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1

Heavy metals separation from geothermal waters for agricultural irrigation

Tomaszewska Barbara, Tyszer Magdalena, Pająk Leszek, Kasztelewicz Aleksandra

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2026

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Vol. 52, no. 1

28--35

EN

Odwrócona osmoza (RO) jest jedną z najczęściej stosowanych technologii umożliwiających bezpieczne ponowne wykorzystanie wody. Technologia ta może być stosowana do odzysku wód odpadowych w nawadnianiu upraw. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wykorzystania dwustopniowego systemu odwróconej osmozy (RO) połączonego szeregowo w celu uzyskania wody do zastosowań rolniczych. Kluczowym elementem zastosowania tej technologii było osiągnięcie oczekiwanego stężenia boru. W artykule omówiono skuteczność technologii w odniesieniu do zawartości metali ciężkich w permeacie. Etapy wstępnego uzdatniania, takie jak wstępna filtracja, odżelazianie oraz ultrafiltracja (UF) w celu usunięcia cząstek koloidalnych i zmniejszenia zanieczyszczenia membran, zwiększają trwałość membran. Badania wykazują, że zastosowanie dwustopniowego systemu odwróconej osmozy (RO-RO) do odsalania wód geotermalnych (o początkowej mineralizacji 2,5 g/L) pozwala uzyskać permeat o mineralizacji 0,094 g/L oraz dopuszczalnych stężeniach metali ciężkich, które nie wpływają na jakość ani bezpieczeństwo nawadniania upraw. Dodatkowo, dzięki fizykochemicznemu składowi permeatu, uzdatnioną wodę geotermalną można stosować do nawadniania kropelkowego bez ryzyka zatkania instalacji. Przyszłe innowacje powinny koncentrować się na energooszczędnych materiałach membranowych oraz monitorowaniu w czasie rzeczywistym, aby jeszcze bardziej zoptymalizować proces odsalania, zapewniając zrównoważone ponowne wykorzystanie wody w rolnictwie bez ryzyka skażenia gleby lub upraw.

2

Optimization of tribrid energy systems for cost-effective and high-efficiency electricity generation

Sair Khaled M. Abo, Kalas Ahmed E., Sharaf Soliman M., Elnaghi Baseme

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 1

137--148

EN

Integrating renewable energy - fuel cells, wind turbines, and photovoltaics - introduces a viable way to improve power generation systems’ efficiency and dependability. The purpose of this study is to look forward to integrat fuel cells and photovoltaic panels to maximize wind turbine performance at the Zafarana wind farm. Zafarana, an Egyptian location, is a noteworthy destination for renewable energy due to its strong wind resources. The research’s design intends to increase energy production, enhance system efficiency, and establish a more stable power output profile by merging wind energy with PV and fuel cell technologies. An analysis is created on different optimization methodologies and configurations, considering variable parameters like system costs, environmental impact, and resource availability.The suggested methodology algorithm design successfully reduced the net present cost (NPC) of electricity, demonstrating a significant improvement over conventional optimization methods. The approach was to decrease the NP (net present) amount to determine the cost value, supported using LPSP (loss of power supply probability).The output power could be changed by these control schemes to meet predetermined levels by using MATLAB\Simulink program, a TRIBRID-local grid (LG) system in the ZAFRANA plant subject will be modeled, with the addition of PV system and fuel system sources to feed residential loads, local grid, and desalination unit considered as an objective function. The best solution will be found by applying an enhanced optimization method modified firefly algorithm (MFFA).The consequence of the research will be figured to achieve a cost-effective and high-efficiency electricity generation solution. Advanced optimization methodology, such as the modified firefly algorithm (MFFA), is utilized to assess the integration of these renewable sources, aiming to enhance energy output while minimizing operational costs. The conclusion results indicate a significant improvement in Egyptian Local Grid of 2500 MW, 120 KV while maintaining the lowest power losses in the overall objective function, demonstrating that the synergistic combination of wind, fuel cell, and solar technologies can lead to an effective combined sustainable energy plant.

