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1

Experimental study on combustion and vibration characteristics of low-speed marine diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel

Gang Wu, Yuan Yuhao, Jiang Guohe, Guo Hao, Zhang Zhe

Polish Maritime Research

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2025

|

nr 3

154--162

EN

This study, conducted on a six-cylinder low-speed marine diesel engine (MAN 6S35ME-B9) test bench, systematically investigates the effects of biodiesel-diesel blends (B10, B30, B50) on combustion and vibration characteristics for the first time, addressing a research gap in this area. Using multi-sensor synchronised acquisition of in-cylinder pressure and vibration signals, combined with time-domain (RMS), frequency-domain (FFT), and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis, the research reveals the combustion mechanisms and vibration response characteristics of biodiesel. The results show that biodiesel’s high cetane number and oxygen content advanced the peak in-cylinder pressure, with the maximum pressure increasing as the blend ratio increased. However, its lower heating value caused higher brakespecific fuel consumption (BSFC) than D100 fuel. Vibration analysis indicated that biodiesel’s RMS values were generally higher than D100’s, especially in the 1.0-1.75 kHz mid-frequency band, which is closely related to combustion impacts. Vibration changes in the high-frequency band (1.9-2.5 kHz) might stem from knocking or mechanical impacts, with vibration characteristics showing nonlinear patterns across different blend ratios. This study’s application of the CWT method to low-speed engine vibration analysis offers theoretical and experimental support for optimising biodiesel use in ship power systems and new ideas for combustion state monitoring and fault diagnosis based on vibration signals.

2

Optimized co-solvent methanolysis of mixed non-edible oils over nano solid base catalyst derived from egg shells

Kareem Baraa A., Fadhil Abdelrahman B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 3

48--62

EN

A nano solid base catalyst (NSBC) was developed from chicken egg shells (CES) and utilized in the cosolvent methanolysis (CSM) and non-solvent methanolysis (NSM) of an equal mix of non-edible oils (waste cooking oil and wild mustard oil) into biodiesel (BD) via the optimized methodology. The NSBC was synthesized by calcinating the raw CES at 850 °C for 2 h and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The NSBC was identified using FESEM, EDX, BET surface area and pore volume, and XRD. The XRD measurement confirmed the transformation of the pristine CES into nano CaO. Also, the NSBC had a BET surface area of 11.47 m2/g, while its average pore diameter was 8.12 nm, demonstrating its mesoporous structure, which is helpful for the methanolysis of lipids into BD. The CSM of mixed oils produced the highest output of BD (91.12%) using 5.0 wt.% of NSBC, 9:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 40 wt.% of co-solvent at 60 °C for 1.5 h, while the NSM of the mixed oil produced the highest yield of BD (84.55%) at 65 °C for 2h using 5.0 wt.% of the NSBC and 12:1 methanol: oil molar ratio. Analysis of the resulting BD employing FTIR spectroscopy and TLC technique confirmed the transformation of the oils mix into BD. Moreover, 1H NMR spectroscopy measurements exhibited that the conversion of mixed oils into BD amounted to 96.96%. Additionally, the fuel properties of the resulting BD samples conformed to those established for ASTM D6751 standards. In conclusion, the NSBC catalyst derived from the CES could be utilized as an effective catalyst for the methanolysis reaction of lipids. Also, incorporating the co-solvent within the reaction medium effectively reduced the experimental conditions required to achieve the highest transformation of the oils blend into BD compared to the NSM process.

3

Microwave assisted production of biodiesel using CaO nano-catalyst produced from mango fallen leaves extract

Mahmood Sarah S., AL-Yaqoobi Atheer M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 1

248--259

EN

With technological development, the use of modern methods in producing biofuels, especially biodiesel, has become necessary to make the process more sustainable and time-efficient. In this study, the feasibility of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using CaO nanocatalyst produced from mango fallen leaves extract with the aid of microwave was explored. The effect of key parameters such as microwave power, methanol to oil w/w ratio, reaction time, and catalyst loading was studied. The results demonstrated that the highest yield of 96% was obtained at 10% microwave power at 15 minutes, 40% methanol to oil w/w ratio, and 3% catalyst loading. In addition, the augmentation in the temperature may cause to reduced yield of biodiesel. The physical and fuel characteristics of the produced biodiesel were measured; it had a viscosity of 5 mm2/s, a density of 0.889 g/cm3, and a flash point of 130 °C. In addition, the produced biodiesel was characterized by FTIR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis which ensured the presence of methyl ester.

