska-Głowacka Hanna, Posmyk Andrzej, Myalski Jerzy

Tribologia

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2026

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nr 2

30--38

EN

This paper presents the results of sliding tests on composites containing selected carbon precursors, i.e., cotton fiber, charcoal, and glassy carbon. The matrix was a phenol-formaldehyde resin. The composites were produced by pressure pressing and pyrolysis in a protective atmosphere at 1,000°C. The resulting carbonized precursor materials in various forms (reinforced with glassy carbon, woody carbon, and cotton fibers) created carbon components that influence friction and wear processes. The developed composites were tribologically tested on a T-11 tester under dry friction conditions (p=1, 1.5, and 2 MPa; S=5000 m). SEM analysis of the friction traces with a cast iron pin allowed us to determine the wear mechanisms. The use of selected carbon structures ensured greater stability of the friction coefficient and reduced wear.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań ślizgowych kompozytów zawierających wybrane prekursory węglowe, tj. włókno bawełniane, węgiel drzewny i szklisty. Osnową była żywica fenolowo- formaldehydowa. Kompozyty wytworzono metodą prasowania ciśnieniowego i poddano pirolizie w atmosferze ochronnej w 1000°C. Uzyskane różne postacie zwęglonych materiałów prekursorów (umacniane cząstkami węgla szklistego i drzewnego oraz włóknami bawełnianymi) utworzyły komponenty węglowe mające wpływ na procesy tarcia i zużycia. Opracowane kompozyty przebadano tribologicznie na testerze T-11 w warunkach tarcia suchego (p=1, 1,5 i 2 MPa; S=5000 m). Analiza SEM śladów współpracy z trzpieniem żeliwnym pozwoliła określić mechanizmy zużywania. Wykorzystanie wybranych struktur węglowych zapewniło większą stabilność współczynnika tarcia oraz ograniczyło zużycie.

2

Temporary fire protection for wooden structures during construction work – a safety gap

Atłas Jacek, Ogrodnik Paweł, Wolański Robert Marcin, Baryłka Adam

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2026

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Nr 1

77--85

EN

This article focuses on a narrow but important issue: the possibility of adapting selected glass fiber based technical fabrics, previously known mainly from other areas of fire protection, to reduce the kinetics of the charring process in selected softwood species and, consequently, improve the overall level of fire safety across various design and application areas. The presented results come from laboratory tests performed at a proprietary test rig using a developed experimental methodology.

3

Valorization of brewery wastewater sludge for phosphate removal: preparation, optimization, and performance of chemically activated carbon

Bizuneh Habtamu Engdaw, Bitaw Tewodros Nigatu, Konował Emilia, Wassie Abrham Bayeh, Nigatu Mequanent Esubalew

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2026

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Vol. 52, no. 2

27--38

EN

Phosphate discharge from industrial effluents, including brewery wastewater, contributes significantly to eutrophication and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems. The development of sustainable and low-cost materials for phosphate removal is therefore essential. This study evaluates activated carbon produced from wastewater treatment sludge generated at Dashen Brewery (Gondar, Ethiopia) for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. The sludge was chemically activated using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), followed by thermal carbonization. Physicochemical characterization was performed using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, point of zero charge (pHPZC), and proximate analysis. The H₃PO₄-activated carbon exhibited a well-developed porous structure with a surface area of 427.05 m²/g and showed higher phosphate removal efficiency than the NaOH-activated samples. Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM-CCD) identified optimal conditions at pH 3, a contact time of 120 min, and an adsorbent dosage of 2.61 g/L, achieving 80.3% phosphate removal and an adsorption capacity of 13.6 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption. Regeneration tests showed that the adsorbent retained over 50% of its initial efficiency after three cycles. The results demonstrate that brewery sludge can be effectively valorized into an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal, with potential applicability to similar sludge streams from other breweries.