3

Odsalanie wody morskiej wykorzystując proces destylacji membranowej : możliwości i szanse

Gontarek-Castro Emilia

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 3-4

303--320

PL

Problem dostępu do czystej wody na świecie staje się coraz bardziej poważny. Rozwój nowych zasobów wodnych jest kluczowy dla zapewnienia wystarczającej ilości wody pitnej dla ludzi i zwierząt, a także do zaspokojenia potrzeb przemysłowych, rolniczych i innych sektorów gospodarki. Istnieje wiele innowacyjnych rozwiązań, które mogą pomóc w rozwiązaniu tego problemu. Destylacja membranowa (ang. membrane distillation, MD) to obiecująca technologia odsalania wody morskiej ze względu na zdolność przetwarzania wód o wysokim zasoleniu i możliwość wykorzystania ciepła odpadowego lub alternatywnych źródeł energii. Jednakże, praktyczne zastosowania membran do MD są ograniczone przez niski przepływ pary wodnej i problem z porastaniem i zanieczyszczeniami na membranie. Z tego powodu, w ostatnim czasie wzrosło zainteresowanie opracowywaniem nowych materiałów membranowych o zwiększonej hydrofobowości w celu poprawy wydajności odsalania. Niniejsza praca, przedstawia przegląd danych literaturowych dotyczących destylacji membranowej, możliwości jej zastosowania i szans na jej transformację zgodnie z zasadami zielonej chemii i zrównoważonego rozwoju.

4

Study of the Ecotoxicity of Oil-Containing Wastewater Treated in the Helio Installation by Biotesting Method

Taizhanova Lyailim, Serikbayeva Akmaral, Boranbayeva Asiya, Koibakova Symbat, Aitimova Ainazhan, Myrzabekova Asem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

352--359

EN

The article discusses the ecotoxicological properties of wastewater from a bitumen plant, as well as water treated in a solar installation. It also examines the toxicity of its constituent components. To assess the quality of purified water and its effect on plant vital activity, crops of oats, cucumbers and beets were grown as a test sample. The results of this research showed that water obtained through distillation of wastewater and decomposition of light petroleum fractions using ozone oxidation in a helium-containing setup is suitable for the cultivation of garden crops.

5

Brackish Water Desalination by Nanofiltration – Effect of Process Parameters

Collana Juan Medina, Dextre Carlos Ancieta, Taranco Oscar Rodríguez, Venegas Luis Carrasco, Pisfil Jorge Montaño, Bravo Pablo Diaz, Llanos Segundo Vásquez

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

347--356

EN

Brackish water is an important source of water resources with lower salt content than seawater. Desalination is a very important treatment to remedy the scarcity of fresh water throughout the world. In this work, it has been proposed to desalinate brackish groundwater using a commercial nanofiltration membrane. The experiments were carried out on the basis of a factorial design using three factors and two levels of study for each variable. For this purpose, it selected the feed pressure (X1) of the membrane module at (60 and 100 psi), feed water salinity (X2) at levels of (3.4 and 6.01 mS/cm) and operating temperature (X3) at levels (20 and 28°C) to evaluate its effect on the percentage flux recovery and salt retention. The results showed that the most significant variable is the feed pressure, achieving higher flow recovery and the percentage of salinity rejection at the 100 Psi level. This showed that by increasing the pressure from (60 to 100 psi), there was a considerable increase in flow recovery (42 to 72%) and salt rejection (24.6 to 28.4%). Likewise, by increasing the temperature from 20 to 28°C, the recovered f low rate increased from (49.78 to 63.2%) and the percentage of salt separation showed an increase from 25.95 to 27.05%. Similarly, by increasing the starting conductivity of the brackish water from (3.4 to 6.01 mS/cm) the percentage of flow recovery has decreased from (61.46 to 51.525%). Likewise, the permeate flow rate increased linearly with feed pressure from 132 L/h (P=40 Psi) to 420 L/h (108 Psi). In conclusion, this research confirms the suitability of the commercial NF membrane studied for brackish water desalination.

6

Electroadsorptive graphite electrode material for desalination of brackish water using capacitive deionisation (CDI) technique, DC-DC system

Chudjuarjeen S., Yoosamran A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 124, nr 1

