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1

The effect of turning frequency on the compost dynamics and quality derived from empty fruit bunches, Azolla microphylla, and active organic fertilizer

Parmanoan Durain, Faridah Anni, Trisakti Bambang, Sidabutar Rivaldi, Irvan Irvan, Alexander Vikram, Al Fath M. Thoriq, Dalimunthe Nisaul Fadilah, Daimon Hiroyuki, Takriff Mohd Sobri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

350--362

EN

The composting process of palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) and Azolla microphylla, supplemented with active organic fertilizer (AOF), presents an alternative method for utilizing solid palm oil mills waste. The purpose of this study is investigate the turning frequencies effect during composting on the degradation rate of EFB and Azolla microphylla using AOF in a basket composter to produce high-quality compost. The process involves cutting EFB to 1–3 cm pieces, mixing it with Azolla microphylla in an 80:20 ratio, and adding AOF to achieve an optimal moisture content (MC) of 55–65%. MC is maintained at these levels by periodically adding AOF. The turning frequencies tested include once per day, every 2 days, every 3 days, every 4 days, and every 5 days. Analyzed parameters were temperature, MC, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), volatile suspended solids, electrical conductivity (EC), and C/N ratio. Results indicate it takes 30 days to generate compost, with the optimal degradation of EFB and Azolla microphylla achieved at a turning frequency of once every 2 days, yielding values of pH 8.7, MC 55.72%, WHC 77%, EC 2746 μS/cm, and a C/N ratio of 14.83.

2

Biodegradation of food waste using microorganisms isolated from the environment

Worwąg Małgorzata, Grojec Adrianna

Economics and Environment

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2025

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No. 2

art. no. 1023

EN

Biodegradation of food waste is a key component of sustainable waste management that can bring significant environmental and economic benefits. The use of biological methods for waste disposal represents environmentally friendly technologies with high efficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of biodegradation of food waste using microorganisms from the environment in an aerobic process in an ECHO respirometer in accordance with ISO 14855-1:2012. The biodegradation process was carried out at 58 °C ± 2 °C and adequate humidity. During the experiment, CO2 production and O2 consumption were monitored, and the degree of biodegradation was determined. In the study, combinations based on variable organic waste content and the dose of microorganisms in suspension were used. In addition, a commercial biopreparation designed to promote composting was used. A significant improvement in the degree of waste biodegradation was observed with the addition of microorganisms isolated from the environment. Increasing the dose of microorganisms did not significantly improve the efficiency of the process. The commercial biopreparation used was characterised by low efficiency, and no increase in the degree of biodegradation of waste was observed after its use.

PL

Biodegradacja odpadów spożywczych jest kluczowym elementem zrównoważonej gospodarki odpadami, który może przynieść znaczące korzyści środowiskowe i ekonomiczne. Wykorzystanie metod biologicznych do unieszkodliwiania odpadów reprezentuje przyjazne dla środowiska technologie o wysokiej wydajności. Celem niniejszego badania było określenie szybkości biodegradacji odpadów spożywczych przy użyciu mikroorganizmów pochodzących ze środowiska w procesie tlenowym w respirometrze ECHO zgodnie z normą ISO 14855-1:2012. Proces biodegradacji przeprowadzono w temperaturze 58 °C ± 2 °C i odpowiedniej wilgotności. Podczas eksperymentu monitorowano produkcję CO2 i zużycie O2 oraz określano stopień biodegradacji. W badaniu zastosowano kombinacje oparte na zmiennej zawartości odpadów organicznych i dawce mikroorganizmów w zawiesinie. Ponadto zastosowano komercyjny biopreparat przeznaczony do promowania kompostowania. Zaobserwowano znaczną poprawę stopnia biodegradacji odpadów po dodaniu mikroorganizmów wyizolowanych ze środowiska. Zwiększenie dawki mikroorganizmów nie poprawiło znacząco wydajności procesu. Zastosowany komercyjny biopreparat charakteryzował się niską wydajnością, a po jego zastosowaniu nie zaobserwowano wzrostu stopnia biodegradacji odpadów.

