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1

What factors will shape the future of sustainable and smart cities in Europe? Evidence from the Delphi study

Szpilko Danuta, Rzepka Agnieszka, Nica Elvira, Lăzăroiu George, Gedeon Tom

Economics and Environment

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2025

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No. 3

art. no. 1272

EN

The article aims to identify and assess the factors shaping the development of sustainable and smart cities in Europe and their interrelationships. With respect to the objective, three research questions were formulated: (I) What are the factors supporting the development of sustainable and smart cities in Europe?, (II) What are the limiting factors (barriers) to the development of sustainable and smart cities in Europe?, (III) What are the main factors influencing the development of sustainable and smart cities in Europe? As part of the research process, the following methods were applied: horizon scanning, STEEPVL analysis, the Delphi method and structural analysis. The study involved 131 experts from 28 countries, whose articles on sustainable and smart cities development are indexed in the Web of Science database. The directions analysed include: smart governance and citizen participation; renewable energy microgrids with decentralised energy trading; delegating decisions to AI-based systems; and urban digital twins. The Delphi results unambiguously indicate three main enabling factors: access to external sources of finance; advanced digital infrastructure together with data integration; and a high level of cybersecurity and data protection. The principal barriers were identified as: a low level of integration across urban systems and a lack of data interoperability; limited fiscal capacity of local authorities; and institutional resistance to change and to the digital climate transition. The results of the structural analysis indicate that institutional governance, the maturity of data infrastructure and interoperability set the trajectory of change. The findings entail practical implications: institutional governance and regulatory transparency should be strengthened; diversified, multi-source funding should be ensured; interoperability should be prioritised; and AI and digital twins should then be scaled in step with capability development and a security-by-design approach.

PL

Artykuł ma na celu identyfikację i ocenę czynników kształtujących rozwój zrównoważonych i inteligentnych miast w Europie oraz ich wzajemnych oddziaływań. W odniesieniu do celu sformułowano trzy pytania badawcze: (I) Jakie czynniki sprzyjają rozwojowi zrównoważonych i inteligentnych miast w Europie? (II) Jakie czynniki ograniczają (utrudniają) rozwój zrównoważonych i inteligentnych miast w Europie? (III) Jakie są główne czynniki wpływające na rozwój zrównoważonych i inteligentnych miast w Europie? W ramach procesu badawczego zastosowano: horizon scanning, analizę STEEPVL, metodę Delphi i analizę strukturalną. W badaniu wzięło udział 131 ekspertów z 28 krajów, publikujących artykuły z zakresu zrównoważonego i inteligentnego rozwoju miast, indeksowane w bazie Web of Science. Analizowane kierunki obejmują: smart governance i partycypację mieszkańców, odnawialne mikrosieci energetyczne ze zdecentralizowanym obrotem energią, delegowanie decyzji na systemy oparte na AI oraz miejskie cyfrowe bliźniaki. Wyniki Delphi jednoznacznie wskazują trzy główne czynniki sprzyjające: dostęp do zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania, rozwiniętą infrastrukturę cyfrową oraz integrację danych, a także wysoki poziom cyberbezpieczeństwa i ochrony danych. Za najważniejsze bariery uznano: niski poziom integracji systemów miejskich i brak interoperacyjności danych, ograniczony potencjał finansowy samorządów oraz opór instytucjonalny wobec zmiany i transformacji cyfrowo-klimatycznej. Wyniki analizy strukturalnej wskazują zaś, że sterowanie instytucjonalne, dojrzałość infrastruktury danych i interoperacyjność wyznaczają trajektorię zmian. Z uzyskanych wyników wynikają implikacje praktyczne: należy wzmocnić sterowanie instytucjonalne i przejrzystość prawa, zapewnić wieloźródłowe finansowanie, nadać priorytet interoperacyjności, a następnie skalować AI i cyfrowe bliźniaki wraz z rozwojem kompetencji i podejściem security-by-design.

