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1

Rapid prototyping of optical lenses using the Isolation Forest model for anomaly detection

Korga Sylwester Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

|

Vol. 20, no. 5

1--17

EN

The article presents the application of 3D printing technology in the production of optical lenses, which are used in fields such as mechanical engineering, computer science, and precision optics. The aim of the study was to design, manufacture, and verify the properties of transparent optical lenses made from photopolymer resins. The lenses were fabricated using stereolithography (SLA), a high-precision 3D printing method. The production process is described in detail, including the use of proprietary finishing tools that ensure precise lens processing crucial for achieving optimal optical properties. After printing, the lenses underwent finishing treatments including grinding, polishing, and UV curing, which significantly improved their optical quality. The best lenses demonstrated stable and high light transmission over a wavelength range from 380 to 1146 nm, with transmission values exceeding 90–92%. The optical properties of the lenses were assessed in a professional laboratory using a monochromator, allowing precise measurement and objective quality evaluation. A novel aspect of the study was the use of artificial intelligence in quality control. The Isolation Forest model was employed to detect anomalies in the optical transmission data, identifying 79 anomalies under incandescent light and 81 under xenon light, approximately 5% of the dataset. To better interpret the detected anomalies, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to understand which features most influenced anomaly classification. Combining advanced 3D printing technology with AI-driven anomaly detection represents an innovative and promising approach to optical lens manufacturing. This integration enhances defect detection, enabling more effective quality assessment and optimization of the production process. This method offers significant potential for rapid prototyping in precision optics applications.

2

Comparison of the tensile strength of FDM printed specimens with different infill densities made of PA12 and PA12+CF15

Miazio Łukasz

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2025

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Vol. 28

145--152

EN

The research presented in this article represents a further stage in studies on the strength of components printed using 3D printing technology, specifically FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling). The article presents the results of tensile strength tests on samples printed from PA12 and PA12+CF15 materials, while previous studies by the author focused on PLA material. Basic material data provided by manufacturers and distributors of materials used in the FDM method, such as tensile strength and Young’s modulus, refer to the most favourable model orientation during printing. However, in additive technologies, particularly FDM, the constructed object shows significant layering differences (in the Z direction). The direction of material deposition (in the XY plane) is also crucial. Additionally, the strength is influenced by the degree and type of infill within the model and the temperature during printing. For these reasons, it is essential to understand the relationship between technological parameters and the resulting strength for specific materials. This study aimed to determine the tensile strength of samples printed with varying infill percentages. In the context of the new material, PA12+CF15, it is essential to understand how the addition of carbon fibers affects the mechanical properties of prints compared to traditional materials, such as PA12 and PLA. Carbon fibers can significantly increase the strength and stiffness of the composite, potentially leading to applications in producing parts with high strength requirements. Therefore, studying the strength of materials concerning various printing parameters is crucial for developing the potential of FDM technology and its industrial applications. PA12+CF15 is composed of polyamide 12 (PA12), a thermoplastic material with good chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, and flexibility. The addition of 15% carbon fibers (CF15) reinforces the composite structure, leading to increased stiffness, mechanical strength, and deformation resistance. The study shows that this addition enhances PA12’s strength by approximately 13%, also facilitating printing by reducing shrinkage.

3

Geometric accuracy of models made using rapid prototyping methods. Part I, Cylindrical and cuboidal elements

Gontarz-Kulisiewicz Małgorzata, Dziubek Tomasz, Sobolewski Bartłomiej

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 9

570--584

EN

The first part of the research presented in this article, related to the geometric accuracy of models made using four specific additive manufacturing methods: Material Extrusion Modeling (MEM), PolyJet Modeling (PJM), Digital Light Processing (DLP), and Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), focuses on the accuracy of rectangular and cylindrical models. For this purpose, research models were developed containing cylindrical and rectangular solids and holes in the dimensional range 0.1-10 mm. Based on the results, it was found that DMLS models are characterized by the highest geometric accuracy.

PL

Przedstawiona w niniejszym artykule pierwsza część badań, dotycząca dokładności geometrycznej modeli wykonanych czterema specyficznymi metodami wytwarzania przyrostowego: modelowania wytłaczania materiałów (MEM), modelowania PolyJet (PJM), cyfrowego przetwarzania światłem (DLP) oraz bezpośredniego spiekania laserowego metali (DMLS), koncentruje się na dokładności modeli prostokątnych i cylindrycznych. W tym celu opracowano modele badawcze zawierające bryły cylindryczne i prostokątne oraz otwory o wymiarach 0,1-10 mm. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że modele DMLS charakteryzują się największą dokładnością geometryczną.

