Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Wykorzystanie chromatografii cienkowarstwowej oraz analizy widmowej do oceny procesów starzeniowych lepiszczy asfaltowych

Ratajczak Maria, Budziński Bartosz, Mieczkowski Paweł

Przegląd Budowlany

|

2026

|

R. 97, nr 3

175--179

PL

Zachodzące w asfalcie procesy starzeniowe wpływają na jego parametry techniczne, pogarszając jego cechy użytkowe. Do oceny podatności na starzenie lepiszcza asfaltowego stosowane są różne techniki badawcze. Najczęściej stosowanymi jest ocena zmiany penetracji oraz temperatury mięknienia asfaltu poddanego laboratoryjnej symulacji procesów starzenia. Alternatywnymi metodami służącymi do oceny podatności lepiszcza asfaltowego na starzenie mogą być chromatografia cienkowarstwowa oraz analiza widmowa w zakresie średniej podczerwieni.

EN

The ageing processes that occur in bitumen affect its technical parameters, deteriorating its performance characteristics. Various testing techniques are used to evaluate the ageing susceptibility of bitumen binder. The most commonly used are the evaluation of the change of the penetration and the softening point of bitumen subjected to the laboratory simulation of ageing processes. Alternative methods for assessing the ageing susceptibility of bitumen binder can be thin-layer chromatography and mid-infrared spectral analysis.

2

Assessment of the chemical and mineral stability of ash – slag mixtures and the leachability of heavy metals under simulated weathering conditions

Mizerna Kamila, Batog Barbara, Kołodziej Szymon, Król Anna

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2026

|

Vol. 52, no. 2

130--139

EN

Solid waste from coal combustion deposited in landfills many years ago may constitute a potential secondary raw material resource for industrial applications. However, this requires the examination of a wide range of parameters of these wastes. This study aimed to determine the changes in chemical and mineralogical composition of ash-slag mixtures derived from coal-based power generation, as well as the leachability of heavy metals under the influence of accelerated weathering conditions. The study was based on samples collected from different depths of an ash-slag landfill. The samples were subjected to innovative testing in a chamber simulating variable humidity and temperature conditions, followed by aging in a separate chamber designed primarily to evaluate the effects of ultraviolet radiation. Chemical composition analysis revealed the dominance of silica, aluminum, and iron, with only minor changes after simulated processes. X-ray diffraction methods confirmed the presence of amorphous phases, quartz, mullite, and hematite, as well as calcite as a secondary phase formed during long-term storage. Heavy metals exhibited low leachability (total ≤ 1.56 mg/kgd.m.), with concentrations below the permissible limits for non-hazardous waste landfills. The stability of pH and the absence of significant changes in mineral composition after testing indicate good resistance of the mixtures to weathering processes.

PL

Odpady stałe pochodzące ze spalania węgla, zdeponowane na składowiskach wiele lat temu, mogą stanowić potencjalne źródło surowców wtórnych do przemysłowych zastosowań. Wymaga to jednak zbadania szerokiego zakresu parametrów tych odpadów. Celem badań było określenie zmian składu chemicznego i mineralogicznego mieszanin popiołowo-żużlowych pochodzących z energetyki opartej na spalaniu węgla, a także wymywalności metali ciężkich pod wpływem przyspieszonych procesów wietrzenia. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem próbek pobranych z różnych głębokości składowiska mieszanin popiołowo-żużlowych. Próbki poddano innowacyjnym testom w komorze symulującej zmienne warunki wilgotności i temperatury, a następnie starzeniu w oddzielnej komorze zaprojektowanej przede wszystkim do oceny wpływu promieniowania ultrafioletowego. Analiza składu chemicznego wykazała dominację krzemionki, glinu i żelaza oraz jedynie niewielkie zmiany po przeprowadzonych procesach symulacyjnych. Metody dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej potwierdziły obecność faz amorficznych, kwarcu, mulitu i hematytu, a także kalcytu jako fazy wtórnej powstałej podczas długotrwałego składowania. Metale ciężkie wykazywały niską wymywalność (łącznie ≤ 1,56 mg/kg s.m.), a ich stężenia pozostawały poniżej dopuszczalnych limitów dla składowisk odpadów innych niż niebezpieczne. Stabilność pH oraz brak istotnych zmian w składzie mineralnym po przeprowadzonych badaniach wskazują na dobrą odporność mieszanin na procesy wietrzenia.