3

Awareness, understanding and practices of household waste recycling : a comparative study of low-and high-income communities in the North of Pretoria, South Africa

Nyathi Senzeni, Mugivhisa Liziwe, Oladeji Mary, Olowoyo Joshua

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 4

3--17

EN

This study assessed the awareness, understanding, and practices of household waste recycling in high-income and low-income communities in the North of Pretoria, South Africa. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews and a door-to-door survey. A purposive sampling involving 122 participants was carried out. Data were collected from September 2023 to April 2024 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson chi-square test. The study area was divided into four sites (A, B, C, and D) based on income levels. At sites A, B, and C (low-income communities), 81.6%, 81.4%, and 75.0 % of participants, respectively, did not separate waste, whereas at Site D (high-income community), 61.5% of the participants did not separate their household waste before disposal. Participants from all the communities were aware of recycling in the following order: Site D (76.9%) >Site C (60.7%) >Site A (60.5%) >Site B (51.2%). However, actual recycling rates remained low, with only 30.7% of high-income and 15.8% to 20.1% of low-income participants partaking in recycling practices. Lack of time and inadequate infrastructure were identified as major obstacles to household waste recycling. Recycling was only carried out when there was a perceived financial benefit. Despite their knowledge of recycling, most participants did not recycle their household waste. Awareness campaigns and incentives ought to be introduced to encourage recycling and boost community participation. The establishment of local recycling centres could enhance engagement in recycling, resulting in employment opportunities.

4

Qualitative Studies of Selected Types of Composts

Grąz Katarzyna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

700--706

EN

More and more waste is being generated in the world. One form of waste processing is the composting process. This work aims to study the morphological composition of selected composts to determine the amounts of the various fractions contained therein. In the present work, four types of composts are presented to study their morphological composition. Composted grass, backyard compost, soil improver formed after composting green waste, and stabiliser – waste formed due to mechanical-biological processing of municipal waste taken from the Municipal Waste Mechanical-Biological Treatment Facility – were studied successively. Fifty samples of 2 kilograms each were taken from each group of composts, respectively. Each sample was divided into seven fractions: organic waste, plastics, ceramics, paper and cardboard, glass, metal and others. After analysis, it can be concluded that it is very difficult to obtain homogeneous compost due to the heterogeneity of the raw material. The results are accurately presented in tables with the distinction of the different fractions. It was found that mowed grass contained the most organic matter, while stabiliser contained the least. The least amount of plastic was found in backyard compost, and the most in stabiliser.

5

Optimizing Sustainable Agriculture: Composting Solutions for Oyster Mushroom Baglog and Livestock Excrement to Enhance Sweet Corn Cultivation

Taufikurahman Taufik, Rahmi Ainun, Widiyanto Sri Nanan B.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 1

11--20

EN

Agricultural activities play a vital role in providing essential human sustenance, yet concurrently generate biomass waste, necessitating careful management to prevent environmental pollution. This study emphasizes the significance of proper agricultural waste management to prevent the underutilization of livestock excrement and the indiscriminate burning of crop residues, thereby ensuring food and health security, as well as sustainability in agriculture. The decomposability of agricultural wastes offers an opportunity to harness valuable products that furnish essential nutrients for plants, enhancing soil porosity, aeration, and water availability. Oyster mushroom baglog (OMB) containing wood sawdust, rice husks, and bran presents an environmental challenge when improperly handled in post-cultivation. This mismanagement can lead to pollution and unpleasant odours, and attract pests and diseases. This research explores the potential of composting OMB, incorporating animal manure, to produce composted materials suitable as a growth medium for crops. The study investigates four different compost compositions derived from OMB, evaluating their effectiveness in cultivating sweet corn (Zea mays sacharata Sturt) with a focus on determining the composition that yields optimal results for the Bonanza F1 variety. Four distinct treatments were examined: OMB without added animal manure (Ko), OMB with chicken manure (Ka), OMB with cow manure (Ks), and OMB with goat manure (Kk). The treatment involving the addition of chicken manure (Ka) to the OMB demonstrated superior effectiveness in terms of both vegetative growth and sweet corn yield. This study provides valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices, highlighting the potential of composted materials from oyster mushroom waste to enhance sweet corn cultivation.