4

A mathematical modeling of the turbulence combustion biodiesel in a compression ignition engine

Mouzong Francis Bongne, Ayissi Merlin Zacharie

Combustion Engines

|

2025

|

R. 64, nr 1

56--63

EN

The present work proposes a new model for biodiesel combustion in an internal combustion engine. This model first includes the balance equations of gas dynamics with heat release. Secondly, a model with special properties that take into account turbulence effects is incorporated. The chemical models implemented in this study are for a biofuel used at less than 100% and for biodiesel-diesel blends. The resulting model is a coupling of equations describing the combustion of biodiesel with premixing. The model obtained is interesting and applicable to a wide range of combustion problems without major modifications. It is then proposed to the scientific community in order to develop internal combustion engines capable of meeting future political expectations regarding the reduction of pollutant emissions from the combustion of internal combustion engines.

5

RCCI combustion with a partially pre-mixed concept in a diesel engine using biodiesel, di-ethyl ether, and ethanol blends

Goteti Gangeya Srinivasu, Juluru Pavanu Sai

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2025

|

Vol. 107, nr 1

27--48

EN

This research aims to optimize combustion by using alternate fuel sources. It also studies biodiesel with an ignition improver blend at an increased compression ratio of 20 by supplying ethanol with preheated air. In order to obtain baseline data, the research process was first carried out with diesel. It was then analyzed using the blend of diesel, Prosopis juliflora methyl ester as biodiesel, and an ignition improver (di-ethylether) in the same conventional mode. This blend, known as B30DEE1, is composed of 30% biodiesel, 69% diesel, and 1% di-ethylether by volume. The experiment was repeated by using combustible mixture B30DEE1+ETH, which contains biodiesel 30%, diesel 69%, di-ethylether 1% and ethanol 10% on a volume basis. The ethanol mists were added by port injection in the proportion of 10% into the preheated air stream to attain partially premixed condition for reactivity controlled combustion. The elevated brake thermal efficiency and reduced HC and CO concentrations were recorded along with the increased heat release rate at reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode.

6

Influence of lower blends of algae biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emissions

Patil Vijay Rajaram, Bhoomkar Manmohan M., Kulkarni Pravin G., Thipse Sukrut S.

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2025

|

Vol. 108, nr 2

5--23

EN

In this study, we explore the effects of utilizing lower blends of algae biodiesel (B05, B07, B10) as well as B20 and compare their performance to that of conventional diesel fuel. The blending process involves the use of the transesterification method, which has been identified as suitable for this purpose. A single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine with a compression ratio (CR) of 18:1 is employed for the performance and emission analysis. Various performance parameters, including Torque, Brake Power (BP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), and Brake Thermal Efficiency (Bth), are assessed. Additionally, emission parameters, including Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions, are measured. The obtained results are then compared with the performance and emissions of pure diesel fuel. It is observed that there is minimal variation in torque and brake power when compared to diesel fuel. Furthermore, both brake power and brake thermal efficiency show slight improvements for B05, B07, and B10 blends as compared to pure diesel fuel. The BSFC remains relatively consistent across all lower blends. Notably, the emissions of Hydrocarbons (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) exhibit considerable reductions in the B05 and B07 blends compared to pure diesel fuel, as well as B10 and B20 blends. However, as the percentage of algae in the blend increases, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions become more pronounced.