4

Design and Implementation of a Systematic Product-Service System Innovative Framework: A Case Study

Shamsuzzoha Ahm, Teppola Tuukka, Piya Sujan, Khadem Mohammad, Shamsuzzaman Mohammad

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2025

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Vol. 16, No. 2

[nr art. 4], s. 1--16

EN

The objective of the study is to create a product-service system (PSS) innovative framework that aligns with a case company’s strategy, competencies, and strengths. First, this study shows that the case company’s Design Thinking Macro process and PSS fundamentals might serve as the foundation of a suitable PSS innovative framework for the company’s upcoming service. Second, it serves as a descriptive stat-of-the-art study– the study investigates the case company’s innovation potential and potential for controlling hazards in the direction of servitization. The study aims to understand the current state of the case company and assist it in becoming a more flexible PSS supplier. The results show that the case company is committed to advance a cross-organizational development plan to strengthen its PSSs to capitalize in servitization. Because of its end-to-end capabilities, scientific innovation, and value-adding products that have a tangible component of value, the company’s product portfolio is well-positioned in terms of servitization.

5

Prediction of the mechanical properties for 3D printed rapid prototypes based on artificial neural network

Al-Bdairy Ali Mohammed Jassem, Ghazi Safaa Kadhim, Abed Aseel Hamad

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 3

96--107

EN

With development of Additive Manufacturing (AM) especially the 3D printing technology, make it the widespread application for 3D prototypes in industrials, engineering jawless, biomedical and others filed. In the present work focused on the 3D printing problems that associated to selecting proper printing parameters. Based on the experimental and ANN the effect of printing speed, printing temperature, layer height, and number of top shells on the produced mechanical properties of the 3D prototypes. Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and modulus of elasticity have been studied as the main mechanical properties. Design of experiment for specimens using a MINITAB software has been achieved based on Taguchi method based on the sixteen specimens with four levels values of printing parameters. CAD CAM software (Solid work) used to create 3D model of the testing specimens with the specific dimensions based on the ASTM E8M. ANICUBIC 3D printing machine used to fabricate the specimens under the studied 3D printing parameters. ANN has been used to validate the obtained experimental and DOE. The obtained results showed that increasing the printing temperature up to 220oC, and high number of top shells arriving to 4 shells will increase the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and modules of elasticity. While decreasing the printing speed lower than 100m/sec. and decreasing layer height lower than 0.3mm will produce a gaining in the mentioned mechanical properties. Comparison results of the experimental work and the predicted results obtained from suggested model of ANN provide the more compatibility between these values, the regression of the ANN observed that the learning of the network is proper and can be application to predict the Ultimate Tensile Stress, Yield Stress, and Modulus of Elasticity, where the validation, training, test and all of data are about (0.95592-1).

6

Analysis of fused filament fabrication / fused deposiotion modelling applications for production of casting patterns used in sand casting

Bernat Łukasz, Kroma Arkadiusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 7

427--439

EN

This paper presents an analysis of FFF/FDM (Fused Filament Fabrication / Fused Deposiotion Modeling) applications for production of casting patterns used in sand casting, with particular emphasis on short-run and prototype production. For this purpose, casting patterns of different shape and height of incremental layer (0.29 mm, 0.19 mm, 0.14 mm and 0.09 mm) were made of Z-ABS filament produced by Zortrax. Geometrical and dimensional analysis of the patterns was carried out, surface roughness parameters were measured, and a visual analysis of the surface was performed. In order to evaluate the conclusions observed based on the analysis of casting patterns, 130 x 102.5 x 37.5 mm sized shaped castings were designed and manufactured from aluminum and grey cast iron, which were also subjected to analysis. The last element of the research was a visual analysis of the reproduction of markings on the castings.