34--41

EN

Purpose: The Chao Phraya River is the main river in the central region. It is essential for consumption, agriculture, industry, and ecosystem conservation. In addition, in the area along the Chao Phraya River, there is agriculture, and industry is a source of conservation for many ecosystems. The support of brine from the sea has influenced the sea. The research aims to find the optimum conditions for applying the eelectro-adsorption technique to reduce salinity of the brackish water that can be used in agriculture. Graphite-type electrodes that are easily available and do not require surface treatment are used. Design/methodology/approach: The research aims to reduce the salinity value of brackish water salinity by DC to DC converter electro-sorption of the sample (790 μS.cm-1) with graphite electrode measuring the reduced electrical conductivity. The variables of salinity reduction, electric potential, temperature, and solution stirring have been studied. Removing ions from electrodes involves ultrasonic vibration and temperature. The important reason that graphite electrodes are used in electrosorption is that graphite is a good conductor. The structure of graphite is such that it has many electrons floating freely between the different layers. Findings: The research found that graphite electrodes could absorb electricity by controlling the electric potential (Charging) at 2.0 V for 25 min and at a temperature of 500C without stirring the solution while absorbing ions. It can reduce the salinity to 777 μS.cm-1, representing 1.64%. The optimum condition for washing electrodes used for 15 min at 2.0 V electrode potential for regeneration was washing electrodes without applying electrode potential (Discharge) in high-temperature water and with ultrasonic vibration. It can effectively wash off ions from the surface of graphite electrodes. Research limitations/implications: The ion adsorption of graphite electrodes was only electrical adsorption. Originality/value: The graphite materials have electrosorption properties at low potential and can be readily renewed by discharging the potential. They do not require surface treatment.

7

The Impact of Brine Discharge on Sea Urchins, Case Study of the Bousfer Desalination Plant in West Algeria

Kassouar Scheherazede, El Amine Abiayad Sidi Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 11

102--109

EN

This study investigated the potential impact of discharged water from the Bousfer desalination plant in Algeria on the marine environment, with a focus on sea urchins that we found overpopulated in the brine discharge area. To assess the presence of heavy metals, which can pose significant ecological and health risks, water samples were collected from the discharge area and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The targeted metals included iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. The results indicated extremely low concentrations of these metals, with values ranging from ≤ 0.001 to ≤ 0.01 mg/L. This research is the first of its kind at the Bousfer desalination plant and this site was chosen because this station is scheduled to be replaced by a much larger plant. This study suggests that the levels of heavy metals detected in discharged waters are insufficient to pose a direct threat to sea urchins or humans who consume them. However, given the potential for long-term and cumulative effects, further in-depth studies are needed to assess the overall environmental impact of discharged waters on marine ecosystems, including benthic fauna.

8

Enhanced Hydrophobic Double-Layer Nanofibers Membranes for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation

Safi Nawras N., Waisi Basma I.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 4

325--335

EN

There are several uses for electrospun nanofiber membranes because of their unique properties. Electrospinning, under suitable conditions, has allowed for the successful fabrication of nanofibrous membranes. This research, a dual-layer membrane was prepared and applied in a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based electrospun nanofibers comprised the initial (base) layer. Hydrophobic electrospun nanofibers made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) comprised the second (top) layer. The analysis was carried out using contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the morphology and wetting of a series of two-layer nanofiber membranes that were made with different percentages of PAN: PMMA. The study examined how the permeate flux was affected by changes in feed concentration, feed temperature, and feed flow rate. and optimized within a logical framework. These included feed inlet temperatures between 35 and 55 °C, salt concentrations between 70,000 and 210,000 ppm, and rates of supply flow of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 L/min. DCMD findings for the (25 PAN:75PMMA) membrane displayed that the amount of salt it rejected was better than 99.356% with flux 51.872 kg/m2 .h and a penetrate through conductivity lower down 334 µs/cm when performed under optimally supplied conditions (i.e., 70 g/L; 0.6 L/min; and 55 °C).

9

Removal of Iron Compounds from Mechanical Filters of Household Reverse Osmosis Systems Water Purification

Radovenchyk Iaroslav, Ivanenko Olena, Karpenko Victorivna Margaryta, Radovenchyk Vyacheslav

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

163--172

EN

Today, the most convenient and widespread option for cleaning and purifying drinking water is to install reverse osmosis systems directly at the water intake points. When operating reverse osmosis systems, most owners are not concerned about the negative consequences of using such systems. After 3–6 months of using mechanical filters in the first stage of water treatment, such filters are thrown out together with other household waste. They pose a significant threat to the environment. Currently, companies in Ukraine would not collect and dispose of such filters. This direction is undeveloped. There are no corresponding data in the scientific literature. According to authors’ calculations, about 20,000 household reverse osmosis systems are operated per 1 million people today, so it is easy to calculate that 44,000 cartridges with a total polypropylene volume of 26 m3 enter the environment during the year. It is difficult to imagine the real environmental damage from the cartridges of even one city. Therefore, the regeneration of mechanical filters of reverse osmosis systems is quite relevant and essential today. This work aimed to develop an environmentally safe technology for regenerating mechanical filters with the possibility of repeated use. Filter lifespan can be prolonged by special cleaning with sulfuric acid with a fixed pH level. This article highlights the research results on the regeneration the mechanical filters, describes the characteristics of the cleaning process using sulfuric acid and shows the options for environmentally safe waste processing from such regeneration.