3

Small springs in a big city : Status, stressors, and long-term changes of their water properties across Warsaw

Łaszewski Maksym A., Suchożebrski Jarosław, Dmowski Igor, Staszak Maciej

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2025

|

no. 65

15--23

EN

The present study attempted to identify the current status and stressors affecting spring water properties in an urban area, using the example of the Warsaw agglomeration. For this purpose, they study monitored hydrological and hydrochemical properties of three springs, each draining a Quaternary porous aquifer and representing different anthropopressure across the city. The measurements of discharge and physico-chemical parameters were carried out regularly twice a month from June 2023 to May 2024, while the chemical composition, including main cations and anions, was determined once every two-month period using ion chromatography. The results documented a good agreement between the degree and timing of impact of human-induced alternations and the physico-chemical properties of spring waters. The highest total dissolved solids (TDS) and concentrations of Cl-, SO42-, and Na+ were measured in the most urbanised areas. Seasonal changes in the spring water chemistry, primarily in terms of main anions, confirmed their anthropogenic origin, related to different deposition and migration over time. A comparison with archival data proved significant long-term transformation of spring properties, including gradual decrease of their discharge, increase in water temperature, and changes to the hydrochemical type. Such an evolution of groundwater quality reflects the impact of climate warming and human activities, including increase in the degree of imperviousness as a result of urbanisation, application of road maintenance chemicals, and emission of pollution to the atmosphere. The results provide the most recent insight on shallow groundwater status and stressors in Warsaw and reflect intensive modification of the aquifer system across the urban environment.

4

Effect of gaseous ozone and storage time on chemical and mechanical properties of Vitis vinifera L. fruits

Zardzewiały Miłosz, Gorzelany Józef, Belcar Justyna, Basara Oskar, Kuźniar Piotr

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2025

|

no. 67

120--127

EN

Grapes are an important source of essential micro- and macro-nutrients, vitamins, and bioactive compounds that support human health. Their chemical composition can vary depending on factors such as harvest timing and storage duration. In this study, the impact of ozone treatment at a concentration of 10 ppm applied for 15 and 30 minutes was evaluated in relation to selected chemical and mechanical properties of Vitis vinifera L. fruit. In the Vitis vinifera fruit of the studied varieties, the content of chemical compounds varied depending on the cultivar. Fruit storage had significant effect on the content of health-promoting substances, which decreased with prolonged storage time. Fruit subjected to the ozonation process, depending on the concentration applied, exhibited a 2.54% higher content of vitamin C and a 29.1% increase in phenolic compounds. The ‘Barbera Bianca’ cultivar was characterized by the greatest resistance to mechanical damage compared to the other varieties. After 22 days of storage, the fruit was characterized by greater hardness than in the other storage periods. Storing grapes at low temperatures for a longer period caused changes in mechanical properties, which reduced the value of the fruit. The use of gaseous ozone had a significant effect on selected chemical and mechanical properties of grapes. The use of post-harvest fruit ozonation may contribute to the advancement of fruit storage technologies for the majority of grape varieties.

5

Determination of the liberation size of Mekaneselam iron ore in the southern wollo zone, northern Ethiopia: implications for benefificiation

Meseret Getahun, Kebede Bisrat, Digafe Belayneh

Journal of Sustainable Mining

|

2025

|

Vol. 24, iss. 1

53--64

EN

Previous investigations in the target area primarily focused on ore genesis or the geological formations of the ore deposit, neglecting the specific beneficiation aspects associated with the ore. Due to gaps with respect to beneficiation aspects,the research aimed to determine the liberation size of the target ironbearing ore mineral through mineralogical identification, chemical composition analysis, and examination of the particle size distribution. In this study, various methods were employed, including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), X-ray fluorescence (X-RF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and sieve analysis. The chemical composition analysis of Mekaneselam iron ore revealed significant amount of 16.55–77.59 % Fe2O3, 7.31–59.02% SiO2, 1.44–17.38% Al2O3, and minor compositions of P2O5 resulting from X-RF and AAS compositional analysis. P80 of the ground ore sample occurred at a size of 1100μm. The size-wise chemical compositional analysis using AAS indicated a higher weight percentage of the target ore mineral within the sieve size range of (-250μm +180μm). This indicates ,the appropriate liberation size of the target iron-bearing ore mineral falls within the sieve size range of (-250μm and +180μm).This finding is most important as it provides crucial information for the beneficiation process, allowing for the optimization of grinding and subsequent extraction operations.

6

The influence of fertilisation systems on the productivity and quality of different varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Hetman Nadia, Karbivska Uliana, Hryhoriv Yaroslava, Degtyarjov Vasyl, Marenych Mykola, Malynka Lesia, Kurhak Vladymyr, Golodna Antonina, Veklenko Yurii, Gniezdilova Victoria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 4

220--227

EN

The article investigated the influence of different fertilisation systems on the productivity and quality of Medicago sativa L. of different varieties. The peculiarities of green mass formation and seed yields depending on the use of organic and mineral fertilisers were studied. Changes in quality indicators, such as protein, fibre and other nutrients in plants, were evaluated. The highest productivity of the thickness of Medicago sativa grass was achieved when mowing at the beginning of flowering. On the basis of the yield of dry matter and crude protein, the varieties were ranked in the following order: Rosana, Banat VS, Nasoloda, Unitro, Narechena Pivnochi. The maximum crude protein yield (6.98–7.31 t/ha) was observed during mowing at the early flowering phase, which exceeded the indicators at the budding stage by 0.07–0.60 t/ha. At the same time, the forage harvested at the budding phase had higher protein content, ranging from 193 to 211 g. The research results indicate a significant impact of fertilisation systems on the productivity and chemical composition of Medicago sativa, which is important for optimising agronomic practices in the cultivation of this crop. Adherence to alfalfa cultivation technologies is a key factor in ensuring high productivity of the grass thickness. On the grey forest soils of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, the use of alfalfa varieties of different eco-geographical origins allows for the stable production of plant raw materials for high-quality feed in the form of hay, haylage, pellets, or grass meal.