2

Three-axis forces and torque sensor

Młotek Paweł, Mynarek Piotr, Kowol Marcin

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 4, Special Section

art. no. e153437

EN

This paper describes research on a prototype of a multi-axis force and torque sensor dedicated to the support system of a telescopic camera crane arm. Based on studies conducted on an actual telescopic camera crane arm, the requirements that the sensor must meet to enable precise control of the drives in two working axes of the telescopic camera crane arm were defined. In the sensor developed, a method for measuring forces and torques using an optical displacement sensor was proposed. A simplified sensor prototype was made to verify the assumptions, and measurement tests were carried out. Additionally, the paper presents a CAD model of the sensor using an elastic pin, based on which a numerical model was developed, and calculations of displacements and mechanical stresses were performed.

3

Design conversion, and performance estimation of BLDC motor in hybrid electric vehicle

Ganesan Thenmozhi, Vanaraj Chandra, Subramanian Manoharan, Alagesan Radhika

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 2

art. no. e153424

EN

The core concept in this paper is to hybridize a conventional engine-powered two-wheeler into a hybrid electric vehicle. The shift in the consumers’ mindset from conventional IC engine vehicles to electric/hybrid vehicles may be a challenge due to the high initial investment. Hence, as a preliminary work, it is proposed to convert an IC engine vehicle to a hybrid electric vehicle considering factors such as affordability, user control, and flexibility. To make the hybrid vehicle available at an affordable price, lead-acid batteries are used for the study. Also, the BLDC motor used in this vehicle was designed and developed according to the available design constraints. The moped was redesigned to operate in either engine or electric mode individually depending on the rider’s desire and can switch over to any mode at any time as intended. This is achieved using a unique switching mechanism constructed using needle roller bearings. The concept of hybridization thus results in reduced emissions, especially in stop-go traffic where electric mode can be used, and the performance of hybrid electric vehicles is estimated.

4

Analysis of the development possibilities of modular construction

Siewczyńska Monika

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 71, nr 3

129--144

EN

The work reviews selected aspects of modular construction based on the literature that describes solutions used in residential and public buildings. The impact of construction on the environment and human health, as well as the time and cost of the investment, was considered. Design recommendations and preliminary assumptions for module dimensions are presented depending on the type of transport and type of structure. The types of structures and building materials used in modular buildings in Poland were collected, and then the parameter of the global warming potential of materials available in Europe was compared based on their declaration cards of environmental products. Based on the collected information, a brainstorming session was conducted between industry experts and scientists from the universities of technology to define the STEEPVL analysis factors, which identified several important factors that affect the development potential of modular construction in Poland. The results of the first analysis were then subjected to a structural analysis to identify key factors, purpose, determinants, and results. The result of the research was the preparation of proposals for current activities toward the future development of modular construction, with particular emphasis on the educational offer.

PL

W pracy dokonano przeglądu wybranych aspektów budownictwa modułowego na podstawie literatury opisującej rozwiązania stosowane w budynkach mieszkalnych i użyteczności publicznej. Uwzględniono wpływ budowy na środowisko i zdrowie ludzi, a także czas i koszt realizacji inwestycji. Przedstawiono zalecenia projektowe i wstępne założenia dotyczące wymiarów modułów, w zależności od rodzaju transportu i rodzaju konstrukcji. Zebrano rodzaje konstrukcji i materiałów budowlanych, stosowanych w budynkach modułowych w Polsce, a następnie porównano potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego materiałów dostępnych w Europie na podstawie kart deklaracji środowiskowych. Na podstawie zebranych informacji przeprowadzono burzę mózgów pomiędzy ekspertami branżowymi i naukowcami z uczelni technicznych w celu zdefiniowania czynników analizy STEEPVL identyfikujących istotne czynniki wpływające na potencjał rozwojowy budownictwa modułowego w Polsce. Wyniki pierwszej analizy poddano następnie analizie strukturalnej w celu zidentyfikowania kluczowych czynników, celu, determinant i wyników. Efektem badań było przygotowanie propozycji bieżących działań na rzecz przyszłego rozwoju budownictwa modułowego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem oferty edukacyjnej.