10

Application of Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Drinking Water Softening

Gomelya Mykola, Shabliy Tetyana, Radovenchyk Iaroslav, Vakulenko Anna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

154--162

EN

The processes of water purification with increasing selection of permeate were studied, considering selectivity and productivity of membranes, dynamics of changes of contents of components in the concentrate. It is shown that when chlorides and sulfates are removed from water, the increase in their content in the concentrate does not differ practically from the measured and calculated values. At the same time, the nature of dependences on the change in hardness, concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, alkalinity obtained experimentally differ significantly from the dependences obtained by theoretical calculations at permeate selection levels of > 70%. А significant difference in the determined and calculated concentrations of hardness ions in the concentrates was observed after hardness values greater than 30–40 mg-eq/dm3. This indicates the partial removal of hardness ions and carbonates from the concentrates, which may be the reason for the formation of deposits on the membrane. Permissible values of the degree of permeate selection were determined, at which there is no intense deposition of carbonates and hydroxides of hardness ions on the membrane. With the initial water hardness > 8 mg-eq/dm3, the degree of permeate selection could reach 60–70% without the risk of sedimentation on the membrane. Effectiveness of the low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane in the purification of mine water with an increased level of mineralization and hardness was determined. A significant difference between the determined and calculated hardness in concentration was observed already at the degree of permeate selection of 22–33%.

11

Review of solar energy applications for water treatment; a global and african perspective

Fagorite Victor Inumidun, Njoku Damian Ifeanyi, Oluwasola Henry Olumayowa, Onyekuru Samuel Okechukwu, Oguzie Emeka Emmanuel

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2022

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T. 21

58--82

EN

Solar energy is energy derived from the sun’s radiation. The sun’s energy can be exploited using a variety of technologies, including (a) photovoltaic (PV)/concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) systems that convert photons to electricity; and (b) solar thermal technologies that capture thermal energy from the sun’s radiation using solar collectors or concentrated solar power systems (CSP). Due to the quest for power supply from renewable, cheap, and non-gaseous emission sources coupled with the attempts to combat the shortage of potable water in rural areas, much research on the interface of solar energy power systems with water treatment plants has been reported. However, the greater part of the existing reports are based on theoretical modelling, with only minimal experimental, cost analysis, pilot projects and strategic studies. Also, even though solar-powered water treatment technologies are still in the early stages of research, and very rare studies based on real plants have been conducted, existing publications are mostly focused on single principles, making it impossible to assess and compare several technologies. Globally, this review has particularly highlighted the recent advances in the application of solar energy technologies in desalination and wastewater treatments. It likewise highlighted the key research findings and the critical gaps in the existing achievements. It further highlighted the attempts made on hybrid techniques with other renewable energy sources such as wind and geothermal energies which are paramount for scaling up and commercialization uses. However, the findings revealed that most of these studies were restricted to particular parts of the globe without candid evidence from the African perspective, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, due to the paucity of information concerning this topic within the region, there is a need for further studies on the application of solar energy for water treatment, especially on a pilot scale level for sustainable development.

PL

Energia pochodząca z promieniowania słońca może być eksploatowana przy użyciu różnorodnych technologii, w tym (a) fotowoltaiki (PV)/skoncentrowanej fotowoltaiki (CPV), systemów, które przekształcają fotony w energię elektryczną; i (b) słoneczne technologie cieplne, które wychwytują energię cieplną z promieniowania słonecznego przy pomocy kolektorów słonecznych lub skoncentrowanych systemów energii słonecznej (CSP). Z powodu poszukiwań dostaw energii ze źródeł odnawialnych, tanich i nie emitujących zanieczyszczeń gazowych, a także wysiłków na rzecz walki z niedoborem wody pitnej w obszarach wiejskich, opublikowano wiele badań na temat systemów pozyskiwania energii słonecznej dla obsługi oczyszczalni ścieków. Jednakże większość istniejących opracowań oparta jest o modelowanie teoretyczne, jedynie z minimalną częścią eksperymentalną, analizą kosztów, projektami pilotażowymi i studiami strategicznymi. Co więcej, technologie oczyszczania wody zasilane energią słoneczną wciąż są na wczesnym etapie, a prace dotyczące badań w prawdziwych oczyszczalniach są rzadkie, publikacje w większości skupiają się na pojedynczych przypadkach, uniemożliwiając porównywanie kilku technologii wykorzystujących energię słoneczną do odsalania wody i oczyszczania ścieków. Wskazuje również kluczowe wyniki badań oraz istotne braki w istniejącym stanie zaawansowania. Ponadto przedstawia próby z technikami hybrydowymi, wykorzystującymi inne odnawialne źródła energii, takie jak wiatr i energia geotermalna, które są kluczowe w zwiększaniu skali produkcji i komercjalizacji. Jednakże wyniki badań wskazują, że większość prac ograniczona jest do innych kontynentów; brak jest jasnej afrykańskiej perspektywy, szczególnie dotyczącej Afryki subsaharyjskiej. Tak więc, z powodu skąpych informacji na ten temat, które dotyczą tego regionu, istnieje potrzeba dalszych badań nad zastosowaniem energii słonecznej do oczyszczania ścieków, szczególnie w skali pilotażowej, które przyczynią się do zrównoważonego rozwoju.