7

Czosnek – naturalna tarcza odporności w zimowych miesiącach

Dzida Katarzyna

Aura : Ochrona Środowiska

|

2025

|

Nr 12

4--6

PL

Wzrost zainteresowania zdrową żywnością spowodował, że od kilku lat wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na żywność funkcjonalną, w skład której wchodzą naturalne produkty posiadające unikalną wartość odżywczą oraz składniki pokarmowe, które wywołują korzystne efekty zdrowotne. Do takich produktów można zaliczyć czosnek, który wykazuje prewencję wielu chorób cywilizacyjnych. Czosnek jest niezwykle bogatym surowcem w różnorodne substancje biologicznie czynne, które wykazują istotny wpływ na przemiany wewnątrzkomórkowe. Badania wykazały, iż czosnek posiada właściwości przeciwbakteryjne, przeciwwirusowe, przeciwgrzybicze, przeciwzapalne, przeciwzakrzepowe, a także przeciwutleniające i przeciwnowotworowe.

EN

The growing interest in healthy eating has led to a growing demand for functional foods in recent years, including natural products with unique nutritional value and nutrients that can have beneficial health benefits. Garlic is one such product, which have been shown to prevent many lifestyle diseases. Garlic is an exceptionally rich source of various biologically active substances that significantly influence intracellular metabolism. Studies have shown that garlic possesses antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidant properties.

8

Characterization of Mine Tailings and Fly Ash from Bulgaria as Raw Materials for Geopolymerisation

Radoykova Temenuzhka, Ilieva Darya, Angelova Lyudmila, Surleva Andriana, Chernev Georgi

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2025

|

Vol. 70, iss. 1

445--452

EN

Geopolymers present a modern low CO2 footprint alternative of traditional building materials. The reuse of industrial waste or by-products as raw materials could address important ecological problems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of mine tailings and coal combustion by-products from Bulgaria as raw materials for the preparation of geopolymers. Three mine tailings and two coal combustion by-products from thermal power stations were characterized. Appropriate validated analytical methods were combined to retrieve detailed information. The studied samples contented relatively high percentage of Al2O3(17-21%) and SiO2 (68-53%), and low concentration of sulfur (0.02-3.5% as SO3). The alumosilicates, proved by XRD, are expected to show high reactivity in alkaline media, however some less reactive mineral phases were also observed. The aqueous slurry was alkaline pH 8-11, the fly ash contained the highest concentration of components ionized in water solution. Heavy metals content was found to be at micro or trace levels. The copper content was 56-818 mg/kg, Pb 127-2 mg/kg, Cr 1-71 mg/kg. The results showed that the studied mine tailings and fly ash could be used as precursors for geopolymer obtaining after fine adjustment of the technology to account for the specific characteristics of raw materials.

9

PM10 source apportionment at two urban sites in Southern Poland

Reizer Magdalena, Maciejewska Katarzyna, Błaszczak Barbara, Klejnowski Krzysztof, Juda-Rezler Katarzyna

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2025

|

Vol. 51, no. 1

116--134

EN

The main aim of the study was to achieve a better understanding of the chemical composition, seasonal variation, and sources of ambient particulate matter in two mid-sized towns in Southern Poland, characterized by a significant air pollution issues: Nowy Targ and Zabierzów. Daily PM10 samples were chemically analyzed for the content of water-soluble ions, carbonaceous matter and trace elements. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment. The annual mean PM10 concentrations were 38 μg/m3 and 41 μg/m3 in Zabierzów and Nowy Targ, respectively. Secondary species (SIA + SOC) constituted, on average, 23% of PM10 in Nowy Targ, while in Zabierzów, this share varied from 32% to 41% during the non-heating and heating seasons, respectively. The proportion of primary pollutants (EC + POC) in PM10 substantially increased during the heating season in both locations, reaching 24% and 37% of PM10 in Zabierzów and Nowy Targ, respectively. PMF analyses identifies four sources with similar profiles at both sites: residential coal combustion, residential wood combustion, road transport, and secondary aerosol. In both locations, residential coal and wood combustion were the largest contributing sources (on average 44% and 50% of PM10 in Zabierzów and Nowy Targ, respectively), followed by road transport (on average 14% and 21% of PM10). Local sources were the dominant contributors to PM10 at both sites, accounting for 86% and 90% of PM10 in Nowy Targ and Zabierzów, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of implementing control strategies tailored to local factors to improve air quality in these towns.