5

Structural Analysis and Pegmatite Differentiation in the Ancient Claim, Giraúl IV, Namibe Pegmatite District, Angola

Leal Gomes Carlos

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

33--42

EN

Since the early 60´s, in the past XX century, the Giraúl pegmatites have been known for their resources of beryl, mica and feldspars, which were exploited in a regular basis from Giraúl claims I to IV till 1974, during the Portuguese administration of Angolan territory. A broader exploration of this pegmatite field was performed by the ancient Lobito Mining Company (LMC) engaged in detailed geological mapping of the granitic pegmatites and the structural constraints of their location. A structural map of the region was than elaborated, combining the interpretation of aerial photographs with field work performed by the LMC geologists. Recently, a growing economic interest is attributed to these claims, in the region of Bulamucolocai, Pitau and Muvero desert-dry rivers (locally known as “Mulolas”), considering the Li, Cs, and Ta (LCT) metallic specialization of some pegmatite bodies and the occurrence of beryl and tourmaline gemstones, mainly, morganite (Cs-beryl), aquamarine and also elbaite-liddicoatite. Giant crystals of spodumene, up to 6 m in length, define individualized quartz + spodumene units inside some of the more typical LCT pegmatite bodies. Pollucite was identified in the main pegmatites of Giraúl IV claim and not in the adjacent igneous leucocratic breccias. These, in turn, correspond to a complex pegmatite assemblage, very peculiar in what concerns its selective metasomatic effect over some surrounding rocks, with the formation of rims of holmquistite amphibole in contact with gabbro and norite and schorl-dravite tourmaline in contact with gneissic to metapelitic hosts. The breccia-like granitic rock combines clasts of spodumene an K-feldspar with a matrix mainly composed of some quartz, albite and mica including tourmaline, garnet and F-apatite, as accessory minerals. In the same area, huge potassic pegmatites hold giant crystals of microcline and orthoclase and very little quartz, being unusual due to its high content of triplite – zwieselite and triphylite – lithiophilite primary phosphates. The overall composition of these pegmatites is more likely syenitic (low quartz content) than truly granitic. A high-resolution structural analysis of the LCT ensemble (pegmatite plus related lithotypes) is now proposed enhancing the unusual relations between granite breccia plugs, sill-like more typical pegmatites, irregular shaped isodiametric bodies and products of metasomatism. This approach will lead to the understanding of the true dimension, anatomy and inner fraccionation of the different LCT facies and rare-metal deposits with obvious consequences regarding mineral detection and resource – reserve estimation, through the proposal of a more suitable conceptual model to rule its exploration.

6

Wybrane przykłady modelowania i analizy strukturalnej problemów decyzyjnych w budownictwie

Śladowski Grzegorz

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 1-2

98--102

PL

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na ważny aspekt, jakim jest modelowanie i analiza strukturalna problemów w procesie decyzyjnym. Zaprezentowane podejście systemowe na tle klasycznych wielokryterialnych metod wspomagania decyzji pozwala uwzględnić różne współzależne zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne relacje między kryteriami i wariantami decyzyjnymi, co jest istotne z perspektywy modelowanej rzeczywistości. Przedstawiono podstawowe metody modelowania i analizy struklturalnej, a całość rozważań została poparta wybranymi przykładami problemów decyzyjnych w budownictwie.

EN

This paper notes the important aspect of the modeling and structural analysis of problems in decision making. Against classical multi-criteria decision-making support methods, the presented approach considers different co-dependent external and internal relations between criteria and decision alternatives, which is significant from the standpoint of the reality we aim to model. Essential structural modeling and analysis methods were presented, and the entire discussion was backed by samples of decision problems from the construction sector.