12

Combined energy source for simultaneous production of cooling, heating, power and desalinated water

Alkasmoul Fahad, Asaker Mohammed, Widuch Aleksander, Zwierzchowski Ryszard, Wołowicz Marcin

Rynek Energii

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2021

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Nr 1

70--75

EN

In the Arabian Gulf region, we can observe significant strain of the electricity system providing power also for cooling purposes. It is especially visible in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to avalanche increase in the electricity demand for cooling purposes. Design and erection of a Multigeneration source in close proximity to the media recipients will decrease the infrastructure load and due to significant share of renewable energy, also decrease environmental footprint. The paper presents an innovative system for cooling, heating, power and desalinated water production based on a novel triplecomponent chiller configuration supplied from Combined Heat and Power source and Solar Panels Field. The system has been erected in King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). The presented system consists of Li-Br absorption chiller, adsorption chiller, compressor chiller, two Diesel internal combustion engines and solar panel field. The system has been designed and erected in a fully fuel-flexible manner enabling separate operation of each and every equipment in any possible configuration enabling verification of various operation strategies implementing fossil fuels as well as renewable heating.

PL

W rejonie Zatoki Perskiej obserwujemy znaczne obciążenie systemu elektroenergetycznego do-starczającego energię również do celów chłodniczych. Jest to szczególnie widoczne w Królestwie Arabii Saudyjskiej ze względu na lawinowy wzrost zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną do celów chłodniczych. Zaprojektowanie i wybudowanie źródła multigeneracyjnego w bliskiej odległości od odbiorców mediów zmniejszy obciążenie infrastruktury, a dzięki znacznemu udziałowi energii odnawialnej zmniejszy również ślad środowiskowy. W artykule przedstawiono innowacyjny system do produkcji chłodu, ciepła, energii elektrycznej i wody odsolonej oparty na nowatorskiej trójelementowej konfiguracji agregatów chłodniczych zasilanych z silników kogeneracyjnych oraz kolektorów słonecznych. System został wzniesiony w King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). Prezentowany system składa się z agregatu sorpcyjnego Li-Br, agregatu adsorpcyjnego, agregatu sprężarkowego, dwóch silników spalinowych oraz pola kolektorów słonecznych. System został zaprojektowany i wykonany w sposób w pełni paliwowo-elastyczny, umożliwiający odrębną pracę każdego urządzenia w dowolnej możliwej konfiguracji, umożliwiający weryfikację różnych strategii działania, wdrażających paliwa kopalne oraz źródła odnawialne.

13

Design of a solar powered reverse osmosis system in Egypt

Ibrahim Said M. A., Shabak Ahmed G. M.

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 5, No 2

125--140

EN

Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy.

14

Innowacyjna oferta wielofunkcyjnych deemulgatorów do odsalania ropy naftowej w elektrodehydratorach w rafineriach