PL

Głównym celem badań było lepsze zrozumienie składu chemicznego, zmienności sezonowej i źródeł pyłu zawieszonego w powietrzu w dwóch środowiskach miejskich charakteryzujących się znacznym problemem zanieczyszczenia powietrza, położonych na południu Polski, tj. w Nowym Targu i Zabierzowie. Dobowe próbki pyłu PM10 scharakteryzowano chemicznie pod kątem zawartości jonów rozpuszczalnych w wodzie, materii węglowej i pierwiastków śladowych. Do identyfikacji źródeł PM10 zastosowano dodatnią faktoryzację macierzy (Positive Matrix Factorization – PMF). Średnie roczne stężenie PM10 wynosiło 38 μg/m3 i 41 μg/m3, odpowiednio w Zabierzowie i Nowym Targu. Zanieczyszczenia wtórne (SIA + SOC) stanowiły średnio 23% PM10 w Nowym Targu, natomiast w Zabierzowie wahały się od 32% do 41% PM10, odpowiednio w sezonie niegrzewczym i grzewczym. Udział zanieczyszczeń pierwotnych (EC + POC) w PM10 znacznie wzrastał w obu lokalizacjach w sezonie grzewczym, stanowiąc od 24% do 37% PM10, odpowiednio w Zabierzowie i Nowym Targu. Analiza PMF pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie w obu lokalizacjach czterech źródeł o podobnych profilach, obejmujących spalanie węgla w sektorze komunalno-bytowym, spalanie drewna w sektorze komunalno-bytowym, transport drogowy i aerozol wtórny. W obu lokalizacjach największym źródłem emisji PM10 było spalanie węgla i drewna w sektorze komunalno- bytowym (łącznie 44% i 50% PM10, odpowiednio w Zabierzowie i Nowym Targu), a następnie transport drogowy (średnio 14% i 21% PM10). W obu lokalizacjach największy udział w stężeniach PM10 miały źródła lokalne (średnio 86% i 90% PM10, odpowiednio w Nowym Targu i Zabierzowie), co podkreśla znaczenie strategii działań naprawczych dostosowanych do lokalnych czynników kształtujących jakość powietrza w miastach.

10

Problematyka starzenia estru naturalnego - hydroliza

Szcześniak Dominika, Przybyłek Piotr, Marcinkowska Agnieszka

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2024

|

R. 100, nr 11

229--232

PL

Pomimo wielu zalet estrów naturalnych ich stosowanie w transformatorach energetycznych może przysparzać problemów wynikających z toczących się w nich procesów utleniania oraz hydrolizy. Oba mechanizmy starzenia różnią się pod względem generowanych produktów rozkładu estru, co powoduje, że procesy te w inny sposób zmieniają jego właściwości. Autorzy artykułu przedstawili wpływ procesu hydrolizy na właściwości fizykochemiczne, elektryczne oraz strukturę chemiczną estru naturalnego.

EN

Despite the many advantages of natural esters, their application in power transformers can pose problems due to the oxidation and hydrolysis processes taking place within them. The two ageing mechanisms differ in terms of the generated decay products of ester, which cause that these processes change its properties in another way. The authors of this article presented the influence of the hydrolysis process on the physicochemical, electrical and chemical properties of natural ester.

11

Polish shale formation evaluation based on chemical and isotope composition of natural gas