6

Odpady z przetwórstwa owoców i warzyw - charakterystyka problemu

Żary-Sikorska Ewa

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2024

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Vol. 19, No. 1.1

93--106

PL

Odpady z przetwórstwa owoców i warzyw stanowią znaczący problem środowiskowy i gospodarczy. Każdego roku globalnie marnuje się około 1,3 miliarda Mg żywności z czego znaczna część pochodzi z przetwórstwa owoców i warzyw. W Europie odpady te mogą stanowić do 30% całego strumienia odpadów poprodukcyjnych. W Polsce jest to szacunkowo od 5 do 9 mln Mg/rok. Odpady te pochodzą głównie z przetwórstwa ziemniaków, jabłek i buraków cukrowych. Skuteczne zarządzanie odpadami, poprzez wytwarzanie z nich biogazu i kompostu, przynosi korzyści ekologiczne i ekonomiczne, zmniejsza emisje gazów cieplarnianych oraz poprawia jakość gleby. Ponadto, wykorzystanie odpadów do produkcji wartościowych produktów, takich jak nawozy i dodatki do żywności, może zwiększyć przychody przemysłu rolnospożywczego. W artykule dokonano analizy dostępnych metod zagospodarowania odpadów z przetwórstwa owoców i warzyw oraz ich rzeczywistego zastosowania.

EN

Fruit and vegetable processing waste represents a significant environmental and economic issue. Globally, around 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted each year, a substantial portion of which comes from fruit and vegetable processing. In Europe, this waste can account for up to 30% of the entire stream of post-production waste. The estimate ranges from 5 to 9 million tons per year in Poland. This waste mainly originates from the processing of potatoes, apples, and sugar beets. Effective waste management, through the production of biogas and compost, brings ecological and economic benefits, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and improves soil quality. Moreover, using waste to produce valuable products, such as fertilizers and food additives, can increase the revenue of the agri-food industry. This article analyzes the available methods for managing fruit and vegetable processing waste and their practical application.

7

Evaluation of the Compost’s Maturity of Different Mixtures of Olive Pomace and Poultry Manure

Doughmi Ayoub, Elkafz Ghizlane, Cherkaoui Essediya, Khamar Mohamed, Nounah Abderrahman, Zouahri Abdelmjid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 4

11--27

EN

The environmental menace presented by olive pomace, a solid residue generated in the course of olive oil production, has been firmly established. Numerous investigations have underscored the efficacy of olive pomace as a soil enhancement. As a result, our examination centres on amplifying its agricultural advantages by means of composting and amalgamating it with other refuse materials. This strategy is designed to alleviate the environmental repercussions of olive pomace and trim down restoration expenses, thereby contributing to the transition toward a circular economy. Combinations for composting, comprising 15% to 50% olive pomace serving as a carbon input and 50% to 85% poultry manure as a nitrogen source, successfully underwent a 120-day composting procedure in barrels. The aim is to juxtapose the physic-chemical and microbiological traits of the composted olive pomace (Gr) and poultry manure (F), along with their amalgamations. This scrutiny endeavours to ascertain which treatment proves more efficacious as a plant fertilizer and soil amendment. The investigation also assesses the feasibility of reusing these two waste substances and gauges the maturity of the resultant compost. Throughout the composting progression, diverse microbiological and physic-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture levels, organic matter, and the evolution of the C/N ratio were systematically observed. The initial stages of the treatment disclosed heightened microbial activity in the blends, accompanied by a subsequent reduction in pathogen content towards the culmination of the composting course. The inquiry deduces that employing composts derived from olive pomace and poultry manure as sustainable substitutes for chemical fertilizers exemplifies the viability and potential for ecologically sound agricultural practices.