7

Experimental Investigation of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Cotton Seed Biodiesel / Diesel Blends with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

Kumar Dubba Santhosh, Pisini Raminaidu, Kelli Durgaprasad, Bammidi Roopsandeep, Vanam Jaya Prasad, Turali Narayana

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2025

|

Vol. 46, no. 3

151--161

EN

This study uniquely investigates cotton seed oil as a biodiesel source, a less-explored feedstock, and evaluates the role of TiO2 nanoparticles in enhancing performance and emission characteristics. The use of a variable compression ratio engine under diverse load conditions further distinguishes this work from existing studies on nanoparticle-blended biofuels. The biodiesel was produced via transesterification and blended at various proportions, with and without TiO2 additives. Experimental tests were conducted on a variable compression ratio diesel engine under varying load conditions: one-fourth, half, three-fourths, and full load. The results were compared against conventional diesel fuel. Among the tested blends, B40 (40% biodiesel, 60% diesel) without TiO2 exhibited the highest brake thermal efficiency, exceeding that of diesel by 5.4%, and achieved the highest mechanical efficiency (58.31%) at full load condition. Fuel consumption increased proportionally with load across all fuel types. Notably, B40 without TiO2 also recorded the lowest hydrocarbon emissions, with a reduction of 34 ppm at full load, which corresponds to a 45% decrease compared to conventional diesel. Carbon monoxide emissions were effectively eliminated in TiO2-blended fuels due to improved combustion. Additionally, nitrogen oxides emissions were reduced by 1.1% in B40 when TiO2 was incorporated. Overall, the findings highlight that cotton seed biodiesel, particularly when enhanced with TiO2 nanoparticles, can offer substantial improvements in engine performance and emission control compared to conventional diesel.

8

Comparing adding Co3O4 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles to improve the performance and emission of biodiesel fuel prepared from waste oils in diesel engines

Hassan Qais Hussein, Alalwan Hayder Abdulkhaleq, Alminshid Alaa Hani, Mohammed Malik M.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 10

150--161

EN

This study examined the effect of adding 50 parts per million [ppm] of either Co₃O₄ or Fe₃O₄ metal-oxide nanoparticles to biodiesel produced from used sunflower oil via transesterification on diesel-engine performance and exhaust pollution reduction. The two powders were first examined using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area tests. Next, the nanoparticles (NPs) were fed into a four-stroke, single-cylinder engine running at a steady 2500 rpm, and their effect was measured across a range of loads. Measurements included brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake power (B.P.), brake-thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), exhaust gases (CO, HC, CO₂, NOₓ, and soot), and noise. Adding either NPs improved BSFC by up to 6.6% and 3.3% for cobalt and iron oxides, respectively, and improved efficiency compared to straight biodiesel by 2.7%, 1.4%, respectively. Co₃O₄ outperformed Fe₃O₄, likely because it carries more oxygen and a higher calorific value. Both additives reduced CO and HC by up to 23% and 18%, respectively, yet increased NOₓ; Fe₃O₄ caused a smaller increase. Overall, metal-oxide NPs show promise as simple, low-dose boosters for cleaner, more efficient diesel engines.

9

Investigation of mustard seed biodiesel as alternative fuel for compression ignition engine

Bena Welteji, Hasan Nasim, Stręk Tomasz

Vibrations in Physical Systems

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2024

|

Vol. 35, nr 2

art. no. 2024218

EN

The global demand for energy is exponentially increasing, driven by population growth and technological advancements. Most of the sources of energy used worldwide are fossil fuels and natural gas. However, the limited availability of these energy resources is a significant challenge faced currently. In the present work, an investigation of mustard seed biodiesel is carried out as an alternative energy source. The transesterification process was employed to prepare biodiesel and experimental method were implemented to determine fuel properties. The density and viscosity of pure mustard oil were high compared to pure diesel. Additionally, the amount of load applied and the different blend types determine the overall engine performance. This study showed that mustard seed biofuel blended with diesel is capable of running the diesel engine and can be used as the best alternative energy sources.