7

Generating models for numerical strength tests of 3D printed elements

Bołoz Łukasz

Management Systems in Production Engineering

|

2024

|

nr 3 (32)

372--379

EN

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, has become very common in professional applications in many industries. The 3D printing technology is especially suitable for making prototypes, demonstrators and small-batch production. The stiffness and strength of 3D prints depend on many factors, including among others infills, which are specific to this technology, as well as the orientation of the object during 3D printing. Where the stiffness or strength of an element is crucial, the only way is to empirically assess its properties. The advantage of 3D printing, i.e. incomplete infill of the interior of an object with the use of different types of infills (patterns) and different amounts of material, means that its mechanical properties differ from those of a solid element. The application of numerical tests, i.e. the finite element method (FEM), requires the creation of a 3D model while taking this infill into account. The modelling of elements for performing numerical strength calculations is time-consuming and labour-intensive. The article presents a proprietary original analytical method for generating various types of infills with varying infill density. The method was developed for typical infills (Grid, Triangular, Honeycomb). It was next implemented in the CAD environment using the iLogic tool of Autodesk Inventor. As a result, a tool for creating 3D models of objects consistent with those obtained from 3D printing was obtained. The method and tool were verified. Next, the influence of selected parameters of the 3D print on its mechanical properties was presented on three real objects. The results of numerical analyses revealed measurable benefits of such tests. The research conclusions also constitute recommendations for selecting the type and infill density of an object and its orientation in the printer with regard to the strength and stiffness obtained.

8

Organization of reverse engineering using modern calculation methods in the process of reproducing a gears

Pacana Andrzej, Pacana Jacek, Straka Martin, Woźny Artur

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2023

|

z. 170

371--382

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to present modern possibilities for the reproduction of a machine element. If there are no replacements for the damaged part, and there is no technical documentation, then the only options is to use reverse engineering (RE) methods to reproduce it. Design/methodology/approach: On the example of a damaged gear, the process of measuring the wheel and manufacturing a physical model using 3D printing. An additional step has been added to the classic reverse engineering process to modify the model to improve its strength. Findings: Strength analysis was carried out in the Abaqus program using the finite element method (FEM). Based on the results obtained, it was proposed to change the tooth profile of the gear, which will improve its durability. Research limitations/implications: An extension of the proposed scheme may be a modification of the production process in order to implement the reverse engineering method to the serial production of machine elements. Practical implications: The use of a modified reverse engineering (RE) process will not only allow the components to be reproduced but will also allow extended uptime of the components, and this will reduce production costs. Originality/value: The proposed new reverse engineering process can be successfully used to reconstruct machine components with even very complex shapes. The digital model obtained as a result of scanning has been used to improve the geometry of the toothed rim, but it can be successfully used for other analyses, research, or calculations.

9

Design and optimization of the construction of a mobile disinfection chamber for small communication devices and small objects

Galík Jan, Varecha Daniel, Drbúl Mário, Madaj Rudolf, Konstantová Viera

Production Engineering Archives

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2023

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Vol. 29, Iss. 2

201-215

EN

This manuscript aims to familiarise readers with the development of a device for the construction of a mobile disinfection chamber for small communication devices and small objects. The conceptual design and the material of the new device play essential roles in the design process of a new device. The manuscript presents concepts based primarily on previous experience and different perspectives. The concept design is created in the 3D modelling program CREO Parametric 8.0. A multi-criteria team evaluation determined the most suitable version of the idea. For dimensioning and shape adaptation of the device was used EinScan SP device (3D scanning method). The article's aim was also to establish a suitable way of producing a prototype using tribological research in available production methods and materials within rapid prototyping. Using the ALICONA Infinite Focus G5 device, experimentally investigated the parameters characterising the surface of the parts. The end of the manuscript focused on the mechanical structure and subjecting them to FEM analysis in the program ANSYS Workbench. The design of the concept disinfection device was also for extreme cases of use. Within this issue was optimising shapes, wall thicknesses, reinforcement design and other necessary modifications using the FEM analysis. From the results, the most suitable material to produce a more significant number of parts may not be the most suitable material to create prototype devices. Tools such as 3D scanning, rapid prototyping, and FEM analysis can "significantly" help reduce mistakes before testing the device.

10

Tensile Strength Testing of Samples made of ABS-M30 Polymer Using FDM Technology

Kiński Wojciech, Cader Maciej, Zboiński Grzegorz

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

|

2023

|

Vol. 14, Nr 1 (51)

135--143

EN

The article details the principle behind Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology. Strength tests were carried out on a Stratasys FORTUS 400mc industrial 3D printer. Prints of the strength specimens were made in different orientations in the working chamber of the machine.

PL

W artykule szczegółowo przedstawiono zasadę działania technologii FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling). Zostały przeprowadzone badania wytrzymałościowe na przemysłowej drukarce 3D Stratasys FORTUS 400mc. Wydruki próbek wytrzymałościowych zostały wykonane w różnej orientacji w komorze roboczej urządzenia.