Janiga Marek

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

|

2024

|

nr 241

1--115

EN

The relationship between the change of carbon isotope composition of gaseous hydrocarbons in natural gas and the increase of source rock organic matter thermal maturity are especially important in the petroleum geochemistry. The thermal maturity evaluation and interpretation based on the chemical and isotope compositions is commonly performed for natural gases conventional reservoirs, shales, coals, seeps and other geological habitats. The carbon isotope composition of individual hydrocarbons in gas samples provided by the compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) can be used for interpretation and correlation purposes. On the basis of the δ¹³C value of methane, ethane and propane, the estimation of thermal transformation degree of the source rock (from which the gas was generated) can be made. In this work, organic geochemistry methods (chemical and isotope composition of gas and pyrolysis indices) are used for the shale petroleum system evaluation and to find the values of parameters determining the sweet spot. The case study of five exploration wells located in the north of Poland is presented and discussed. The work presents results of chemical/isotope composition analyses of natural gases and geochemical Rock-Eval analyses from five wells exploring the Silurian and the Ordovician shale formations. The statistical analyses were conducted with the use of the following: descriptive, correlation and liner regression. Using all the results as one statistical population, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients of the gas isotope composition with the pyrolytic and molecular indices were calculated. Surprisingly, there are no high correlations between the pyrolytic indices and the isotope composition or the chemical indices. Moderate correlations are between maturity of the source organic matter (Tmax) and the isotope composition of carbon in methane (r = 0.63). The results of carbon isotope analyses clearly differentiate samples from each well, only L-1 and O-2 wells natural gases are quite similar. Methane, ethane and propane δ¹³C values are progressively higher in sequence L-1, O-2, K-1, B-1 and W-1. The thermal maturity of the source organic matter was assessed using Tang’s mathematical model including the share of biogenic methane. The thermal maturity corresponds mainly to the range from 0.9% (L-1 and O-2) to 1.5% (B-1 and W-1) vitrinite reflectance. Natural gas compositions shows mixing with the biogenic gas (below approximately 25%). A noticeable drift of methane towards negative values in all wells samples confirmed mixing with biogenic gas (with the use of the natural gas plot - Chung plot). Values of the isotope composition of ethane and propane were also skewed (especially in W-1 and B-1; a little less in O-2 and K-1 wells). This confirmed the occurrence of secondary cracking. The inversion of the isotope composition of carbon in methane, ethane and propane (the roll-over effect) does not occur in analysed gases. Usage of the diagram (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) vs (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁) is considered to be the best way of presenting of the isotope data. For all samples, the difference between ethane and methane (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁) is constantly decreasing with an increase of thermal maturity. The propane and ethane difference (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) is increasing at lower thermal maturities (to approximately 1,5% VRo), and decreasing with higher values of maturity. This suggests presence of the secondary cracking, resulting in the sweet spot occurrence. Using the hydrocarbon composition, molecular indices were calculated (C₁/C₂+₃, C₂/C₃, i-C₄/n-C₄ and i-C₅/n-C₅). These indices are a valuable source of information about natural gas, whose complete composition analyses can be affected by the manner of taking a sample and the type of well. Similarly to the isotope composition the samples plot progressively in sequence L-1 and O-2, K-1, B-1 and W-1. The main aim of this work was to establish the values of chemical and isotope composition parameters determining sweet spots. Using the composition of gases from W-1 well (the highest thermal maturity of the source organic matter) and the Barnett reference data, approximate values at which prospective levels can be expected were defined.

PL

Skład chemiczny i izotopowy gazu zmienia się wraz termiczną dojrzałością źródłowej substancji organicznej. Suchy gaz biogeniczny o bardziej ujemnych wartościach δ¹³C przechodzi w gaz mokry okna ropnego, a następnie w suchy gaz okna gazowego o wartościach δ¹³C zbliżających się do zera. Dla gazów z formacji łupkowych zależności te są identyczne, a analizy składu chemicznego i izotopowego gazu z formacji łupkowych są wykorzystywane do typowania obszarów perspektywicznych tzw.: „sweet spots”. Celem pracy było znalezienie parametrów i ich wartości, na podstawie składu chemicznego i izotopowego, oznaczających prawdopodobne wystąpienie „sweet spot”. W tym celu wykorzystano wyniki analiz gazu z pięciu odwiertów poszukiwawczych z północy Polski. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analiz składu chemicznego i izotopowego gazów ziemnych oraz wyniki analiz geochemicznych Rock-Eval z pięciu odwiertów eksplorujących formacje łupkowe syluru i ordowiku. Analizy statystyczne przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem statystyki opisowej, korelacji i regresji liniowej. Wykorzystując wszystkie wyniki jako jedną populację statystyczną, obliczono współczynniki korelacji liniowej Pearsona dla składu izotopowego poszczególnych węglowodorów gazu ziemnego z parametrami pirolitycznymi i wskaźnikami wyliczonymi na podstawie składu chemicznego. Korelacje pomiędzy parametrami pirolitycznymi a składem izotopowym lub wskaźnikami chemicznymi nie są wysokie. Przykładowo umiarkowane korelacje występują pomiędzy dojrzałością termiczną źródłowej materii organicznej (Tmax) a składem izotopowym węgla w metanie (r = 0,63). Wyniki analiz składu izotopowego węgla wyraźnie różnicują próbki z każdego odwiertu (poza gazami z odwiertów L-1 i O-2). Wartości δ¹³C metanu, etanu i propanu są progresywnie wyższe w sekwencji L-1, O-2, K-1, B-1 i W-1. Dojrzałość termiczną źródłowej materii organicznej oceniono wykorzystując model matematyczny Tanga uwzględniający również udziału metanu biogenicznego. Dojrzałość termiczna odpowiada głównie zakresowi od 0,9% (L-1 i O-2) do 1,5% (B-1 i W-1) w skali refleksyjności witrynitu. Skład wszystkich gazów ziemnych wskazuje na mieszanie z gazem biogenicznym (udział biometanu w gazie poniżej około 25%). Odchylenie wartości δ¹³C metanu w kierunku bardziej ujemnych we wszystkich próbkach również potwierdziło mieszanie z gazem biogenicznym (graficzny model Chunga tzw.: „natural gas plot”). Także wartości składu izotopowego węgla etanu i propanu odbiegały od teoretycznych (zwłaszcza w odwiertach W-1 i B-1; nieco mniej w odwiertach O-2 i K-1). Potwierdza to występowanie wtórnego krakingu. W najbardziej produktywnych złożach gazu łupkowego występuje zwykle inwersja składu izotopowego węgla metanu, etanu i propanu (tzw.: „roll-over effect”). W analizowanych gazach zjawisko to nie wystąpiło, ale dostrzegalne są zmiany w różnicach (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) i (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁). Wykorzystanie wykresu zestawiającego obydwie te różnice uznano za najlepszy sposób przedstawienia wyników przy omawianiu zjawiska wtórnego krakingu, który może prowadzić do inwersji składu izotopowego. Dla wszystkich próbek różnica między etanem i metanem (δ¹³C-C₂ - δ¹³C-C₁) stale maleje wraz ze wzrostem dojrzałości termicznej. Różnica propanu i etanu (δ¹³C-C₃ - δ¹³C-C₂) wzrasta przy niższych dojrzałościach termicznych (do około 1,5% VRo) i maleje przy wyższych wartościach termicznej dojrzałości. Wykorzystując wyniki analiz składu chemicznego gazów obliczono wskaźniki C₁/C₂+₃, C₂/C₃, i-C₄/n-C₄ oraz i-C₅/n-C). Wskaźniki te są cennym źródłem informacji o gazie ziemnym, pozwalając uniknąć wpływu sposobu poboru i rodzaj odwiertu na skład chemiczny gazu. Podobnie jak przy wynikach analiz składu izotopowego, próbki różnicują się i tworzą sekwencję L-1 i O-2, K-1, B-1 i W-1. Głównym celem pracy było wybranie parametrów/wskaźników i ich wartości determinujących strefy perspektywiczne w formacjach łupkowych. Wykorzystując skład gazów z odwiertu W-1 (najwyższa dojrzałość termiczna źródłowej materii organicznej) oraz dane referencyjne z formacji Barnett określono przybliżone wartości składu izotopowego metanu, etanu i propanu oraz wskaźników C₁/C₂+₃, i-C₄/n-C₄ i i-C₅/n-C₅ przy których można spodziewać się wystąpienia „sweet spots”.