10

Pobieranie próbek paliw ciekłych do badań z uwzględnieniem norm prawnych w kontekście awarii silników o zapłonie samoczynnym

Olszowski Sławomir

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2024

|

R. 79, nr 2/3

13--19

PL

W dobie rosnącej złożoności systemów motoryzacyjnych, jakość paliwa ma kluczowe znaczenie dla efektywności i niezawodności pojazdów. W artykule zaprezentowano nowe eksperckie podejście do procesu pobierania i analizy próbek paliwa ciekłego w kontekście awarii układu paliwowego. Zaprezentowano procedurę pobierania próbek paliwa, i wykazano adekwatne stany układów silnika, przy których pobieranie próbek paliwa do badania jest kluczowe. Autor zwrócił uwagę na braki w obecnych praktykach i proponuje nowe podejście, oparte na obowiązujących normach prawnych. Celem jest nie tylko zwiększenie efektywności i niezawodności układów paliwowych, ale również ochrona interesów konsumentów i przedsiębiorców przez minimalizowanie ryzyka kosztownych napraw technicznych.

EN

In an era of increasing complexity in automotive systems, fuel quality is crucial for vehicle efficiency and reliability. The article presents a new expert approach to the process of collecting and analysing liquid fuel samples in the context of fuel system failures. It introduces a procedure for fuel sample collection and identifies the specific engine conditions where such sampling is key. The author highlights shortcomings in current practices and proposes a new approach based on existing legal standards. The goal is not only to enhance the efficiency and reliability of fuel systems but also to protect the interests of consumers and businesses by minimizing the risk of costly technical repairs.

11

The performance of a developed diesel vehicle to run on WCO biodiesel at variable speeds and loads

Ibrahim Said M. A., Abed Kamal A., Gad M.S., Mustafa Hassan M.M.

Polityka Energetyczna

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2024

|

T. 27, z. 2

105--128

EN

Vehicle emissions and performance fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel is the main topic of this research. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification with physical and chemical characteristics comparable to diesel. B20 is a methyl ester of 20% blended with diesel. A diesel vehicle was modified and equipped with all measuring instruments needed to perform all experiments. The variable speed and load tests were conducted on the vehicle to measure the performance and emissions at different loads (0–30 kW) and different speeds (0–33 km/h). The vehicle speed was the maximum attained for each gear with a constant fuel flow rate without external fuel control at a steady state. At a vehicle speed of 33 km/h, the greatest increases in fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature for biodiesel B20 were 17 and 6%, respectively, as related to pure diesel. At a vehicle speed of 33 km/h, B20 reduced the distance traveled, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations compared to diesel by 22, 9 and 10%, respectively. At a vehicle speed of 33 km/h, the increases in nitrogen oxides and oxygen concentrations of B20 were 4 and 3% higher, respec-tively, than crude diesel over the whole tested load range. The biggest increases in distance, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature for B20 over diesel were 13, 3, and 2%, respectively, at a vehicle load of 30 kW. The B20 blend decreased CO and hydrocarbon emissions related to diesel by 17 and 32%, respectively, at a vehicle load of 30 kW. The increases in nitrogen oxides and oxygen concentrations of B20 across the whole load range were 11 and 3% higher than pure diesel at a vehicle load of 30 kW, respectively. Biodiesel blend B20 is suggested for application in vehicles providing that the vehicle is moderately loaded.