7

Application of reanalysis methods in structural mechanics

Delyová I., Frankovský P., Bocko J., Sivák P., Kurimský R.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 27, no. 3

49--62

EN

When designing structures, it is often necessary to re-analyse a structure that is different in some parts from the original one. As real structures are often complex, their analysis is therefore very challenging. In such cases, reanalysis methods are advantageously used. The aim of this paper is to approach the problem of solving the constructions using reanalysis method in which the time taken in solving algebraic equations is reduced. In particular, the purpose of this work is to demonstrate on a chosen system the time savings and the advantages of the chosen direct efficient reanalysis method for a given design problem. A basic condition for meeting these criteria is the modernization of computational procedures in the mechanics of compliant solids.

8

Optimization of gear teeth in the wind turbine drive train with gear contact’s uncertainty using the reliability-based design optimization

Lee Changwoo, Park Yonghui

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2022

|

LXIX, nr 4

713--728

EN

Although gear teeth give lots of advantages, there is a high possibility of failure in gear teeth in each gear stage in the drive train system. In this research, the authors developed proper gear teeth using the basic theorem of gear failure and reliability-based design optimization. A design variable characterized by a probability distribution was applied to the static stress analysis model and the dynamics analysis model to determine an objective function and constraint equations and to solve the reliability-based design optimization. For the optimization, the authors simulated the torsional drive train system which includes rotational coordinates. First, the authors established a static stress analysis model which gives information about endurance limit and bending strength. By expressing gear mesh stiffness in terms of the Fourier series, the equations of motion including the gear mesh models and kinematical relations in the drive train system were acquired in the form of the Lagrange equations and constraint equations. For the numerical analysis, the Newmark Beta method was used to get dynamic responses including gear mesh contact forces. From the results such as the gear mesh contact force, the authors calculated the probability of failure, arranged each probability and gear teeth, and proposed a reasonable and economic design of gear teeth.

9

Reduced equations of slope-deflection method in structural analysis

Husain Muhammed Abbas, Hasan Zahraa Hameed

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 26, no. 4

51--62

EN

This paper presents an update of the slope-deflection method, which is used in the analysis of statically indeterminate structures. In this study, new reduced equations are presented based on including both the effects of the member rotations and the fixed end moments in one term, rather than two terms, in order to simplify the application of the slope-deflection method. The reduced equations are developed, then three numerical examples with comprehensive cases of beams are solved by applying both the original and the proposed reduced equations. The analysis outputs indicated that the reduced equations are applicable for all cases that can be analyzed by the slope-deflection method, and give identical results compared with the original equations. It is found that the reduced equations require less computations when the structure has no support settlement, compared with the original equations, whereas the computations are approximately similar when the structure has a support settlement.

10

Structural Analysis and Optimization of Electric Bike Front Drive with Bottom Bracket Electric Motor

Mesic Elmedin, Masic Adnan, Muratovic Enis, Delic Muamer, Hasanbegovic Salem

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2021

|

Vol. 15, no. 1

273--282

EN

The main objective of this research was to propose a light and practical design solution for electric bike front drive with bottom bracket electric motor. The initial design needs to be redesigned so it can enable simultaneous use of the electric drive and pedal drive, with integration of the front gear shifter. After gathering the basic information linked to the problem and inspecting the initial design solution, the assets and flaws have been identified. The CAD models of the considered possible solutions were developed into FEM models which were used for struc- tural analysis in CAD/CAE software system CATIA. On the basis of the FEM analysis and additional criteria, the optimal solution was chosen, and structural optimization, based on FEM model, was performed. A prototype was manufactured and a mounting process in a place of the initial design was performed. Afterwards, electric bike with mounted prototype was tested under real conditions.