PL

Zrzut fosforu z przemysłowych ścieków, w tym z przemysłu browarniczego, w znacznym stopniu przyczynia się do eutrofizacji i pogorszenia jakości ekosystemów wodnych. Dlatego istotne jest opracowanie zrównoważonych i niskokosztowych materiałów do usuwania fosforu. W niniejszym badaniu oceniano węgiel aktywowany otrzymany z osadu ściekowego pochodzącego z oczyszczalni Dashen Brewery (Gondar, Etiopia) pod kątem usuwania fosforu z roztworów wodnych. Osad został chemicznie aktywowany kwasem fosforowym (H₃PO₄) i wodorotlenkiem sodu (NaOH), a następnie poddany karbonizacji termicznej. Charakterystykę fizykochemiczną wykonano metodami analizy powierzchni BET, spektroskopii FT-IR, określenia punktu zerowego ładunku (pHPZC) oraz analizy przybliżonej (proximate analysis). Węgiel aktywowany H₃PO₄ wykazał dobrze rozwiniętą strukturę porowatą o powierzchni 427,05 m²/g i wyższą efektywność usuwania fosforu w porównaniu z próbkami aktywowanymi NaOH. Optymalizację przeprowadzono metodą powierzchni odpowiedzi (RSM-CCD), wskazując optymalne warunki: pH 3, czas kontaktu 120 min oraz dawkę adsorbentu 2,61 g/L, osiągając 80,3% usuwania fosforu i pojemność adsorpcyjną 13,6 mg/g. Kinetyka adsorpcji odpowiadała modelowi pseudo-drugiego rzędu, co sugeruje chemisorpcję. Badania regeneracji wykazały, że adsorbent zachował ponad 50% początkowej efektywności po trzech cyklach. Wyniki pokazują, że osad browarniczy może być skutecznie przekształcony w efektywny adsorbent do usuwania fosforu, z możliwością zastosowania w innych browarach produkujących osad o podobnym składzie.

4

Analysis of the fractional composition of fuel from recycled plastic waste using the low-temperature pyrolysis method

Lesnau Anna, Tyliszczak Mirosław

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2025

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nr 82 (154)

12--21

EN

Plastics, despite their extensive applications across various industries, represent a significant environmental threat due to their slow degradation rate. The increasing volume of polymer waste highlights the urgent need for the development and implementation of effective recycling strategies. Catalytic pyrolysis has emerged as a promising solution for the sustainable processing of plastic waste. This study investigates the production of fuels through low-temperature pyrolysis of three widely used plastic types: polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). The resulting pyrolysis fuels are blended with commercial diesel in proportions of 15%, 25%, and 50% and subsequently analyzed at an accredited research facility at the Maritime Academy in Szczecin, following European fuel standards. The distillation results of the fuel mixtures suggest that the blend containing 50% pyrolysis-derived fuel can be effectively utilized in internal combustion engine vehicles.

5

Katalityczna piroliza biomasy wspomagana promieniowaniem mikrofalowym

Markowski Jarosław, Żak Grażyna, Lubowicz Jan, Wojtasik Michał

Rynek Energii

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2025

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Nr 2

74--79

PL

Piroliza mikrofalowa biomasy jest formą konwersji termicznej, która wykorzystuje mikrofale do podgrzewania biomasy, takiej jak odpady drzewne, rolne lub odpady z przemysłu spożywczego, do wysokich temperatur bez obecności tlenu. Powoduje to rozkład biomasy na szereg użytecznych związków w postaci biooleju, biowęgla i biogazu. Katalizatory odgrywają kluczową rolę w procesie pirolizy mikrofalowej biomasy, metody przekształcania materii organicznej w użyteczne związki, takie jak biopaliwa i chemikalia. Zastosowanie katalizatorów w tym procesie może znacznie poprawić wydajność, a także jakość uzyskanych produktów. Niniejsza praca jest przeglądem literaturowym obejmującym 30 prac z zakresu tego interesującego zagadnienia

EN

Microwave pyrolysis of biomass is a form of thermal conversion that uses microwaves to heat biomass, such as wood waste, agricultural waste or food industry waste, to high temperature in the absence of oxygen. This breaks down the the biomass into a number of useful compounds in the form of bio—oil, biochar and biogas. Catalysts play a key role in the process of microwave pyrolysis of biomass, a method of converting organic matter into useful compounds such as biofuels and chemicals. The use of catalysts in this process can significantly improve the efﬁciency as well as well the quality of the obtained products. This work is a literature review covering 30 works on this interesting issue.