8

Developing Organic Fertilizer Through Co-Composting Olive Mill Wastewater

El-Joumri Loubna, Labjar Najoua, Zouahri Abdelmajid, Benali Aouatif, Halima Oumaima Iben, Dhiba Driss, El-Yadini Meryem, El-Hajjaji Souad

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

79--88

EN

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of olive mill wastewater (OMW) as an organic fertilizer through co-composting with various agricultural by-products. OMW was mixed with agricultural by-products, including maize silage, sugar beet pulp, and sugarcane bagasse, in controlled proportions and conditions. The study was conducted at the National Institute of Agricultural Research in Rabat, Morocco. The composting process was monitored over time, focusing on the evolution of key physicochemical parameters and phenol content of each mixture. The results showed that the performance of the composts varied, with the mixture containing sugar beet pulp (SBPO) exhibiting the most promising results, followed by maize silage (MSO) and sugarcane bagasse (SBO). These results suggest that co-composting OMW with agricultural by-products can produce high-quality organic fertilizers, thus reducing the need for inorganic alternatives and providing a sustainable waste management solution in the olive oil industry. It highlights the potential for reducing phenols characteristic of OMW and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. The application of the composts to crops was not tested, highlighting the need for further research in this regard. Future investigations should focus on evaluating the long-term effects of OMW-derived composts on soil health and crop productivity. This study explored a combination of materials that, to the authors’ knowledge, has not been previously documented in scientific literature. The results underscore the importance of sustainable waste management practices and their potential role in improving soil fertility and reducing the environmental impact associated with olive oil production.

9

Characterization and Bioavailability of Metallic Trace Elements in Different Organic Waste

Doughmi Ayoub, Elkafz Ghizlane, Benradi Fatima, Cherkaoui Essediya, Khamar Mohamed, Nounah Abderrahman, Zouahri Abdelmjid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

133--140

EN

It is important to address metabolic and heavy metal issues in organic waste through sustainable development, circular economy principles and effective solid waste management, particularly focusing on composting as a crucial approach recognized in Morocco’s Green Generation Plan to reduce waste sent to landfills and mitigate greenhouse effects and gas emissions to fight against environmental pollution. This study aims to elevate the significance of organic waste in agriculture by employing composting technics, thereby mitigating its heavy metal content and safeguarding soil and farmland against various forms of contamination. This approach aligns seamlessly with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy, advocating for responsible waste management and the augmentation of natural resource value. The findings of the study indicated a decrease in heavy metal levels across all composts, with a minimum values at the end of the composting in Gr compost recorded in all heavy metals analyzed (Pb – 0.1125 mg·kg-1, Cd – 0.08 mg·kg-1, Cr – 2.22 mg·kg-1, Zn – 10.88 mg·kg-1, Mn – 28.85 mg·kg-1, Cu –8.30 mg·kg-1, Fe – 545.18 mg·kg-1 and Ni – 1 mg·kg-1). The findings from the assessment of heavy metal levels in the examined compost samples demonstrate their adherence to regulatory standards. Consequently, these composts can be confidently employed as organic soil enhancers, contributing to the enrichment of agricultural soils and fostering plant growth, all while avoiding the potential hazard of undue metal contamination. This study comes to confirm and consolidate previous works findings regarding the valorization of organic solid waste through composting and to minimize their major environmental risks by reducing trace metal elements through this biological process.