11

Charakterystyka struktury elektronowej heteropolikwasu fosforowolframowego H3PW12O40 modyfikowanego kationem Fe2+

Niemiec Piotr Jan

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2020

|

Vol. 11, no. 4

24--32

PL

W pracy zbadano wpływ podstawienia atomu wolframu atomem żelaza w pierwszorzędowej strukturze heteropolikwasu fosforowolframowego o budowie anionu Keggina. Charakterystykę struktury elektronową zmodyfikowanego heteropolikwasu przeprowadzono za pomocą: analizy populacyjnej NBO, całkowitych (PDOS) i parcjalnych (PDOS) widm gęstości stanów, energetyki i charakteru chemicznego orbitali granicznych (HOMO/LUMO) oraz rozmiaru przerwy wzbronionej (gap). Dodatkowo zbadano mechanizm oddziaływania modyfikowanego kationem Fe2+ heteropolikwasu fosforowolframowego z cząsteczką H2O pełniącą rolę środowiska reakcji chemicznej. W większości charakterystyk stwierdzono istotny wpływ wprowadzonego metalu przejściowego na ww. właściwości w stosunku do heteropolikwasu wyjściowego H3PW12O40.

EN

In this paper the influence of substituting the tungsten atom with an iron ion in the primary structure of the phosphotungstic heteropolyacid with the Keggin anion structure was investigated. Characterization of the electronic structure of the modified heteropolyacid was performed using: population analysis according to NBO scheme, total (TDOS) and partial (PDOS) density of states spectra, energy and chemical character of frontier orbitals (HOMO/LUMO) and the size of the HOMO-LUMO band gap. Additionally, the mechanism of interaction between the Fe2+ with H2O molecule, acting as a chemical reaction medium, was investigated. Most cases showed a significant effect of the introduced transition metal ion (Fe2+) on the above-mentioned properties in relation to the nonmodified heteropolyacid H3PW12O40.

12

Building of calculation model and strength analysis by using finite element method on example of mold to foaming of cooling furniture

Ignasiak Łukasz, Woźniak Paweł, Bieńczak Agata

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 65, nr 1

4--8

EN

The article presents the way of creating calculation model of mold to foaming of cooling furniture for needs of conducting strength analysis by using Finite Element Method. The method of creating model is described in detail taking into account of modeling techniques available in NX system, the division of model into finite elements (discretization) by using threedimensional, two-dimensional, one-dimensional elements was visualized. Finally, the results of numerical simulations in the form of stresses distribution in areas of considerable straining of structure was presented.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono sposób tworzenia modelu obliczeniowego formy do spieniania mebli chłodniczych dla potrzeb przeprowadzenia analiz wytrzymałościowych przy wykorzystaniu Metody Elementów Skończonych. Szczegółowo opisano metodę kreowania modelu z uwzględnieniem technik modelowania dostępnych w systemie NX, zobrazowano podział modelu na elementy skończone (dyskretyzację) przy wykorzystaniu elementów trójwymiarowych, dwuwymiarowych oraz jednowymiarowych. Przedstawiono wyniki z przeprowadzonych symulacji numerycznych w postaci rozkładu naprężeń w obszarach o znacznym wytężeniu.

13

Study of AlSi9Cu3 Alloy Crystallization Process with Increased Iron Content at Different Number of Remelts

Matejka M., Bolibruchova D., Kasińska J., Kuriš M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 1

79--83

EN

Monitoring the solidification process is of great importance for understanding the quality of the melt, for controlling it, and for predicting the true properties of the alloy. Solidification is accompanied by the development of heat, the magnitude of which depends on the different phases occurring during solidification. Thermal analysis is now an important part of and tool for quality control, especially when using secondary aluminium alloys in the automotive industry. The effect of remelting on the change of crystallization of individual structural components of experimental AlSi9Cu3 alloy was determined by evaluation of cooling curves and their first derivatives. Structural analysis was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. The effect of remelting was manifested especially in nucleation of phases rich in iron and copper. An increasing number of remelts had a negative effect after the fourth remelting, when harmful iron phases appeared in the structure in much larger dimensions.