6

Badanie możliwości odzysku ciepła z procesu pirolizy odpadów kompozytowych

Sitka Andrzej, Jodkowski Wiesław, Redzicki Romuald

Rynek Energii

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2025

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Nr 5

35--40

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad odzyskiem ciepła i energii w procesie pirolizy odpadów kompozytowych zawierających włókna szklane i matryce polimerowe. Oceniono skład gazu procesowego w funkcji czasu oraz wyznaczono jego wartość opałową. Uzyskany gaz zawierał znaczny udział składników palnych – metanu (CH₄), wyższych węglowodorów (CnHm), tlenku węgla (CO) oraz wodoru (H₂) – co przełożyło się na wartość opałową rzędu 14,2–14,6 MJ/m³. Stabilność składu gazu w czasie wskazuje na powtarzalność procesu i jego potencjał energetyczny. Materiał wsadowy cechował się niską wilgotnością (0,5%) oraz wysoką zawartością popiołu (59,33%), wynikającą z obecności włókien szklanych, które mogą zostać odzyskane w stanie nienaruszonym. Wyniki potwierdzają zasadność stosowania pirolizy jako technologii umożliwiającej jednoczesny odzysk energii oraz surowców wtórnych. Przedstawiona metoda wpisuje się w założenia gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym i stanowi rozwiązanie zgodne z kierunkiem rozwoju niskoemisyjnych technologii przetwarzania odpadów.

EN

The paper presents the results of research on heat and energy recovery in the pyrolysis process of composite waste containing glass fibers and polymer matrices. The composition of the process gas was evaluated as a function of time and its calorific value was determined. The gas obtained contained a significant proportion of combustible components – methane (CH₄), higher hydrocarbons (CnHm), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H₂) – which translated into a calorific value of 14.2–14.6 MJ/m³. The stability of the gas composition over time indicates the repeatability of the process and its energy potential. The feedstock was characterized by low moisture content (0.5%) and high ash content (59.33%), resulting from the presence of glass fibers, which can be recovered intact. The results confirm the validity of using pyrolysis as a technology that enables the simultaneous recovery of energy and secondary raw materials. The presented method is in line with the principles of the circular economy and is a solution consistent with the development of low-emission waste treatment technologies.

7

Green energy from bio-waste – study on the properties of olive stones for use as fuel in small-scale heating systems

Mirowski Tomasz, Pacura Wiktor, Domagała Julia

Polityka Energetyczna

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2025

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T. 28, z. 2

135--150

EN

This study explores the potential of olive stones as a renewable biofuel for small-scale heating systems. Olive oil production generates approximately 4 million tonnes of olive stones annually, often classified as waste. By analyzing their elemental and physical properties, this research evaluates the energy potential of olive stones, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional fuels. A sample from Spain underwent elemental, technical, and thermogravimetric analyses. The results revealed a high calorific value of 18.26 MJ/kg, which can be attributed to the considerable carbon (47.4%) and hydrogen (6.1%) content, along with minimal sulfur levels. This composition makes olive stones a promising low-emission fuel. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that pyrolysis occurs in four phases, with 65% of the mass lost between 170 and 866°C, indicating the material’s suitability for thermal energy applications. The findings suggest that olive stones hold significant potential for use in renewable energy systems. Their utilization aligns with circular economy principles, transforming waste into energy and reducing environmental impact. Olive stones have low ash and moisture content, improving their efficiency as a fuel. Their high volatile matter content also supports energy-efficient gasification processes, further enhancing their energy potential. In conclusion, this study confirms that olive stones are a viable alternative to fossil fuels, particularly for small-scale heating applications. With their high energy value, low emissions, and minimal residual waste, olive stones offer a sustainable and efficient energy solution. Their use not only supports green energy production but also contributes to reducing the carbon footprint and promoting sustainability.