11

Durability of chain transmission obtained using FFF technology

Budzik Grzegorz, Dziubek Tomasz, Sobolewski Bartłomiej, Borek Karol, Gontarz Małgorzata

Polimery

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2023

|

Vol. 68, nr 11-12

617--624

EN

Durability of polymer (PCTG, ABS, PLA) chain gears with a modular chain obtained by 3D printing (FFF - Fused Filament Fabrication) was tested under static and dynamic conditions. An analysis was performed using finite element modeling (FEM). The PLA gear showed the highest tensile strength, and the PCTG gear the lowest. However, in dynamic conditions (rotational speed 750 min-1), the ABS gear was characterized by the smallest deformation and the longest operating time. Chain links were damaged at the point of connection during both static and dynamic tensile tests. Probably the surface of the hole where the chain links were joined was not smooth enough, which could lead to their damage.

PL

W warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych zbadano wytrzymałość na rozciąganie polimerowych (PCTG, ABS, PLA) przekładni łańcuchowych z łańcuchem o budowie modułowej otrzymanych metodą druku 3D. Przeprowadzono analizę metodą modelowania elementów skończonych (MES). Największą wytrzymałość wykazywała przekładnia wykonana z PLA, a najmniejszą z PCTG. Natomiast w warunkach dynamicznych (prędkość obrotowa 750 min-1) przekładnia z ABS charakteryzowała się najmniejszym odkształceniem i najdłuższym czasem pracy. Ogniwa łańcucha zarówno podczas statycznych, jak i dynamicznych testów rozciągania ulegały uszkodzeniu w miejscu ich łączenia. Prawdopodobnie powierzchnia otworu w miejscu łączenia ogniw łańcucha nie była wystarczająco gładka, co mogło prowadzić do ich uszkodzenia.

12

Szybkie prototypowanie dysz wodnych z wykorzystaniem wyników modelowania CFD oraz druku 3D

Buksa Dominik, Madejski Paweł, Karch Michał

Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering

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2023

|

R. 61, nr 3

22--36

PL

W ostatnich latach zwiększa się zainteresowanie metodami szybkiego prototypowania, które wykorzystywane są w różnych gałęziach przemysłu. Prototypy coraz częściej są wyko nywane w technologii druku 3D, co wynika głównie ze względnie niskich kosztów opra cowania i wytworzenia takiej konstrukcji oraz krótkiego czasu potrzebnego na ich fizyczne wykonanie. Praca przedstawia możliwości zastosowania technik szybkiego prototypowania na przykładzie wodnych dysz napędowych. Wykorzystywane są one głównie w energetyce, np. do produkcji mgły wodnej, w strumienicach czy skraplaczach. Dysze takie umożliwiają formowanie strugi, jej zasięgu czy wydajności w zależności od wymagań projektowych. W celu oceny efektywności dyszy wykorzystane zostaną narzędzia CFD (computational fluid dynamics) oraz druk 3D. Do wytworzenia prototypów dysz użyto drukarki 3D opartej na technologii FDM. Wyniki CFD zweryfikowano z eksperymentem. Przedstawiono analizy dotyczące czterech różnych kształtów dysz i wyjaśniono rozbieżności pomiędzy wynikami wstępnej analizy eksperymentalnej oraz numerycznej. By wskazać niedoskonałości wynika jące z druku 3D, wykorzystano skaner 3D, za pomocą którego przedstawiono wewnętrzny przekrój dyszy. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na znaczący potencjał druku 3D w szyb kim prototypowaniu oraz jego skuteczność w tworzeniu funkcjonalnych modeli dla różnych zastosowań inżynieryjnych.

EN

In recent years, there has been greater interest in rapid prototyping methods employed in various industries. Prototypes are increasingly often made using 3D printing technology, which is mainly due to the relatively low costs of developing and producing such a struc ture and the short time needed for their physical production. The work presents the pos sibility of using rapid prototyping techniques, such as water propulsion nozzles. They are mainly used in the energy industry, e.g. for the production of water mist in jets or con densers. Such nozzles enable the formation of a stream, and its range and efficiency depend on the design requirements. CFD (computational fluid dynamics) tools and 3D printing will be used to assess the nozzle’s effectiveness. A 3D printer based on FDM technology was used to produce nozzle prototypes. The CFD results were verified with experiment. Analyzes for four different nozzle shapes are presented and the discrepan cies between the results of the initial experimental and numerical analyses are explained. To indicate the imperfections resulting from 3D printing, a 3D scanner was used to show the internal cross-section of the nozzle. The research conducted indicates the significant potential of 3D printing in rapid prototyping and its effectiveness in creating functional models for various engineering applications.