14

Development of Parametric CAD Model and Structural Analysis of the Car Jack

Pervan Nedim, Muminović Adis J., Muminović Adil, Delić Muamer

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2019

|

Vol. 13, no. 3

24--30

EN

The purpose of a car jack is lifting the car and maintaining it at a certain height during different repairs. This paper focuses on the design of car jack, which belongs to the basic equipment of cars. Cars jacks are used mainly for changing tires and small repairs of a car. The aim of this paper was to create a parametric CAD model of a car jack and carry out numerical structural analysis of the car jack using the created parametric CAD model. The development of the parametric CAD model and structural analysis was performed using the CATIA V5 system. This paper describes the modern way of creating more complex mechanisms, which support quick modification of its parameters, and thus the entire design. The whole model of the car jack was parametrized. The stresses obtained by finite element method (FEM) analysis were confirmed with the analytical calculation in characteristic parts of the design, with some exceptions. At the end of the paper, an analysis of the obtained results was performed, on the basis of which specified conclusions were made.

15

The intramontane Orava Basin - evidence of large-scale Miocene to Quaternary sinistral wrenching in the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian area

Ludwiniak Mirosław, Śmigielski Michał, Kowalczyk Sebastian, Łoziński Maciej, Czarniecka Urszula, Lewińska Lena

Acta Geologica Polonica

|

2019

|

Vol. 69, no. 3

339--386

EN

The Carpathian Orava Basin is a tectonic structure filled with Neogene and Quaternary deposits superimposed on the collision zone between the ALCAPA and European plates. Tectonic features of the south-eastern margin of the Orava Basin and the adjoining part of the fore-arc Central Carpathian Palaeogene Basin were studied. Field observations of mesoscopic structures, analyses of digital elevation models and geological maps, supplemented with electrical resistivity tomography surveys were performed. Particular attention was paid to joint network analysis. The NE-SW-trending Krowiarki and Hruštinka-Biela Orava sinistral fault zones were recognized as key tectonic features that influenced the Orava Basin development. They constitute the north-eastern part of a larger Mur-Mürz-Žilina fault system that separates the Western Carpathians from the Eastern Alps. The interaction of these sinistral fault zones with the older tectonic structures of the collision zone caused the initiation and further development of the Orava Basin as a strike-slip-related basin. The Krowiarki Fault Zone subdivides areas with a different deformation pattern within the sediments of the Central Carpathian Palaeogene Basin and was active at least from the time of cessation of its sedimentation in the early Miocene. Comparison of structural data with the recent tectonic stress field, earthquake focal mechanisms and GPS measurements allows us to conclude that the Krowiarki Fault Zone shows a stable general pattern of tectonic activity for more than the last 20 myr and is presently still active.

16

Shaping curved steel rod structures

Dźwierzyńska J.

Technical Transactions

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2018

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Vol. 115, iss. 8

87--98

EN

The paper addresses the problem of the efficient shaping of curved steel rod structures conducted based on the Enneper surface. The proposed parametric design process consists in linking the geometric shaping of grid models with their structural analysis and optimization, which is realized through the application of design tools working in the Rhinoceros 3D software. The mechanical performance of lattices covered with glass panels is evaluated and the structures are pre-dimensioned. The presented aesthetic grid shells with good structural characteristics may constitute original coverings. However, the analysis, which targets an early stage of the design, aims at providing design guidelines to facilitate communication between architects and civil engineers.