10

Numerical model for simulating the hydraulic parameters of the aeration system ensuring equal oxygenation of the compost hea

Sidełko Robert, Boruszko Dariusz

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 1

87--94

EN

The aim of the work was to develop a mathematical model using equations of fluid mechanics that describe the dynamics of air flow in a part of the compost aerating system integrated with a stationary reactor. The results of the simulation show that adjusting the flow resistance along the entire length of the compost aerating duct, depending on the distance from the connection of the duct with the fan's pressure conduit pipe through gradually increasing the air outflow area by increasing the number of repeatable gaps, yields a uniform pressure distribution above the grate. The process parameters used for computation were relevant to composting a subscreen fraction separated from mixed municipal waste using 80 mm mesh screen (Fr<80 mm) under real conditions. Microsoft EXCEL 2010 software and STATISTICA version 13.3 by StatSoft were used for numerical and statistical analysis of the test results. The research results are presented in four tables and five figures and discussed in the text of the article. During tests performed in real conditions, various variants were tested for reactor filling level and air outflow active surfaces in subsequent grate parts (Fc (i)). It was found that the target waste layer thickness i.e. 3.0 m and Fc (i) changes, in accordance with the values of the developed model, result in a stable pressure distribution pd, amounting to 1506 Pa and 1495 Pa at the grate front and end part.

PL

. Celem pracy było opracowanie modelu matematycznego wykorzystującego równania mechaniki płynów, które opisują dynamikę przepływu powietrza w części instalacji napowietrzającej kompost zintegrowanej z reaktorem stacjonarnym. Wyniki przeprowadzonej symulacji pozwalają stwierdzić, że regulacja oporów przepływu na całej długości kanału napowietrzającego kompost w zależności od odległości od połączenia kanału z przewodem ciśnieniowym wentylatora poprzez stopniowe zwiększanie powierzchni wypływu powietrza poprzez zwiększanie liczby powtarzalnych szczelin, zapewnia równomierny rozkład ciśnienia nad rusztem. Parametry procesu przyjęte do celów obliczeniowych były odpowiednie dla kompostowania frakcji podsitowej w warunkach rzeczywistych wydzielonej ze zmieszanych odpadów komunalnych za pomocą sita o oczkach 80 mm (Fr<80 mm). Do analizy numerycznej i statystycznej wyników badań wykorzystano oprogramowanie Microsoft EXCEL 2010 firmy oraz STATISTICA firmy StatSoft w wersji 13.3. Wyniki badań przedstawiono w czterech tabelach i pięciu rysunkach oraz omówiono w tekście artykułu. Wyniki uzyskane w warunkach rzeczywistych wskazują, że opracowany model pozwala na prawidłowe zaprojektowanie perforacji kraty odpowiadającej za równomierne napowietrzenie kompostu. W trakcie badań przeprowadzonych w warunkach rzeczywistych, gdy badano różne warianty stopnia napełnienia reaktora i powierzchni czynnych wypływu powietrza w kolejnych częściach rusztu (Fc (i)) stwierdzono, że docelowa grubość warstwy odpadów tj. 3,0 m oraz zmiany Fc (i), zgodnie z wartościami opracowanego modelu, skutkują stabilnym rozkładem ciśnień pd wynoszącym 1506 Pa i 1495 Pa w części czołowej i końcowej kraty.

11

Analysis of energy consumption of the process of composting dairy sludge in hyperbaric conditions

Romankiewicz Bryan, Reguła Michał, Różański Rafał, Potempska Marta, Gaze Błażej, Knutel Bernard, Wojtko Paulina, Drozdovych Iryna, Kawa Krzysztof