13

Rapid prototyping of water nozzles using CFD modeling and 3D printing results

Buksa Dominik, Madejski Paweł, Karch Michał

Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering

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2023

|

R. 61, nr 3

7--21

EN

In recent years, there has been greater interest in rapid prototyping methods employed in various industries. Prototypes are increasingly often made using 3D printing technology, which is mainly due to the relatively low costs of developing and producing such a struc ture and the short time needed for their physical production. The work presents the pos sibility of using rapid prototyping techniques, such as water propulsion nozzles. They are mainly used in the energy industry, e.g. for the production of water mist in jets or con densers. Such nozzles enable the formation of a stream, and its range and efficiency depend on the design requirements. CFD (computational fluid dynamics) tools and 3D printing will be used to assess the nozzle’s effectiveness. A 3D printer based on FDM technology was used to produce nozzle prototypes. The CFD results were verified with experiment. Analyzes for four different nozzle shapes are presented and the discrepan cies between the results of the initial experimental and numerical analyses are explained. To indicate the imperfections resulting from 3D printing, a 3D scanner was used to show the internal cross-section of the nozzle. The research conducted indicates the significant potential of 3D printing in rapid prototyping and its effectiveness in creating functional models for various engineering applications.

PL

W ostatnich latach zwiększa się zainteresowanie metodami szybkiego prototypowania, które wykorzystywane są w różnych gałęziach przemysłu. Prototypy coraz częściej są wyko nywane w technologii druku 3D, co wynika głównie ze względnie niskich kosztów opra cowania i wytworzenia takiej konstrukcji oraz krótkiego czasu potrzebnego na ich fizyczne wykonanie. Praca przedstawia możliwości zastosowania technik szybkiego prototypowania na przykładzie wodnych dysz napędowych. Wykorzystywane są one głównie w energetyce, np. do produkcji mgły wodnej, w strumienicach czy skraplaczach. Dysze takie umożliwiają formowanie strugi, jej zasięgu czy wydajności w zależności od wymagań projektowych. W celu oceny efektywności dyszy wykorzystane zostaną narzędzia CFD (computational fluid dynamics) oraz druk 3D. Do wytworzenia prototypów dysz użyto drukarki 3D opartej na technologii FDM. Wyniki CFD zweryfikowano z eksperymentem. Przedstawiono analizy dotyczące czterech różnych kształtów dysz i wyjaśniono rozbieżności pomiędzy wynikami wstępnej analizy eksperymentalnej oraz numerycznej. By wskazać niedoskonałości wynika jące z druku 3D, wykorzystano skaner 3D, za pomocą którego przedstawiono wewnętrzny przekrój dyszy. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na znaczący potencjał druku 3D w szyb kim prototypowaniu oraz jego skuteczność w tworzeniu funkcjonalnych modeli dla różnych zastosowań inżynieryjnych.

14

Analiza możliwości wytwarzania niskociśnieniowych bloków zaworowych za pomocą technologii druku 3D

Kipczak Piotr

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2022

|

Vol. 11, iss. 1

74--87

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano analizę możliwości wykorzystania druku 3D do wytwarzania niskociśnieniowych bloków zaworowych. Bloki te, stosowane są w szeregu układach hydraulicznych i służą do montażu różnego rodzaju elementów hydraulicznych w niskociśnieniowych gałęziach układów. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono problematykę projektowania bloków zaworowych z wykorzystaniem programów Hydrosym i Hydroman oraz programu Creo Parametric 3.0. Następnie opisano technologie druku, które są wykorzystywane do drukowania elementów hydraulicznych z uwzględnieniem zakresu ich zastosowań. W drugiej części artykułu zaprezentowano przykładowy blok zaworowy niskociśnieniowy, który został specjalnie zaprojektowany i wydrukowany w technologii SLS. Zakres badań obejmował zarówno dokładność wymiarową wydrukowanych bloków jak i zbadanie ich własności wytrzymałościowych. Uzyskane wyniki badań pozwoliły na ocenę możliwości drukowania bloków za pomocą technologii druku SLS.