PL

Niniejsze badanie analizuje potencjał pestek oliwek jako odnawialnego biopaliwa do małoskalowych systemów grzewczych. Produkcja produktów pochodnych z oliwek, takich jak oliwa z oliwek, generuje znaczne ilości produktów ubocznych, rocznie powstaje około 4 milionów ton pestek oliwek, które często są traktowane jako odpady. Analiza właściwości fizykochemicznych pestek oliwek zapewnia informacje na temat możliwości wykorzystania ich jako źródła energii. Próbka, pochodząca z Hiszpanii, została poddana analizie elementarnej, technicznej oraz termograwimetrycznej. Wyniki wykazały, że pestki oliwek charakteryzują się wysoką wartością opałową (18,26 MJ/kg), co wynika z ich znacznej zawartości węgla (47,4%) i wodoru (6,1%) oraz niskiej zawartości siarki, czyniąc je obiecującym paliwem niskoemisyjnym. Analiza termograwimetryczna ujawniła, że piroliza przebiega w czterech wyraźnych fazach, z utratą 65% masy w zakresie temperatur od 170 do 866°C, co potwierdza przydatność materiału w procesach wytwarzania energii cieplnej. Wnioski z badania wskazują, że pestki oliwek, jako łatwo dostępny produkt uboczny, mają znaczący potencjał do wykorzystania w systemach energii odnawialnej, wspierając tym samym cele zrównoważonego rozwoju i gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego.

8

Waste tire-based pyrolysis for synthetic fuel and study of its properties

Khurmamatov Abdugaffor M., Akhmedova Kumush Sh., Sidikov Giyosiddin O., Xudoyberganov Abror A.

Nafta-Gaz

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2025

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R. 81, nr 6

389--396

EN

Thermal pyrolysis of waste tires is an economically viable industrial method for material recovery and energy production. This article presents the results of research on the processing of used car tires by the pyrolysis method in a nitrogen-free environment under atmospheric pressure. Tires sourced from a local vulcanization center were used as raw material. The pyrolysis process was conducted using an experimental setup consisting of a pyrolysis reactor, a collector for gases and liquids, and a condenser. For the experiment, 4180 g of tire fragments were used. The process was carried out at a temperature of 500°C and atmospheric pressure for one hour. As a result, 1800 ml of pyrolysis oil, 1320 g of carbon black, 600 g of metallic cord, and 630 g of pyrolysis gas were obtained. The physical properties of the pyrolysis oil were studied: the density was 0.906 kg/m3 , the kinematic viscosity was 0.75 mm2 /s, and the acidity was 104.4 mg/dm3 . Infrared spectroscopy analysis of the oil revealed the presence of aromatic, alkene, and alkyne groups. Liquid fuel was obtained from the pyrolysis oil using a distillation unit. From 150 ml of pyrolysis oil, 60 ml of liquid fuel was produced. Elemental analysis indicated that the pyrolysis oil contained nitrogen (2.57%) and sulfur (1.27%).

PL

Piroliza termiczna zużytych opon stanowi ekonomicznie opłacalną metodę przemysłową odzysku surowców i produkcji energii. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad przetwarzaniem zużytych opon samochodowych metodą pirolizy w środowisku pozbawionym azotu pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym. Jako surowiec wykorzystano opony pozyskane z lokalnego zakładu wulkanizacyjnego. Proces pirolizy przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem stanowiska eksperymentalnego składającego się z reaktora pirolitycznego, zbiornika na gazy i ciecze oraz skraplacza. Do eksperymentu użyto 4180 g fragmentów opon. Proces prowadzono w temperaturze 500°C i przy ciśnieniu atmosferycznym przez jedną godzinę. W wyniku pirolizy uzyskano: 1800 ml oleju pirolitycznego, 1320 g sadzy technicznej, 600 g metalowego wzmocnienia kordowego oraz 630 g gazu pirolitycznego. Przeprowadzono badanie właściwości fizycznych oleju pirolitycznego: gęstość wyniosła 0,906 kg/m3 , lepkość kinematyczna – 0,75 mm2 /s, a kwasowość – 104,4 mg/dm3 . Analiza oleju wykonana metodą spektroskopii w podczerwieni wykazała obecność grup aromatycznych, alkenowych i alkinowych w jego strukturze. W wyniku destylacji oleju pirolitycznego uzyskano paliwo ciekłe. Z 150 ml oleju otrzymano 60 ml paliwa. Analiza elementarna wykazała, że olej pirolityczny zawierał azot (2,57%) oraz siarkę (1,27%).