Rynek Energii

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2023

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Nr 6

89--98

EN

The article presents the results of the energy consumption analysis of the process of composting dairy sewage sludge in hyperbaric conditions. The experiment assumed eight different tests, four of which took place with an air exchange frequency (tAE) of 4 h, and another four with tAE = 8 h. Additionally, the tests were carried out in four different pressure variants: 0 kPa (atmospheric pressure), 50 kPa, 100 kPa and 150 kPa. All tests were based on the same input material, characterized by an original humidity of 80% and a mass of 2000 g. During the sewage sludge composting process, various parameters of the obtained compost were analyzed, including moisture content, pH, loss on ignition (LOI), C:N ratio, nutrient content (P, K), and microbial respiratory activity (AT4). Electricity consumption was measured for each of the eight experiments, and the results were analyzed. The research aimed to determine the impact of various factors on the composting process and electricity consumption.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki analizy energochłonności procesu kompostowania mleczarskich osadów iekowych W warunkach hiperbarycznych. Eksperyment zakładał osiem różnych prób, z czego cztery. odbywały się częstotliwością wymiany powietrza (tAE) wynoszącą 4 h, a kolejne cztery z tAE = 8 h. Dodatkowo, badania były realizowane iczterech różnych wariantach ciśnienia: 0 kPa (ciśnienie atmosferyczne), 50 kPa, 100 kPa i 150 kPa. Wszystkie próby były arte na tym samym materiale wsadowym, charakteryzującym się pierwotną Wilgotnością na poziomie 80% i masą 2000 amów. Podczas procesu kOmpostowania osadu ściekowego analizowano różne parametry otrzymanego kompostu, w tym Wartość wilgoci, pH, straty przy prażeniu (LOI), stosunek C _N zawartość składników odżywczych (P, K) oraz aktywność fdechową mikroorganizmów (AT4). Dla każdego z ośmiu doświadczeń mierzono zużycie energii elektrycznej oraz zeprowadzono analizę uzyskanych wyników. Badania miały na celu określenie Wpływu różnych czynników na przebieg ocesu kompostowania oraz na zużycie energii elektrycznej.

12

Kompostowanie mleczarskich osadów ściekowych w warunkach hiperbarycznych

Romankiewicz Bryan, Reguła Michał, Różański Rafał, Potempska Marta, Gaze Błażej, Knutel Bernard, Wojtko Paulina, Drozdovych Iryna, Kawa Krzysztof

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 11

1251--1258

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań kompostowania mleczarskiego osadu ściekowego w warunkach hiperbarycznych. Badania przeprowadzono w czterech wariantach: pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym oraz nadciśnieniem 50, 100 i 150 kPa w czasie 4 i 8 h. Badania wykonano dla tego samego materiału wsadowego o masie 2000 g i charakteryzującego się wilgotnością początkową 80%. Podczas kompostowania osadu ściekowego oceniano także parametry otrzymanego produktu, takie jak zawartość wilgoci, pH, straty przy prażeniu (LOI), stosunek C:N, zawartość składników odżywczych (P, K) i aktywność oddechowa mikroorganizmów (AT₄).

EN

Dairy sewage sludge was composted in the presence of air at atm. pressure and 50, 100 and 150 kPa for 4 and 8 h. Moisture content, pH, loss on ignition (LOI), C:N ratio, N, P, K content and respiratory activity of microorganisms (AT₄) in the initial and composted sludge were detd. The obtained compost was granulated and the abrasion resistance coeff. of the granules was detd. Hyperbaric composting conditions increased the efficiency of the process compared to composting under atm. pressure, and the obtained granules showed a high abrasion resistance coeff.

13

The Evolution of Compost Phytotoxicity during Municipal Waste and Poultry Manure Composting

Aylaj Mina, Adani Fabrizio

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

281--293

EN

Composting is commonly used for waste management and the evaluation of its quality is important for successful application. Seed germination test is commonly adopted due to its capacity to examine the toxicity level of compost. The seed test is usually evaluated on the final product and the results can vary with the different methods and the type of seed utilized. In this study, the evolution of seed germination tests during the composting process of municipal waste (MSW) mixed with poultry manure (PM) of two species tomato and sugar beet was examined. The impact of compost water extracts on seed germination and plant primary root growth for each sampling was reported. The chemical parametrs were evaluated on the final product. Results show that mixture C1 with a higher amount of municipal waste gave less compost yield than mixture C2. After 35 days of composting, the compost was phytotoxic for tomato and sugar beet seeds. The seeds of the two cultures reacted differently to the same compost. The compost could stimulate sugar beet germination at days 110, 140, 180, 212 and 252. Seed germination of sugar beet was increased and delayed by one day by the compost stabilized and mature as compared with the control.