PL

W artykule podejmuje się problem efektywnego kształtowania krzywoliniowych, stalowych konstrukcji prętowych utworzonych na bazie powierzchni Ennepera. Zaproponowany parametryczny proces kształtowania polega na powiązaniu geometrycznego kształtowania siatkowych modeli z ich analizą strukturalną i optymalizacją, realizowanymi za pomocą narzędzi projektowych pracujących w środowisku Rhinoceros 3D. Oceniono mechaniczne właściwości kratownic pokrytych taflami szklanymi, a struktury wstępnie zwymiarowano. Zaprezentowane powłoki kratowe o dobrych właściwościach strukturalnych mogą stanowić oryginalne przekrycia, natomiast analiza strukturalna ukierunkowana na wczesny etap projektowania ma na celu dostarczenie wytycznych projektowych ułatwiających komunikację między architektami i inżynierami.

17

Application of the input-output model for structural analysis on the example of the agricultural sector in Poland

Czyżewski A., Grzelak A.

Management

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2018

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Vol. 22, no. 2

285--298

EN

The main objective of the article is to recognize possibilities of use of the input-output model to structural assessments in the economy, with particular reference to the agricultural sector. The included considerations have a theoretical and application dimension related to the agricultural sector. Understanding the nature of structural changes and associated tendencies is particularly useful in shaping the economic policy of the state about the use of non-automatic economic stabilizers and the identification of areas that constitute development barriers. Analysis of the case of the agricultural sector in the input-output model, from the perspective of structural evaluation, indicate that there are evident transformations. It includes, in particular, the relative increase of links between agriculture and other branches, the growth in the importance of imports (supply), and the decline in the role of self-supply. It can be expected that these trends will deepen under conditions of economic development.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie możliwości wykorzystania modelu przepływów międzygałęziowych do makroekonomicznych analiz strukturalnych w gospodarce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sektora rolnego. Zawarte rozważania łączą wymiar teoretyczny z aplikacyjnym dotyczącym sektora rolnego. Zrozumienie charakteru zmian strukturalnych i tendencji z tym związanych jest szczególnie przydatne w kreowaniu polityki gospodarczej państwa w zakresie stosowania nieautomatycznych stabilizatorów koniunktury, jak i identyfikacji obszarów stanowiących bariery rozwojowe. Analiza przypadku sektora rolnego w modelu input-output z perspektywy ocen strukturalnych pozwala na stwierdzenie, że następują wyraźne przeobrażenia. Chodzi tu w szczególności o relatywne zwiększenie powiązań rolnictwa z pozostałymi działami, wzrost znaczenia importu (zaopatrzenia), przy spadku roli samozaopatrzenia. Można oczekiwać, że tendencje te pogłębiać się będą w warunkach rozwoju gospodarczego.

18

From structural analysis to observer-based residual generation for fault detection

Pröll S., Lunze J., Jarmolowitz F.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2018

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Vol. 28, no. 2

233--245

EN

This paper combines methods for the structural analysis of bipartite graphs with observer-based residual generation. The analysis of bipartite structure graphs leads to over-determined subsets of equations within a system model, which make it possible to compute residuals for fault detection. In observer-based diagnosis, by contrast, an observability analysis finds observable subsystems, for which residuals can be generated by state observers. This paper reveals a fundamental relationship between these two graph-theoretic approaches to diagnosability analysis and shows that for linear systems the structurally over-determined set of model equations equals the output connected part of the system. Moreover, a condition is proved which allows us to verify structural observability of a system by means of the corresponding bipartite graph. An important consequence of this result is a comprehensive approach to fault detection systems, which starts with finding the over-determined part of a given system by means of a bipartite structure graph and continues with designing an observer-based residual generator for the fault-detectable subsystem found in the first step.