PL

Głównym tematem badań podjętych w niniejszym artykule są emisje i osiągi pojazdów napędzanych biodieslem odpadowym z oleju spożywczego. Biodiesel powstał w procesie transestryfikacji o właściwościach fizycznych i chemicznych porównywalnych z olejem napędowym. B20 to 20% ester metylowy zmieszany z olejem napędowym. Zmodyfikowano pojazd z silnikiem diesla i wyposażono go we wszystkie przyrządy pomiarowe potrzebne do przeprowadzenia wszystkich eksperymentów. Przeprowadzono testy zmiennej prędkości i obciążenia pojazdu, aby zmierzyć jego osiągi i emisję przy różnych obciążeniach (0–30 kW) i różnych prędkościach (0–33 km/h). Prędkość pojazdu była maksymalną osiąganą na każdym biegu przy stałym natężeniu przepływu paliwa bez zewnętrznego sterowania paliwem w stanie ustalonym. Przy prędkości pojazdu wynoszącej 33 km/h największe wzrosty zużycia paliwa i temperatury spalin dla biodiesla B20 wyniosły odpowiednio 17 i 6% w porównaniu do czystego oleju napędowego. Przy prędkości pojazdu wynoszącej 33 km/h B20 zmniejszył przebyty dystans oraz stężenie tlenku węgla i węglowodorów w porównaniu do oleju napędowego odpowiednio o 22, 9 i 10%. Przy prędkości pojazdu wynoszącej 33 km/h przyrosty stężeń tlenków azotu i tlenu B20 były w całym badanym zakresie obciążeń odpowiednio o 4 i 3% większe niż w przypadku surowego oleju napędowego. Największy wzrost zasięgu, zużycia paliwa i temperatury spalin dla B20 w porównaniu z olejem napędowym wyniósł odpowiednio 13, 3 i 2% przy obciążeniu pojazdu 30 kW. Mieszanka B20 zmniejszyła emisję CO i węglowodorów związaną z olejem napędowym odpowiednio o 17 i 32% przy obciążeniu pojazdu 30 kW. Wzrosty stężeń tlenków azotu i tlenu B20 w całym zakresie obciążenia były odpowiednio o 11 i 3% wyższe niż w przypadku czystego oleju napędowego przy obciążeniu pojazdu 30 kW. Mieszankę biodiesla B20 zaleca się stosować w pojazdach pod warunkiem, że pojazd jest umiarkowanie obciążony.

12

Effects on of blended biodiesel and heavy oil on engine combustion and black carbon emissions of a low-speed two-stroke engine

Wei Cunfeng, Jiang Guohe, Wu Gang, Zhou Yu, Liu Yuanyuan

Polish Maritime Research

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2024

|

nr 1

94--101

EN

The effects of heavy fuel oil and biodiesel blends on engine combustion and emissions were studied in a marine twostroke diesel engine. The engine was operated under propeller conditions using five different fuels with biodiesel blends of 10% (B10), 30% (B30), 50% (B50), and sulphur contents of 0.467% low sulphur fuel oil (LSFO) and 2.9% high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO). Tests have shown that using a biodiesel blend increases the engine fuel consumption due to its lower calorific value. Heavy fuel oil has a high Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content, which leads to higher exhaust temperatures due to severe afterburning in the engine. A comparison of engine soot emissions under different fuel conditions was carried out, and it was found that the oxygen content in biodiesel promoted the oxidation of soot particles during the combustion process, which reduced the soot emissions of biodiesel. Compared to HSFO, B10, B30, B50 and LSFO, the soot emission concentrations were reduced by 50.2%, 56.4%, 61% and 37.4%, respectively. In our experiments, the soot particles in the engine exhaust were sampled with a thermal float probe. Using Raman spectroscopy analysis, it was found that as the biodiesel ratio increased, the degree of carbonisation of the soot particles in the exhaust became less than that in the oxygenation process, resulting in a decrease in the degree of graphitisation.

13

The Influence of Using Biodiesel Prepared from Cresson Oil on Emissions and Performance of CI Engines

Imran Murtdha S., Saleh Fouad Alwan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 1

84--98

EN

The experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of using Cresson oil biodiesel on CI engine emissions and performance. This research aimed to examine how using innovative biodiesel blend formulations made from Cresson oil affected the performance and emissions of CI engines. The proportion of Cresson oil biodiesel added to conventional Iraqi diesel fuel into volume amounted to 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The engine compression ratio was set to 18, and the fuel injection timing was set at 23º bTDC. The experiments show that this biodiesel reduces the thermal efficiency, heat release, delay time, and cylinder pressure of the engine while increasing the exhaust temperature (EGT) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). There has been an increase in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxide (CO2), in addition to a reduction in emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and unburned hydrocarbons (HC).