9

Unlocking the circular economy potential : Techno-economic analysis of rapeseed meal valorisation through pyrolysis

Soleymani Angili Tahereh, Grzesik Katarzyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2025

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no. 65

122--132

EN

Despite the European Green Deal’s pursuit for a resource-efficient economy, industry remains largely dependent on linear material use. This paper presents an analysis of rapeseed meal valorisation through pyrolysis to unlock its circular economy potential, set against the backdrop of the European Green Deal’s ambition for a resourceeffective economy. The study investigates the transformative role of converting agro-industrial waste into valuable products. Through strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and techno-economic analysis, the feasibility and opportunities of rapeseed meal pyrolysis are examined. An overview of the economic performance of a pyrolysis plant with a capacity of 32,000 Mg per year is presented. Based on the results, the plant is economically viable, as it presents a positive net present value and an appropriate internal rate of return for the condition considered. The annual cash flow amounts to EUR5.05 mln and the initial investment is EUR25.24 mln, which demonstrates the plant’s ability to not only cover operational costs but also generate considerable profits. Additionally, despite the existing challenges in scaling up from laboratory-scale to industrial application, strategic approaches are proposed to overcome obstacles. Overall, this study underscores the significance of rapeseed meal valorisation as a pathway toward a more resilient, resource-efficient and sustainable future.

10

Coconut shell biochar as a sustainable approach for nutrient removal from agricultural wastewater

Edwin Tivany, Komala Puti Sri, Mera Mas, Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini, Jamil Zadariana

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2025

|

no. 65

177--184

EN

Coconut shell residues are abundant in tropical countries and have the potential to be further processed into biochar. Due to its specific characteristics, biochar has the potential to remove contaminants from wastewater. The intensification of agriculture in these tropical countries produces large volumes of wastewater that require nutrient removal before being discharged into water bodies. Accumulated nutrient in bodies of water can lead to eutrophication. This study investigates the capacity of coconut shell biochar in removing phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate from agricultural wastewater using both batch adsorption and fixed-bed column methods. The nutrient sorption capacity of biochar produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (300°C, 450°C, and 600°C) was evaluated and compared with locally produced biochar from Padang City. Findings indicated that the nutrient adsorption efficiency of coconut shell biochar is influenced by pyrolysis temperature and is comparable to that of local biochar. The sorption capacity of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate using local biochar were 10.12, 7.51, and 10.79 mg∙g-1. A continuous sorption study using a fixed-bed column reactor confirmed the ability of local coconut shell biochar in removing nutrients from real agricultural wastewater. This study highlights the potential of utilising coconut shell waste as a sustainable material for nutrient removal from wastewater, thereby helping to prevent nutrient pollution in water bodies.

11

Investigation and characterization of polypropylene plastic waste pyrolysis oil: Effect of temperature and fractional condensation

Mufrodi Zahrul, Syamsiro Mochamad, Biddinika Muhammad Kunta, Hakika Dhias Cahya, Prawisudha Pandj, Budiasih Kun Sri, Purnomo Chandra Wahyu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 1

163--172

EN

The escalating accumulation of polypropylene (PP) plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges, requiring innovative waste management strategies. Pyrolysis of plastic waste presents a promising approach for sustainable production of alternative fuels. However, pyrolysis oil possesses undesirable properties for direct fuel applications, requiring additional upgrading steps before being utilized for specific purposes. Fractionation offers an effective method for the separation of pyrolysis oil. This study investigates the pyrolysis of PP plastic waste with three-stage condensers system, focusing on the effect of temperature and fractional condensation on the yield and characteristics of pyrolysis oil. Experiments were conducted within temperature range of 400, 410, 425, 430, 440, to 450 °C, with the aim of optimizing the generation of liquid products. The pyrolysis vapors were sequentially passed through three condensers. Results indicate that the maximum bio-oil was obtained at 450 °C as optimum temperature, which consists of 2.32% gases (C1–C5), 41.94% gasoline (C6–C11), 44.15% kerosene (C12–C20), and 11.59% residue (> C20). The distribution of compounds was influenced by fractional condensers, with the highest relative contents of compounds obtained from condenser 1, 2, and 3 were gasoline (79.28%), kerosene (51.97%), and gasoline (55.21%), respectively. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the chemical and physical properties of bio-oils. The characterization results reveal that the pyrolysis oil obtained from PP plastic waste are dominated with 1-heptene-5-methyl (C8H16). The composition of pyrolysis oil demonstrated favourable and suitable properties for potential applications as renewable fuels and chemical feedstocks.