EN

The article presents an analysis of the possibility of using 3D printing to produce low- pressure valve blocks. These blocks are used in a number of hydraulic systems and are used to mount several types of hydraulic elements in low-pressure branches of systems. The first part of the article presents the issues of designing valve blocks using the Hydrosym and Hydroman programs and the Creo Parametric 3.0 program. Next, the printing technologies that are used to print hydraulic elements are described, considering the range of their applications. The second part of the article presents an example of a low-pressure valve block, which was specially designed and printed in SLS technology. The scope of research included both the dimensional accuracy of the printed blocks and the examination of their strength properties. The obtained research results allowed to assess the possibility of printing blocks using SLS printing technology..

15

Zwykły DfAM już nie wystarcza, czyli co nowego słychać w designie

Dodziuk Helena

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2022

|

R. 24, nr 3

74--80

PL

Szybkie prototypowanie (ang. rapid prototyping) było pierwszym etapem zastosowań 3DP. Następnym etapem było szybkie oprzyrządowanie (ang. rapid tooling). Obecnie jesteśmy na etapie szybkiego wytwarzania (ang. rapid manufacturing), czyli wprowadzania 3DP do produkcji średnio- i wielkoseryjnej. Nie jest to prosty proces. W najszerszym sensie obejmuje całościowe ujęcie procesu wytwarzania addytywnego od pomysłu, poprzez design, produkcję oraz dystrybucję i opis zachowania wydrukowanych w 3D części w trakcie ich użytkowania wraz ze stworzeniem pakietów oprogramowania uwzględniających wszystkie te etapy. Jednym z nich jest design czyli projektowanie... [wstęp]

16

Reverse engineering of parts with asymmetrical properties using replacement materials

Aladag Mehmet, Bernacka Monika, Joka-Yildiz Magdalena, Grodzki Wojciech, Zamojski Przemysław, Zgłobicka Izabela

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2022

|

Vol. 16, no. 3

250--258

EN

Reverse engineering (RE) aims at the reproduction of products following a detailed examination of their construction or composition. Nowadays, industrial applications of RE were boosted by combining it with additive manufacturing. Printing of reverse-engineered elements has become an option particularly when spare parts are needed. In this paper, a case study was presented that explains how such an approach can be implemented in the case of products with asymmetric mechanical properties and using replacement materials. In this case study, a reverse engineering application was conducted on a textile machine spare part. To this end, the nearest material was selected to the actual material selection and some mechanical tests were made to validate it. Next, a replacement part was designed by following the asymmetric push-in pull-out characteristic. Finally, the finite element analysis with Additive Manufacturing was combined and validated experimentally.

17

The Influence of Layer Height on the Tensile Strength of Specimens Printed in the FDM Technology

Miazio Łukasz

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

|

2021

|

nr 24(1)

51--56

EN

This article analyzes the influence of layer height on the tensile strength of PLA specimens printed in the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology. The maximum breaking force of specimens with 30% and 100% infill density was determined at layer height of 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm. In the case of 30% infill, the highest value of the force was obtained for a layer with a height of 0.05 mm (which corresponds to 22.7 MPa), and for a 100% infill for a layer of 0.2 (which corresponds to 40 MPa). Over this layer height of 0.2 mm is the most poly-optimal due to the time prints and strength (which corresponds to 19.7 MPa).

18

Zastosowanie systemów komputerowo wspomagających projektowanie w procesach planowania zabiegów chirurgicznych w obrębie obszaru żuchwy

Turek Paweł, Skowron Natalia

Przegląd Mechaniczny

|

2021

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nr 3

31--35

PL

W artykule przedstawiono obecne możliwości w zakresie projektowania oraz wytwarzania modeli struktur anatomicznych, szablonów chirurgicznych oraz implantów do planowania zabiegów chirurgicznych w obrębie obszaru żuchwy. W pierwszym etapie przedstawiono proces rekonstrukcji 3D geometrii żuchwy przy użyciu oprogramowania 3D-Slicer 4.8.1. Kolejny etap procesu polegał na cyfrowym odtworzeniu ciągłości geometrii żuchwy w miejscu wystąpienia złamania. Proces ten przeprowadzono w środowisku Meshmixer. Następnie zamodelowano geometrię płytek chirurgicznych w oprogramowaniu CATIA V5R20. Ostatni etap polegał na wykonaniu metodą przyrostową FDM modelu struktury anatomicznej żuchwy sprzed wystąpienia urazu oraz płytek chirurgicznych, które posłużyły do planowania zabiegu otworzenia ciągłości geometrii żuchwy w miejscu wystąpienia złamania.