14

The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Emitted Pollutants from a Domestic Boiler Powered by Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels

Hamdan Mohammad, Sarsak Abdulrahman, Abdelhafez Eman, AL-Maghalseh Maher

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 8

46--53

EN

In the present study, the effect of biofuel and nano biofuel on the performance of a domestic boiler was investigated and compared with the pollutants emitted during the burning of diesel fuel. The biofuel was produced from waste cooking oil using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) with different concentrations of 0.05% /L, 0.1% /L, 0.15% /L, 0.2% /L, and 0.25% /L were added to the produced biodiesel to form a nano biofuel that was used to power a domestic boiler for demonstration purposes. The obtained performance results were compared using the same boiler when operating with biofuel and nano biofuel, respectively. When operated with different CNT concentrations, the emitted species from the boiler were also investigated by sampling the exhaust gases in each studied case. This study revealed that the performance of the boiler when operated with CNT was enhanced by decreasing the toxic emitted gasses and increasing the outlet water temperature compared to the case of the boiler with the biofuel alone. It increased the outlet water temperature and decreased the NOx (ppm) emissions.

15

Recyclable and Reusable Catalyst of Chitosan-Modified MgAl-Layered Double Hydroxide for Biodiesel Production

Fatimah Is, Yuliyanti, Hayati Catur, Fikriyah Aviyatul, Kamari Azlan Bin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 12

136--145

EN

Study of chitosan modification to MgAl-LDH to increase surface basicity for improving biodiesel production from palm oil has been performed. Modification was conducted by chitosan gel impregnation onto prepared MgAl-LDH. Furthermore, the physicochemical character of material was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, gas sorption analysis, and determination of solid basicity. The XRD, specific surface area, pore distribution, and TEM analyses confirmed the reduced specific surface area due to the exfoliated LDH conformation. However, the increased surface basicity aroused from the modification leads to improved catalytic activity and yield. The maximum biodiesel yield of 92.8 % was achieved by the methanol to oil ratio of 10:1 at 90°C for 2 h. The prominent reusability until the 5th cycle of usage without significant activity change is a potency for advocating the suitability of the low-cost catalysis technology for commercial biodiesel production.

16

Experimental Assessment of the Impact of Biodiesel Blends and Methanol on Emissions and Performance in a Semi-Industrial Boiler

Allawi Mohammed Kadhim, Saleh Fouad Alwan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 1

115--126

EN

Recently, there has been a growing interest in biodiesel due to its utilization of renewable resources, which is particularly significant given the increasing depletion of fossil fuel stocks. The utilization of Cresson weed in biodiesel fuel production is a pioneering application of botanical herbs within the biodiesel industry. This study compares the combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuel B10, B20, B40, B60, and D80B10M10 blends with petroleum diesel. This analysis examined the combustion process across various equivalence ratios in semi-industrial boilers. The study examined the combustion efficiency, flue gas emissions (CO, CO2, T exhaust, and HC), as well as flame length. The obtained findings show that adding more biodiesel fuel to diesel fuel increases its combustion efficiency above and beyond what is possible with regular diesel fuel at high energy levels. In addition, blends like B60 and other mixtures like D80B10M10 emit lower levels of pollutants, such as CO, than diesel as well as increase T exhaust and CO2, which indicates the completion of combustion.

17

Estry o znaczeniu przemysłowym

Hobzda Agnieszka, Siewniak Agnieszka

Chemik

|

2024

|

Nr 3-4

184--188

PL

Estry znajdują zastosowanie w wielu gałęziach przemysłu. W branży biopaliwowej są kluczowym składnikiem biodiesla. W kosmetyce pełnią rolę emolientów, emulgatorów oraz substancji zapachowych. W farmacji estry stosowane są jako składniki leków i suplementów diety, a w przemyśle spożywczym jako barwniki czy substancje aromatyzujące. W ramach przeglądu omówione zostały różne metody otrzymywania estrów oraz ich zastosowania w wybranych branżach przemysłowych.

EN

Esters are used in various branches of industry. In the biofuel industry, they are a key component of biodiesel. In cosmetics, they serve as emollients, emulsifiers, and fragrance ingredients. In pharmaceuticals, esters are used as components in drugs and dietary supplements, while in the food industry, they are used as colorants and flavoring agents. This review discusses different methods of ester production and their applications in selected industrial sectors.