12

Comparative analysis of humic substances of soil organic matter and liquid products from rice husks pyrolysis

Jamilatun Siti, Linarti Utaminingsih, Khairi Amalya Nurul, Pitoyo Joko, Rahmawati Novelia Sinta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 1

137--152

EN

Agriculture has an important role in maintaining food availability. One of the most popular plant nutrition additives in agriculture is inorganic fertilizer, however, it can degrade soil health. This problem can be solved by naturally composting formed soil organic matter (SOM), of which humic substances are one of the main components. However, this process takes a very long time. Humic substances can be obtained faster through the rice husk pyrolysis process. This paper aims to study the characteristics of the humic substance from rice husk pyrolysis and understand its correlation with humic substances from SOM. Rice husk pyrolysis was performed in a fixed bed reactor at a temperature of 400, 500, and 600 ℃, weight of 10 g, and retention time of 45 min. The results show that the minimum pyrolysis temperature to obtain sufficient liquid product is 365 ℃. The liquid product from the pyrolysis process consists of two phases, water phase and tar phase. Based on its chemical properties, namely colour, solubility, organic species (functional group), acidity, hydrophilicity, carbon number, molecular weight, and carbon content, a liquid product from pyrolysis has similarities with humic substances derived from SOM, where the water phase (liquid smoke) has similarities to fulvic acid, while tar has similarities to humin. The results also suggest that pyrolysis can be a faster alternative method for producing humic substances.

13

Characterization of the products from waste wind turbine blades thermal utilization

Krochmalny Krystian, Wnukowski Mateusz, Hardy Tomasz, Czerep Michał, Rusin Marcin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 5

15--27

EN

The development of renewable energy is related to the growing share of wind energy in the worldwide balance. Assuming the average lifetime of wind turbines is about 20 years, an avalanche-growing amount of waste in the form of used wind turbine components should be expected. Their disposal will become a challenge. The aim of this study is to indicate the energy potential of the utilization of wind turbine blades by pyrolysis method with the simultaneous production of gaseous and liquid fuels and the possibility of recovering raw materials in the form of carbon and glass fibers. The results show that over 50% of the initial mass of the pyrolyzed waste wind turbine blades can be turned into gaseous and liquid products. These products have a high calorific value (ca. 30 MJ/kg) which is more than sufficient to sustain the pyrolysis process. Additionally, the product stream contains high concentrations of ethylene, propylene, and phenol, which could be valuable products once separated. The recovered fibers are covered with carbonaceous material, which necessitates a post-oxidation process for their effective utilization. Furthermore, the high temperature of the pyrolysis process (600 °C) likely causes degradation of the mechanical properties of the glass fibers. These challenges highlight the necessity of addressing the limitations associated with fiber recovery, including the removal of carbonaceous residues and the preservation of fiber quality. By discussing these constraints, the study provides a more comprehensive overview of the findings, offering insights into both the potential and the challenges of using the pyrolysis method for the disposal and recycling of wind turbine blades.

14

Pyrolysis Kinetics of European Hazelnut Husk Grown in Chile

Seal Mery Christian Edward, Correa Espinoza Sebastian Alejandro

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 2, no. 2

art. no. 36

EN

This study focuses in determining the pyrolysis kinetics for the husk of the Corylus avellana grown in Chile as a first step for determining the energy and chemical potential, and as an alternative of the disposal method of this biowaste in Chile. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on hazelnut husk sample at heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere (50 mL/min). The results were analyzed using three different kinetic models to determine the activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A): the isoconversional methods of Kissinger-Akahira-Sonose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), and the Coats-Redfern method. The TGA results revealed a multi-stage pyrolysis process, beginning with dehydration and followed by the decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose, culminating the formation of char (lignin content). The analysis demonstrated a clear dependence of the decomposition rate on heating rate, with faster heating rates resulting in higher peak temperatures. This effect is attributed to variations in heat transfer efficiency within the biomass particles. Applying the KAS and OFW isoconversional methods yielded an average activation energies of 121 kJ/mol and 126 kJ/mol. The Coats-Redfen method provided the corresponding pre-exponential factors. A detailed analysis of the activation energy and pre-exponential factor as a function of conversion degree was performed, revealing a non-linear relationship and providing insights into the reaction mechanism of the hazelnut husk. A comparative analysis with existing literature on the pyrolysis of similar biomass showed good agreement between the results obtained in this study and previously published data. Understanding the thermal behavior of the hazelnut husk offers a key information for the design and optimization of bioenergy and bio-chemical processes utilizing this underutilized resource.