12

Effect of carbon nanotubes on the structure and selected properties of polymer-bitumen binders

Bieliatynskyi Andrii, Bakulich Olena, Trachevskyi Viacheslav, Ta Mingyang

Polimery

|

2024

|

Vol. 69, nr 10

539--557

EN

The effect of CNTs on the structure, rheological and mechanical properties of polymer-bitumen binders (PBB) was investigated. CNTs were obtained by pyrolysis of acetylene, toluene, dichloromethane, acetonitrile and a mixture of carbon disulfide and dichloromethane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis (DSC, TGA) were used to characterize CNTs. It was proven that CNTs stabilize PBBs, slowing down the degradation processes. Compared to the reference sample, the use of CNTs resulted in a slight decrease in both the tensile strength of the asphalt after 3 h of heating at 20°C (4%) and the compressive strength at 50°C (3%).

PL

Zbadano wpływ CNT na strukturę, właściwości reologiczne i mechaniczne lepiszczy polimerowo-bitumicznych (PBB). CNT otrzymano w wyniku pirolizy acetylenu, toluenu, dichlorometanu, acetonitrylu oraz mieszaniny disiarczku węgla i dichlorometanu. Do charakterystyki CNT zastosowano transmisyjną mikroskopię elektronową (TEM), dyfrakcję rentgenowską (XRD), spektroskopię Ramana oraz analizę termiczną (DSC, TGA). Wykazano, że CNT stabilizują PBB, spowalniając procesy degradacji. W porównaniu z próbką odniesienia zastosowanie CNT skutkowało niewielkim zmniejszeniem zarówno wytrzymałości na rozciąganie asfaltu po 3 h ogrzewania w temperaturze 20°C (4%), jak i wytrzymałości na ściskanie w temperaturze 50°C (3%).

13

Do the nutrient compositions and mineral matter contents of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) vary depending on the rearing environment?

Hamzaçebi Sevim, Öztürk Fatma

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

|

2024

|

Vol. 53, No. 1

1--6

EN

This study aimed to compare the nutrient compositions and element contents of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) reared in different environments. The biochemical analyses revealed that the ash contents of cage and earth pond-cultured fish were higher than that of wild fish (p < 0.05), while there were also significant differences in the protein, fat and moisture contents (p > 0.05). The cage-reared fish had the lowest Ca, Mg, P and S levels, while the highest levels were determined in wild fish. The highest Fe, Se and Mn levels were determined in the earth pond-reared fish. Wild fish had the lowest Fe, Zn, Se and Cr levels, while the lowest Cu and Mn levels were determined in the cage-reared fish. The cage-reared fish had the highest Zn, Cr and Ni levels. Wild fish were determined to contain high levels of As, Hg and Pb. The earth pond-reared fish had a high Cd level, while having lower As and Hg levels than those of fish reared in other environments. As a result, farmed meagre are thought to be affected by the metal content in both the feed and the water. The results of the study showed that the content of the meagre flesh varied depending on the rearing conditions.