Gaździk Barbara

Rynek Energii

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2020

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Nr 6

55--64

PL

Przeprowadzono badania innowacyjnych wielofunkcyjnych deemulgatorów do odsalania rop w elektrodehydratorach w rafinerii. Badania z udziałem parafinowej ropy o API 46,8o wykazały wysoką skuteczność odsalania dla deemulgatorów Pachem DR/281, Pachem DR/221 i Pachem DR/222, które w 80oC przy dozowaniu 10 ppm obniżyły poziom chlorków poniżej 5 mg NaCl/dm3. Badania z udziałem asfaltenowej ropy naftowej o API 28,9o wykazały wysoką skuteczność odsalania dla deemulgatorów Pachem DR/280 i Pachem DR/222, które w temperaturze 80oC przy dozowaniu 10 ppm obniżyły poziom chlorków poniżej 5 mg NaCl/dm3. Wykazano również, że wszystkie badane deemulgatory wykazują właściwości przeciwkorozyjne i przeciwdziałają wytrącaniu się osadów parafinowo-asfaltenowych z ropy. Deemulgatory Pachem DR/221 i Pachem DR/222 dodatkowo posiadają wysokie właściwości przeciwdziałania tworzeniu się kamienia na instalacjach rafineryjnych.

EN

Research has been carried out on innovative, multifunctional oil demulsifiers for refinery electrodehydrators. Tests with paraffin crude oil with API 46.8o showed high desalination efficiency for Pachem DR/281, Pachem DR/221 and Pachem DR/222 demulsifiers, which reduced the chloride level below 5 mg NaCl/dm3 at 80oC with 10 ppm treat rate. Tests with asphaltene crude oil with API 28.9o showed high desalting efficiency for Pachem DR/280 and Pachem DR/222 demulsifiers, which reduced the chloride level below 5 mg NaCl/dm3 at 80oC with 10 ppm treat rate. It was also shown that all tested demulsifiers exhibit anticorrosive properties and prevent the precipitation of paraffin and asphaltene deposits from the oil. Additionally, Pachem DR/221 and Pachem DR/222 demulsifiers have high anti-scale properties in refinery plants.

15

The performance assessment of reverse osmosis stations at Al-Mahalabea area

Ahmed Mohammed F.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2020

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Vol. 29, No. 3

332--342

EN

The present study assesses RO stations at four sites in Al-Mahalabea area – Nineveh governorate, Iraq during the summer of 2013. The performance of RO stations are ranked by two methods: the Simple Additive Weight (SAW) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Two groups of samples were collected from feed and permeate water for two periods (at zero time of operation and after ten weeks of operation) with eleven parameters for each sample were analysed. The highest overall rejection R efficiency appeared with the first set of parameters more than 90% (SO4, TDS, NO3, TH, and turbidity), while the second set was the least (Cl, Na, and total alkalinity – TA) ranged between 65 and 85%. It is observed that both the SAW and the TOPSIS methods are accurate to predict the performance efficiency.

16

Productivity Enhancement of a Double Slope Solar Still Coupled with a Solar System

Al-Qadami Ebrahim Hamid Hussein, Abdurrasheed Abdurrasheed S., Mustaffa Zahiraniza, Amran Y.H. Mugahed, Yusof Khamaruzaman W., Ahsan Amimul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 4

255--263

EN

Water shortage is rising to become a global challenge due to the variations in climate change and population increment. Converting the seawater to potable water using the desalination technology is among the existing options highlighted by researchers. However, these processes are expensive and require much energy to operate. The solar desalination technology was reported as highly adequate since it utilizes the natural sunlight and the simple concepts of evaporation and condensation to produce the drinking water. The main challenge to date is the low productivity of the technology, which must be adequately improved in order to enhance productivity and optimize performance. In this study, the productivity and efficiency of conventional double slope solar still were assessed using a solar system. Two solar still models (active and passive) were fabricated with the same evaporation and condensation areas. The troughs were made of stainless steel with dimensions of 50×32 ×5 cm. In turn, while the cover was made of glass with dimensions of 48×60×0.3 cm and the inclination angle was 60°. In addition, the solar system consisted of two solar panels with 50 W capacity each, one battery of 100 Ah – 12 V, a charging controller of 30 A, and a single immersed DC water heater of 50 W – 12 V capacity. Both models were tested simultaneously for two sunny days, 24 hours each. The results showed that the water productivity of the active solar still was 55% higher than that of the passive solar still. On 15th July, the total amounts of solar still productivity were 7.85 L/m2/d and 19.3 L/m2/d for active and passive stills, respectively. This is due to the existence of the heating element in the active still which allowed it to produce water for 24 hours continuously. Moreover, the trough temperature was found to be the highest for both models, because it was made from steel. Finally, the produced water in both cases was found to be directly proportional to such parameters as solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature.