15

Investigation of catalytic pyrolysis of Erzurum-Umutbaca coal by using the thermal analysis method

Küçük Elvan, Naktiyok Jale

Green Sciences

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2025

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Vol. 27, nr 1

29--37

EN

In the study, the catalytic pyrolysis behavior of low-rank Umutbaca coal with the addition of CaO was examined using thermal analysis methods. For this purpose, the effect of adding CaO to coal on both the pyrolysis temperatures of the coal and the composition of the gas and solid product (char) was investigated. Also, the kinetic analysis was carried out to characterize the catalytic pyrolysis process by adding CaO to coal. Using the data obtained in TGA at heating rates of 2.5, 5, and 10 °C/min, the activation energies required for the pyrolysis process of coal both with and without CaO were calculated by KAS and FWO methods. Thermodynamic parameters including ∆H, ∆G, and ∆S were calculated with activation energies obtained from the FWO method. The thermodynamic suitability of adding CaO to a low rank coal such as Umutbaca for the pyrolysis process was investigated.

16

Coal-derived liquid smoke as an eco-friendly coagulant for enhancing the quality of natural latex in Jambi, Indonesia

Naswir Muhammad, Lestari Intan, Jalius, Wibowo Yudha Gusti

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 4

161--179

EN

The productivity and quality of natural rubber in Indonesia, particularly in Jambi Province, remain suboptimal, resulting in lower market value compared to rubber from Malaysia and Thailand. This study investigates the potential of coal-derived liquid smoke as an alternative coagulant to improve the quality of natural latex. Liquid smoke was produced using a 3-in-1 pyrolysis reactor operated at 250–300 °C for 5 hours and subsequently purified into three grades. Various concentrations (10%, 25%, 45%, 50%, and 60%) of liquid smoke were tested for latex coagulation. Characterization revealed that purified liquid smoke had a pH range of 2.06–2.66, total phenolic content of 11.67–13.13 mg GAE/100 g, and acidity of 11.12–13.06%. Field applications with local farmers in Ladang Panjang Village demonstrated that liquid smoke at concentrations above 40% significantly improved latex quality, with faster coagulation times, reduced impurities, and enhanced resistance to microbial growth. These findings suggest that coal-derived liquid smoke is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional coagulants, contributing to improved rubber quality and market value.

17

Improving the quality of tyre char as part of a closed-loop economy

Januszewicz Katarzyna, Barczak Beata, Kazimierski Paweł

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2025

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Vol. 32, nr 1

99--111

EN

The escalating accumulation of waste tyres necessitates the formulation of robust and economically sustainable waste management strategies. In response to this pressing concern, pyrolysis has emerged as a pivotal technology for tyre recycling, affording valuable by-products including charcoal, pyrolysis oil, and pyrolysis gas, contingent upon specific process parameters. Of particular significance is the valorisation of the solid fraction resulting from tyre pyrolysis, which holds promise for the reintroduction of this raw material into various production processes. This study explores three distinct processes aimed at enhancing the quality of carbonaceous materials: (1) heat treatment, which results in the remarkable reduction of volatile fractions by up to 94 %; (2) zinc leaching using a 20 % NaOH solution, achieving 59 % zinc extraction for potential electrochemical recovery; and (3) sulphur binding through CaCO3 washing, effectively capturing 95 % of the sulphur content and mitigating SOx emissions. The paper comprehensively outlines the advantages and limitations of these proposed solutions, while providing an in-depth evaluation of potential applications for charcoal based on the specific treatment methods used. The findings presented herein make a substantial contribution to the advancement of sustainable techniques for the valorisation of waste tyres, thereby bolstering environmental conservation efforts and fostering resource efficiency within industrial applications.