14

Comparison of the quality of rail steel from the nineteenth century converter processes and the modern oxygen-converter process

Żak Sylwester, Ropka Tomasz

Materials Science Poland

|

2024

|

Vol. 42, No. 3

39--54

EN

This article presents the results of comparative tests for rails produced at the end of the nineteenth century using the steel production processes used at that time in relation to currently produced rails in the standard, not heat-treated R260 steel grade, and heat-treated high-hardness R350HT steel grade. Detailed results of steel quality assessment are presented, including oxide cleanness tests and macro- and microstructure analyses for each rail. The influence of the main elements on the morphology of the microstructure of individual rails is discussed, illustrating the description with numerous photos. An analysis of the chemical composition of each steel grade is provided, analysing the differences in the chemical composition of rails from different manufacturing processes. The results of hardness measurements in the rail head as an indicator of the rails’ abrasion resistance are also presented. The article also discusses the steel production processes used since the mid- nineteenth century, taking into account their positive and negative features in relation to the currently used steel production process.

15

Acid Modification of Georgian Natural Heulandite

Tsitsishvili Vladimer, Ebralidze Ketevan, Dolaberidze Nanuli, Mirdzveli Nato, Nijaradze Manana, Amiridze Zurab, Khutsishvili Bela

Inżynieria Mineralna

|

2024

|

Vol. 1, no. 1

483--491

EN

Acid treatment is a powerful tool for improving the performance of natural zeolites, and the purpose of our work was to study chemical composition, structure and properties of acid-treated heulandite from the Tedzami-Dzegvi deposit. Samples of heulandite-containing tuff from the Rkoni plot with zeolite phase content up to 90%, consisting of heulandite and chabazite in a ratio of 8:1, and having chemical composition described by empirical formula |Na0.25K0.06Ca0.19Mg0.15)|[AlSi3.6O9.2] .3H2O were treated with hydrochloric acid solutions with concentration up to 2.0 N. It was established that acid treatment leads to significant dealumination (the molar ratio of Si/Al increases from 3.6 to 9.5) and decationization (the total charge per aluminium atom decreases from 1 to 0.68), sodium and magnesium are mainly leached, calcium and potassium does not take part in the decationization process. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns show that hydrochloric acid solutions with a concentration up to 2.0 N do not lead to amorphization of the zeolite microporous crystal structure, but can gradually dissolve it. The adsorption of water vapor indicates the availability of micropores for the entry of small polar molecules, benzene adsorption shows a slight increase of hydrophobicity of the surface as a result of acid treatment. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms show acid-mediated sharp increase of adsorption in micropores and of the surface area, as well as changes in the mesoporous system, leading to the prevalence of pores with a diameter of 3 – 10 nm. The concentration of dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid is determined, which provides availability of micropores for large ions and nonpolar molecules, but at which dealumination is insignificant and ion-exchange capacity remains at a sufficient level. Materials obtained by acid treatment of heulandite can be used as adsorbents, ion exchangers, and carriers of biologically active substances and metal ions.

16

Wpływ procesu laserowego odkształcania na mikrostrukturę i skład chemiczny nadstopu niklu

Rozmus-Górnikowska Magdalena

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2024

|

Vol. 94, nr 3

5-8

PL

W celu ocena wpływu laserowego odkształcania na mikrostrukturę i skład chemiczny warstwy wierzchniej monokrystalicznego nadstopu niklu CMSX4, po procesie laserowego odkształcania przeprowadzono szczegółowe badania mikrostruktury i składu chemicznego za pomocą mikroskopów elektronowych skaningowego i transmisyjnego wyposażonych w spektrometr rentgenowski z dyspersją energii. Badania wykazały, że warstwa wierzchnia po laserowej obróbce złożona jest z następujących stref: przetopionej, strefy zrekrystalizowanej, silnie odkształconej, częściowo zdeformowanej oraz osnowy. Rozkład pierwiastków w strefach przetopionej i zrekrystalizowanej jest bardziej jednorodny niż w strefach odkształconych.

EN

The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of laser deformation on the microstructure and chemical composition of the surface layer of the monocrystalline nickel superalloy CMSX4. For this purpose detailed studies of the microstructure and chemical composition were carried out using scanning and transmission electron microscopes equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The tests showed that the surface layer after laser treatment consists of the following zones: remelted zone, recrystallized zone, strongly deformed zone, partially deformed zone and the matrix. The distribution of elements in the melted and recrystallized zones is more homogeneous than in the deformed zones.