18

Investigations on the performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine powered by biodiesel derived from palm oil and antioxidant additives

Pandian Balu, Harigaran Arumugam

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2024

|

Vol. 106, nr 4

18--30

EN

Fossil fuel supplies are being depleted and environmental pollution is increasing due to the transportation and industry sectors' growing intensification. Biodiesel is a cheap, abundant, and environmentally beneficial fuel source that may be used. This study aims to reduce pollution in diesel engines by adding L-ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, to palm oil biodiesel (PB20, 20% palm biodiesel + 80% diesel). Solvent extraction was used to obtain palm oil from the discarded palm. Alkali transesterification was used to turn palm oil into biodiesel. Fuel samples consisting of 90% biodiesel + 10% L-ascorbic acid (PB20L10) and 95% biodiesel + 5% L-ascorbic acid (PB20L5) are created with varying percentages of antioxidant ingredient added to the biodiesel. The results of the experimental study show that, in comparison to diesel fuel and PB20, the oxides of nitrogen emissions from PB20L5 and PB20L10 are much lower. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is also reduced with an antioxidant added to biodiesel in comparison with PB20. Additionally, PB20 emissions increased modestly when antioxidant ingredient was added.

19

Experimental investigations of CI engine performance using ternary blends of n-butanol/biodiesel/diesel and n-octanol/biodiesel/diesel

Singh Ashish Kumar, Pali Harveer Singh, Khan Mohammad Mohsin

Archives of Thermodynamics

|

2024

|

Vol. 45, no. 1

109--118

EN

This study explored the ternary blends of biodiesel-diesel-n-butanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-octanol on common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines. The compositions of fuels, which varied from 0% to 100%, were altered by up to 5%. On the basis of their properties, these blends were chosen, with various concentrations of alcohol at 5% and 10%, 5% diesel, and the remainder being biodiesel. Two ternary fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and butanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5B5 and BD85D5B10, and subsequently, another two ternary similar blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and octanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5O5 and BD85D5O10, were used to conduct the experiments. The experiments were done with varying injection pressure from 17° to 29° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC). The optimum condition for the blends is achieved at 26°CA bTDC for 80% loading. So, the engine trials were conducted on 26°CA bTDC to attain the results. The BD90D5O10 blend achieved the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reading of 0.308 kg/kWh while operating at full load. The maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was 31.46% for BD90D5B5. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) achieved with BD85D5O5 fuel blend was 58.54 J/°CA. The quantity of carbon monoxide that BD85D5B10 created was the lowest (25.86 g/kWh). BD85D5B10 had a minimal unburned hydrocarbon emission of 0.157 g/kWh while operating at full load. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were emitted in the maximum quantity by BD85D5O10, which was equal to 6.01 g/kWh. This study establishes the viability of blends of biodiesel and alcohol as an alternative for petro-diesel in the future to meet the growing global energy demand.

20

Allometry of nanoparticles in diesel-biodiesel blends for CI engine performance, combustion and emissions

Ahmed Mohd Mujtaba, Pali Harveer Singh, Khan Mohammad Mohsin

Archives of Thermodynamics

|

2024

|

Vol. 45, no. 1

99--108

EN

Most countries in the world are facing two major challenges, one is the increase in the demand for energy consumption difficult to fulfill because of limited fossil fuel, and the second is the emission norms specified by many countries. Various methods are adopted to reduce emissions from engines but that leads to sacrificing the performance of CI engines. To eradicate this problem in the present study, the nanoparticles like (TiO2) are used with different particle sizes 10–30 nm, 30–50 nm and 50–70 nm induced in B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) with the constant volume fraction of 100 ppm, and utilized in the diesel engine without any modifications. The results showed that the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles improves the combustion of hydrocarbons and reduces the emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbon concentration, NOx and soot. Moreover, among three sizes of the nanoparticles, those with size 30–50 nm showed interesting results with the reduction in brake-specific energy consumption, NOx, smoke and HC by 2.9%, 16.2%, 35% and 10%, respectively, compared to other blends used in the study, and hence the blend with the nanoparticle of size 30–50 nm is expected to be a more promising fuel for commercial application in CI engines.