18

Exploring diesel engine efficiency and pollutants in blending diesel fuel with waste tire oil pyrolysis with preheating process

Mahdi Qusai Adnan

Diagnostyka

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2025

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Vol. 26, No. 2

art. no. 2025215

EN

Because so much tire waste is produced globally, there is a substantial waste disposal problem. Tires can be processed using pyrolysis to produce fuel, char, and gas as they do not disintegrate completely in the environment. This study focused on tire pyrolysis TP as an additional source of fuel as oxygenate blends, and conducted on a four-stroke diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm to test and compare pure diesel from Basra refinements DA 100% with other fuel categories. The di-fuel and tri-fuel mixture have been perpetrated by employing the magnetic stirrer devices, DA75%+TP25%, DB75% (high density diesel) from Dourah refinements75%+TP25%, and DA50%+DB25%+TP 25% this samples has been tested with and without preheating in diesel engine. Then all samples are placed in an Ultrasonic device to ensure a perfect mixture. It was found that the addition the TP decrease the engine power in all situation, and the maximum BTE% recorded for DA100%, and decreased for other samples by 7.7 and 11.9% when using DA75+TP25%, DB75%+TP25% respectively. The volumetric efficiency decreased by 7%, and all engine emissions recorded increased by 42.8%,10.71%,5.62%,78.125%, and 44.83% for CO, CO2, UNH, NOx, and smoke opacity for DB75%+TP25% compared with Basra pure diesel. Moreover, heated fuel to 60 oC, DA50%+DB25%+TP25% appears to behave like DA100% in both engine performance and emissions.

19

Mechanical characterization of composites containing carbonized furniture waste in static tensile testing

Wieczorska Agata, Kosoń-Schab Agnieszka

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 9

481--503

EN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength properties of a new composite material produced by hand lamination. There is a clear gap in the literature regarding the use of MDF-derived pyrolysis carbonizate as a functional component in composite materials. This study addresses that gap by proposing a novel composite in which the carbonizate acts as a filler. The tested composite consisted of carbonizate obtained through the pyrolysis of furniture waste, particularly MDF boards, along with glass mats containing fibers of different orientations and epoxy resin. The resulting carbonizate was crushed and separated by particle size using a sieving method. Composites with carbonizate contents of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% were produced, varying in terms of additive fraction size. Based on the current standard PN-EN ISO 527-4: 2023 28, samples were prepared for static tensile testing. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis of cross-sections of fractured composite samples was conducted, and the test results were evaluated in detail. The findings indicate that the addition of carbonizate weakens the mechanical strength of the composite by disrupting fiber–matrix adhesion and introducing structural defects. The material with a 10% carbonizate fraction of 1.5 mm exhibited a very high elastic modulus (Eₜ = 8708.78 MPa) and the lowest strain (ε = 0.82%) among the tested materials. Meanwhile, the composite with a 7.5% carbonizate content and a 0.5 mm fraction achieved the highest tensile strength (σₘ = 72.29 MPa). Microscopic analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed numerous pores, delamination, and cracks. This study pioneers the use of MDF-derived carbonizate as a filler in epoxy composites, analyzing particle size (0.5-1.5 mm) and loading content (5-10%). The optimal formulation (7.5%, 0.5 mm) enhanced mechanical strength, offering a sustainable solution for furniture waste valorization.

20

Wykorzystanie nowych metod badawczych w analizie degradacji termicznej pojedynczej cząstki drewna : radiografia, tomografia, radiografia izotopowa

Kazimierski Paweł

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 3

387--390

PL

Techniki radiograficzne, choć nie są rozpowszechnione w badaniu pirolizy biomasy, są potencjalnie bardzo dobrym źródłem danych eksperymentalnych pozwalających na lepsze zrozumienie procesu. Omówiono zalety i ograniczenia technik radiograficznych, takich jak radiografia klasyczna, cyfrowa oraz bezpośrednia, a także technika powiązana, którą jest tomografia. Przedstawiono także metodę obrazowania z wykorzystaniem selenu 75. Przykładowe obrazowanie modelowych próbek drewna pokazało użyteczność tych metod w badaniu pirolizy pojedynczej cząstki paliwa, a także złoża paliwa.

EN

Classic, digital and direct radiography, as welI as tomography, were used to image samples of low-d. materia/s, such as wood or solid pyrolysis products. The suitability of these methods for testing a single material particie during the pyrolysis process was discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique were presented.