17

Gracilaria gracilis – A Review of Ecological Knowledge, Chemical Composition, Cultivation, and Applications

Mouedden Rajae, Abdellaoui Souad, El Madani Faid, El Ouamari Najib, Slimani Douaa, Kasmi Khaoula, Taibi Mohamed, Zahir Ilham, Chaabane Khalid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 1

276--287

EN

Gracilaria gracilis is a benthic, intertidal red macroalga (Rhodophyta) of the commercially important Gracilaria genus. It is highly valued in scientific research for its ability to produce high-quality agar, a valuable polysaccharide widely utilised in various industries. This review serves as a guide to G. gracilis, encompassing various aspects of its biology, chemical composition, cultivation methods, and the main environmental factors influencing its growth as well as its different uses. The method used involved a descriptive analysis of the articles sourced from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Springer. The results of the review showed that G. gracilis is one of the best candidates for cultivation, giving an excellent resilience to salinity and temperature fluctuations as well as offering ease of vegetative reproduction, among others traits. It can grow at temperatures ranging from 20 to 30°C, salinities between 25–35‰ and up to 42‰, depths ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m, as well as light intensity of around 70 and 210 μmol photons m-2·s-1. On the basis of its chemical composition, G gracilis has many potentials as a source of high-value compounds and extracts for various uses in cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. It is also used as a raw material or nutritious dietary item in the human diet, and can be suggested as a potential novel commercial source of phycobiliproteins.

18

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Cistus ladanifer Leaves from Northern Morocco (Tangier)

Abdelfattah Bahia, Mrabet Amena, Simou Ayoub, Khaddor Mohamed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 6

316--330

EN

The present research explored the antioxidant capacities and phytochemical profile of Cistus ladanifer collected from North Morocco (Tangier), to identify potential medicinal sources of antioxidants. The antioxidant qualities of the extracts were assessed using a variety of analytical methods, such as 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed to examine the chemical constituents present in the plant material. Finally, ICP-AES analysis was performed to characterize the nutritional components of the extract, providing detailed insights into its valuable nutrient content. The findings revealed that the methanolic extract displayed considerable antioxidant potential, as evidenced by its powerful scavenging activities against DPPH, with an IC50 value of 0.115 ± 0.003 mg/ml and IC50 of 0.251 ± 0.006 mg/ml ABTS radicals. Moreover, it displayed a higher reducing power using the FRAP test and excellent ORAC values, with 62.74 ± 0.07 mg/g and 40.21 ± 0.7 mg/g dry weight of extract, respectively. This research also assessed the total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds, while tannins were found in high concentrations in the methanolic extract, with 69.08 ± 1.69 mg of GAE/g dW, 47.86 ± 1.76 mg of QE/g dW, and 354.98 ± 15.29 mg of TAE/g dW, respectively. The presence of phenols, benzene rings, aromatic compounds, ethers, and methylene chains was verified by FTIR analysis. Finally, HPLC-MS and GC-MS analyses revealed a rich profile of bioactive phytochemicals. This study is the first of its kind to be conducted in Tangier, Northern Morocco, shedding light on the unique chemical composition of Cistus ladanifer in this region.

19

Influence of CFBC Fly Ash Chemical Composition and Mechanical Activation on the Properties of Geopolymer

Antoni Antoni, Yugiarto Ivan Jared, Hadi Rivaldo Juan Sofian, Kuncoro Albert, Hardjito Djwantoro

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2024

|

Vol. 69, iss. 4

1431--1437

EN

Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash has the potential as a precursor to making geopolymer concrete because of its rich silica and alumina content. However, there is a problem in utilizing CFBC fly ash caused by its chemical and physical properties that differ from the widely used pulverized coal combustion (PCC) fly ash. CFBC fly ash has a higher water requirement than PCC fly ash due to its angular particle shape, and higher sulfur and lime contained also caused a different reaction in the geopolymer system. Mechanical activation by milling the CFBC fly ash could decrease the water requirement in the mixture and make good quality CFBC fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Three CFBC fly ash samples from different power plants in Indonesia with different chemical compositions were used in this research. The first had a low lime and no sulfur content, the second had high lime and no sulfur content, and the third had high lime and sulfur content. The milling process using a ball mill for two hours decreased the water requirement, as shown in the lower normal consistency of the fly ash. The reactivity also was increased, shown by the faster initial setting time. Besides its higher reactivity, lower water requirement increased the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar produced. This study also showed that the existence of calcium and sulfur content in the CFBC fly ash could cause unexpected results shown by the change of initial setting time, water requirement, and compressive strength.

20

Influence of Melt Properties on the Dendritic Structure of Steel Castings

Aftandiliants Y., Gnyloskurenko Svyatoslav, Meniailo H., Khrychikov V.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 24, iss. 1

5--13

EN

The paper presents the experimental results on the determination of melt parameters such as the energy of the boundary, contact angle, density and kinematic viscosity of low and medium alloy steels at different temperatures, as well as the dispersion of their dendritic structure in solidified castings. The analysis of the data obtained allowed revealing using mathematical models the influence of the chemical composition and temperature of melts on their properties and the dendritic structure of castings. It was established the variation of the melt parameters depending on the particular chemical elements of steels as C, Si, Mn, O, P, V, Cr. The established analytical dependences shown that increasing density and viscosity contributes to the dispersion of the dendritic structure and viscosity is of the major effect. The derived quantitative patterns allows to evaluate structure formation of cast structural low and medium alloy steels.