17

Tlenek grafenu - nanomateriał do wytwarzania półprzepuszczalnych membran

Bodzek Michał, Konieczny Krystyna

Instal

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2020

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nr 1

40--44

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metody syntezy membran kompozytowych opartych na grafenie, ich właściwości i możliwości aplikacyjne. Omówiono również funkcje chemiczne i fizyczne pochodnych grafenu, które wpływają na efektywność odsalania wody i właściwości anty-foulingowe. Przedstawiono metody funkcjonalizacji grafenu i jego pochodnych, zwiększające stabilność warstwy aktywnej, retencję soli, przepuszczalność wody, oraz mechanizm transportu jonów i zmniejszania foulingu. Membrany wykonane z tych materiałów pozwalają na osiągnięcie znacznie wyższego strumienia wody/permeatu niż stosowane obecnie poliamidowe cienkowarstwowe membrany kompozytowe.

EN

In this paper methods of synthesis of membranes containing graphene and its derivatives, their properties and application areas are discussed. Chemical and physical functions of graphene and graphene oxide influencing water desalination efficiency and antifouling properties are also described. The article shows the methods of graphene functionalization and its derivatives, increasing the stability of the active layer, salt retention, permeability of water and the ion transport mechanism and reduction of fouling. Membranes made of these materials enable to obtain significantly higher water/permeate fluxes than in the case of currently used thin film composite polyamide membranes.

18

Możliwość zastosowania chłodziarek adsorpcyjnych z funkcją chłodzenia/odsalania napędzanych niskotemperaturowym ciepłem odpadowym

Sztekler Karol, Stefański Sebastian, Kalawa Wojciech, Krzywański Jarosław, Grabowska Karolina

Chłodnictwo : organ Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej

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2020

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R. 55, nr 5

9--11

PL

Czynniki środowiskowe i ekonomiczne mają bardzo silny wpływ na rozwój technologiczny. Efektywność energetyczna jest jednym z najważniejszych tematów związanych z nowymi technologiami. Według prognoz długoterminowych zużycie energii elektrycznej z ok. 150 TWh obecnego zużycia, ma wzrosnąć do blisko 230 TWh około 2040 roku, co przekłada się na wzrost energii zużycia paliw oraz wzrost emisji szkodliwych zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery. Produkcja energii elektrycznej wiążę się z dużymi stratami w tym w postaci ciepła, które to można wykorzystać do produkcji chłodu przy użyciu chłodziarek adsorpcyjnych, które mogą być napędzane ciepłem niskotemperaturowym. Zastosowanie tego rodzaju systemów ma jeszcze jedną zaletę: umożliwia odsalanie wody morskiej do picia i wody użytkowej. W pracy przedstawiono przegląd zastosowania agregatów adsorpcyjnych w poligeneracji z wykorzystaniem ciepła odpadowego w niskiej temperaturze. Omówiono najnowsze systemy, ich parametry i warunki pracy. Przedstawiono również przegląd dostępnych technologii, materiałów i przykładowych instalacji badawczych w technice adsorpcyjnej.

EN

Environmental and economic factors have a very strong influence on technological development. Energy efficiency is one of the most important topics related to new technologies. According to long-term forecasts, the consumption of electricity from about 150 TWh of current consumption is to increase to nearly 230 TWh around 2040, which translates into an increase in the energy of fuel consumption and an increase in the emission of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. The production of electricity is associated with large losses, including in the form of heat, which can be used to produce cold with the use of adsorption chillers, which can be driven by low-temperature heat. The use of such systems has another advantage: it allows desalination of seawater for drinking and drinking water. This paper gives an overview of the application of adsorption chillers in low-temperature waste heat polygeneration. The latest systems, their parameters and operating conditions were discussed. There is also a review of available technologies, materials and sample research installations in the adsorption technique.

19

The use of mineral materials for salinity control in roadside soils

Łuczak Katarzyna, Pisarek Izabella, Kusza Grzegorz

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 2

83--90

EN

This paper presents the results of a fi eld study on using mineral materials (fine-grained sand and medium- -grained gravel) to reduce the concentration of readily soluble salts in a roadside environment. The investigated soils were Rendzic Sceletic Leptosols from an urban area characterized by a shallow humus horizon with a high content of skeletal parts, as well as a lack of homogeneity of the material in the soil profile. All soil samples were taken from five plots located along the main streets in the city of Opole (Southern Poland). It was revealed that the use of fine-grained sand and medium-grained gravel improved the structure of the surface soil layer, and thus favoured the migration of Na+ and Cl- ions into the soil profile. In comparison to control surfaces readily soluble salts were reduced with gravel and sand application. Furthermore, the mineral materials introduced on the soil surface for salinity neutralization did not affect the quality of the tested roadside calcareous soils. The results indicate that the use of mineral materials reduces soil salinity caused by NaCl. They also show the need to find new methods of salt neutralization, especially of roadside soils in order to improve and protect the quality of the environment.