19

Osuwiska jako przyczyna błędnych interpretacji budowy geologicznej – przykłady z Sudetów

Kowalski A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2018

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nr 473

27--48

PL

W ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat z obszaru Sudetów zinwentaryzowano i opisano dużą liczbę form osuwiskowych. W większości opracowań główny nacisk skierowano jednak na geomorfologiczną charakterystykę tych form. W artykule przedstawiono zależności rozwoju wybranych sudeckich osuwisk od budowy geologicznej, a także ocenę stopnia transformacji poszczególnych elementów struktury podłoża przez ruchy masowe. Jak wynika z prac kartograficznych i analiz geomorfometrycznych opartych na numerycznych modelach terenu LiDAR (ang. Light Detection and Ranging), wygenerowanych na podstawie danych pochodzących z lotniczego skaningu laserowego, brak rozpoznania pojedynczych, aczkolwiek rozległych jak na warunki sudeckie form osuwiskowych, a w konsekwencji prowadzone w obrębie nierozpoznanych osuwisk pomiary powierzchni uławicenia, spękań ciosowych i uskoków, były przyczyną błędów w rozpoznaniu budowy geologicznej w przeszłości. W pracy przedstawiono przykłady czterech form osuwiskowych znajdujących się na terenie trzech jednostek geologicznych – rowu Wlenia (synklinorium północnosudeckie), elewacji Łącznej (synklinorium śródsudeckie) i rowu Glinna (blok sowiogórski).

EN

Despite the relatively large number of individual landslides recognized and described over the last several years from the Sudety (Sudetes) Mountains (Lower Silesia, SW Poland), most of the papers focused on the geomorphological characterisation of these forms. This paper presents the results of geological and geomorphological mapping of individual landslides, recognized within three geological units: the Wleń Graben (Northsudetic Synclinorium), the Łączna Elevation (Intrasudetic Synclinorium) and the Glinno Graben (Sowie Mountains Block). Particular attention has been paid to the role of the geological structure in the initiation and development of mass movements as well as the degree of transformation of the planar, structural elements (bedding planes, joints, faults) of the landslide bedrock. The results of geological mapping and geomorphometric analysis with a basis in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) show that the structural measurements carried out in the past within previously unrecognized landslides were probably the main reason for incorrect interpretations of the geology of the areas investigated.

20

Shaping of spatial steel rod structures based on a hyperbolic paraboloid

Dzwierzynska J.

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 64, nr 4/II

309--320

EN

The aim of the study was to develop a practical approach to parametric shaping of spatial steel rod structures formed based on a hyperbolic paraboloid. This design approach was realized by application of designing tools working in environment of Rhinoceros 3D, that is its plug-in Grasshopper for geometric modelling and Karamba 3D for structural analysis. The goal of this research was to elaborate an universal scripts in order to create rod structures‘ models of various forms and grid patterns, as well as evaluating their structural behaviour dependently on various boundary conditions. The optimisation criterion was the minimum mass and deflection. Several proposals of coverings by means of single layer grid structures were presented and analysed to choose the best solution. The rod structures generated based on a hyperbolic paraboloid turned out to be structures with good static properties, so may be an interesting proposals to cover large areas.

PL

W ciągu ostatniej dekady projektowanie parametryczne w architekturze i budownictwie zyskuje coraz większą popularność. W artykule prezentuje się parametryczne podejście do kształtowania przestrzennych stalowych struktur prętowych. Racjonalne projektowanie tego rodzaju struktur wynikające z analizy geometrycznej, topologicznej i strukturalnej przedstawia się na przykładzie siatek przestrzennych utworzonych na bazie hiperboloidy parabolicznej . Modelowanie parametryczne konstrukcji proponuje się w oparciu o program Rhinoceros 3D oraz jego parametryczną wtyczkę Grasshopper. Analizę strukturalną przeprowadza się w oparciu o wtyczkę Karamba 3D. Powierzchnią bazową do kształtowania geometrii przestrzennych struktur kratowych, na której rozmieszczono węzły jednowarstwowej siatki, jest powierzchnia utworzona z regularnych modułów będących wycinkami hiperboloidy parabolicznej. Analizie poddano struktury prętowe z rur stalowych o różnej topologii zakładając, że każda ze struktur stanowi konstrukcję przekrycia nad kwadratową powierzchnią o polu równym 100 m2 .