EN

The article presents the current possibilities of designing and manufacturing models of anatomical structures, templates and implants for planning surgical procedures within the mandibular area. The first stage presented the process of 3D reconstruction of the mandible geometry using the 3D-Slicer 4.8.1 software. The next step in the process was to digitally reconstruct the continuity of the mandible geometry in the area of fracture. This process was performed in the Meshmixer software. Then, the geometry of the surgical plates was modeled in CATIA V5R20 software. The last stage presented manufacturing process of the anatomical structure of the mandible before the injury, and surgical plates using FDM technology. The final models were used to plan the procedure within the mandibular area.

19

Zastosowanie modeli z wydruku 3D w planowaniu operacji ortopedycznych u dzieci i młodzieży

Miklaszewski Krzysztof, Polak Tomasz, Grandys Krzysztof, Ozga Paweł

Przegląd Mechaniczny

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2021

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nr 2

24--27

PL

Wykorzystanie technologii wytwarzania metodami przyrostowymi (ang.: „Rapid Prototyping”) w ośrodkach leczenia nieletnich stawia większe wymagania osobom przygotowującym modele 3D (tzw.: segmentacja obrazowania medycznego) aniżeli w przypadku pacjentów dorosłych, jednak stosowanie tego rodzaju rozwiązań z reguły stanowi znaczącą wartość dodatnią w procesie leczenia. Produkcja spersonalizowanego instrumentarium medycznego wymaga spełnienie rygorystycznych przepisów oraz wysoce wyspecjalizowanych pracowników z różnych dziedzin. Jednak dzięki zastosowaniu możliwości odwzorowania patologii przy użyciu RP możliwe jest dostosowanie gotowych już instrumentów na potrzeby zabiegu. Zaprezentowany artykuł opisuje przypadki wykorzystania segmentacji obrazowania medycznego oraz RP na rzecz planowania zabiegów ortopedycznych, ich możliwości oraz przydatność.

EN

The use of incremental manufacturing technology (Rapid Prototyping) in treatment centers for minors places greater demands on those preparing 3D models (so-called: segmentation of medical imaging) than in the case of adult patients, but the use of such solutions usually provides significant added value to the treatment process. The production of personalized medical devices requires compliance with strict regulations and highly specialized staff from various disciplines. However, with the use of pathology mapping with RP, it is possible to customize already finished instruments for the treatment. This paper describes the use cases of medical imaging segmentation and RP for orthopedic surgery planning, their capabilities and usefulness.

20

Analiza dokładności wykonania ubytku kości jarzmowej techniką przyrostową FDM

Turek Paweł, Bukowska Natalia

Przegląd Mechaniczny

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2021

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nr 1

19--22

PL

W artykule zweryfikowano dokładność wykonania uzupełnienia ubytku części kości jarzmowej przy użyciu współrzędnościowego systemu pomiarowego oświetlającego obiekt światłem laserowym. W pierwszym etapie przedstawiono proces rekonstrukcji 3D geometrii kości jarzmowej przy użyciu oprogramowania 3D-Slicer 4.8.1. Kolejny etap procesu polegał na zamodelowaniu uzupełnienia ubytku części kości jarzmowej. Proces ten przeprowadzono w środowisku CATIA V5R26. W efekcie końcowym tego etapu uzyskano trójwymiarowy model reprezentujący uzupełnienie ubytku części kości jarzmowej. Następnie model wykonano metodą przyrostową FDM. Proces weryfikacji błędów wykonania geometrii modelu przeprowadzono przy użyciu ramienia pomiarowego MCA II z zamontowaną głowicą laserową MMDx100.

EN

The article presents analysis of the accuracy of a zygomatic bone defect manufactured using the additive FDM technology. The first stage of research presents the 3D reconstruction process of the zygomatic bone geometry using the 3D-Slicer 4.8.1 software. The second stage of the process presents a modeling process of a defect. This process was carried out in the CATIA V5R26 software. In the end of this stage was designed a three-dimensional model representing the restoration of the defect. Then the model was manufactured using the additive FDM technology. The verification process of a geometry accuracy of the model was carried out using the MCA II measuring arm with the MMDx100 laser head.