20

Graphene - the Nanomaterial for Preparation of Next Generation Semipermeable Membranes

Bodzek Michał, Konieczny Krystyna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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Tom 21, cz. 1

112--140

EN

In recent decades, novel and promising materials (e.g. carbon nanotubes, nanoporous graphene and graphene oxide) suitable to be used in preparation of high-capacity membranes for water desalination and water and wastewater treatment have been developed. Membranes made of NPG and GO materials enable to obtain significantly higher water/permeate fluxes than currently used thin film composite membranes for RO and other separation processes as pervaporation, forward osmosis, capacitive deionization, electrodialysis, or in formation of photocatalytic membranes. Novel composite membrane containing NPG and GO can be divided into freestanding membranes (prepared only from NPF/GO), and polymeric/ceramic membranes modified with the use of graphene-based nanomaterials. Modification of polymeric membranes can be achieved either by introduction of a nanomaterial onto a membrane surface or to a membrane casting solution followed by membrane formation from a polymer and a nanomaterial mixture. The future development of NPG/GO containing membranes should focus on the improvement of their separation features. A lot of effort has to be given to understand and properly explain both, role and interaction mechanisms of graphene-based nanomaterial with a membrane, especially in case of freestanding graphene oxide membranes. GO nanosheets are very promising material for manufacturing of desalination membranes, however more attention has to be dedicated to potential disadvantages such as mechanical instability, nanosheets formation, non-uniform distribution of layers and surface damage. Additionally, the scaling up required for commercial production of ultra-thin membranes of high permeability, based on graphene-oxide, is one of the greatest challenge for scientists and engineers. The success reached in this area will lead to the decrease in energy consumption in RO installation and in other membrane processes. Moreover, the release of nanomaterial from such membranes and their potential toxicity has to be investigated in detail for their further practical use in desalination processes.

PL

W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach opracowano nowe i obiecujące materiały (np. nanorurki węglowe, nanoporowaty grafen i tlenek grafenu) odpowiednie do wytwarzania membran o wysokiej efektywności odsalania i uzdatniania wody i oczyszczania ścieków. Membrany wykonane z NPG i GO pozwalają na osiągnięcie znacznie wyższej wydajności wody/permeatu, niż obecnie stosowane membrany kompozytowe cienkowarstwowe do RO i innych procesów separacji, jak np. perwaporacji, osmozy prostej, dejonizacji pojemnościowej, elektrodializy, lub membran fotokatalitycznych. Nowe membrany kompozytowe zawierające NPG i GO można podzielić na membrany „wolnostojące” (wykonane tylko NPF/GO) i membrany polimerowe/ceramiczne modyfikowane za pomocą nanomateriałów z grafenu. Modyfikację membran polimerowych można osiągnąć albo przez wprowadzenie nanomateriałów na powierzchnię membrany lub do roztworu błonotwórczego, z którego wytwarza się membrany metodą inwersji fazowej. Rozwój membran zawierających NPG/GO powinien koncentrować się na poprawieniu ich własności separacyjnych. Należy uwagę skierować na zrozumienie i prawidłowe wyjaśnienie zarówno roli i mechanizmów interakcji nanomateriału na bazie grafenu z membraną, zwłaszcza w przypadku membran „wolnostojących”. Nano-arkusze GO są bardzo obiecującym materiałem do wytwarzania membran do odsalania wody, należy jednak więcej uwagi zwrócić na potencjalne wady takie jak niestabilność mechaniczna, tworzenie nano-arkuszy, nierównomierny rozkład warstw i uszkodzenia powierzchni. Ponadto, należy rozwiązać powiększanie skali wytwarzania membran, co jest wymagane dla komercjalizacji produkcji membran opartych na grafenie i tlenku grafenu oraz stanowi jedno z największych wyzwań dla naukowców i inżynierów. Sukces osiągnięty w tej dziedzinie doprowadzi do zmniejszenia zużycia energii w instalacji RO i innych procesach membranowych. Należy również szczegółowo zbadać proces uwolnienia nanomateriału z membran i jego potencjalną toksyczność, z uwagi na bezpieczeństwo stosowania membran zawierających nanomateriały.