14

Efektywne napowietrzanie w instalacji przetwarzania odpadów biodegradowalnych

Sidełko Robert, Grabek Piotr

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2023

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Nr 11

39--42

PL

W artykule opisano metodę równoważenia hydraulicznego instalacji doprowadzającej powietrze do reaktora, wypełnionego kompostowanym materiałem. Algorytm obliczeniowy wykorzystuje zasady mechaniki płynów stosowane w układach otwartych, gdzie zmiany oporów przepływu, w zależności od wydatku powietrza, opisują doświadczalnie opracowane charakterystyki hydrauliczne. Wymiar praktyczny opisanego algorytmu polega na stworzeniu narzędzia umożliwiającego projektowanie systemu doprowadzającego powietrze do różnego rodzaju procesów, w których wymagane jest równomierne natlenienie złoża. Dotyczy to przede wszystkim kompostowania, jak również szeroko stosowanej biofiltracji w procesie oczyszczania np. powietrza poprocesowego.

EN

The article describes a method of hydraulic balancing of the installation supplying air to the reactor filled with composted material. The computational algorithm is based on the principles of fluid mechanics used in open systems in which changes in flow resistance depending on air efficiency are described by experimentally developed hydraulic characteristics. The practical dimension of the described algorithm consists in creating a tool enabling the design of a system supplying air to various types of processes where uniform oxygenation of the bed is required. This applies primarily to composting, as well as the widely used biofiltration in the purification process, e.g. of post-process air.

15

Anaerobic digestion and composting as methods of bio-waste management

Czekała Wojciech, Nowak Mateusz, Bojarski Wiktor

Agricultural Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 1

173--186

EN

The management of biodegradable waste from various sectors of economy is an essential element in terms of environmental protection. The paper discusses issues related to the possibility of bio-waste treatment using anaerobic digestion technologies and composting processes, highlighting the conditions for the processes and their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges of overproduction of bio-waste faced by highly developed countries around the world are also presented. Research showed that the anaerobic digestion of this waste combines both biofuel production and a circular economy. The popularity of this method is linked, among others to a low cost of raw materials and wide range of possible uses for biogas (i.e. electricity, heat, or biomethane). In addition, an alternative bio-waste management option, compost production, was discussed. The study aimed to compare anaerobic and aerobic bio-waste management processes.

PL

Zagospodarowanie odpadów biodegradowalnych pochodzących z różnych gałęzi gospodarki jest niezbędnym elementem w aspekcie ochrony środowiska. W artykule omówione zostały zagadnienia związane z możliwością przetwarzania bioodpadów wykorzystując technologie fermentacji metanowej i procesu kompostowania, z podkreśleniem warunków prowadzenia procesów oraz ich wad i zalet. Przedstawione zostały także wyzwania związane z nadmierną produkcją bioodpadów, przed którymi stoją państwa wysokorozwinięte na całym świecie. Prowadzone badania pokazują, że fermentacja beztlenowa omawianych odpadów łączy zarówno produkcję biopaliw oraz gospodarkę obiegu zamkniętego. Popularność omawianej metody jest związana m.in. z niskim kosztem surowców oraz szeroką możliwością wykorzystania produktu jakim jest biogaz (tj. elektryczność, ciepło lub biometan). Ponadto omówiona została tematyka związana z alternatywną możliwością zagospodarowania bioodpadów jaką jest produkcja kompostu. Celem pracy było porównanie procesów beztlenowego i tlenowego zagospodarowania bioodpadów.

16

Zawartość określonych pierwiastkow papierowych opakowaniach przydatnych do odzysku przez kompostowanie i biodegradację

Ciepliński Maciej, Podawczyk Izabela

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2022

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R. 78, nr 3

164--169

PL

Omówiono zastosowanie metody absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej do oznaczania zawartości Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, Mo, Se i As w papierowych i tekturowych opakowaniach i materiałach opakowaniowych przydatnych do odzysku przez biodegradację i kompostowanie, zgodnie z PN-EN 13432. Przedstawiono wyniki oznaczania tych pierwiastków w 280 próbkach papieru i tektury. Tylko w pojedynczych próbkach stwierdzono przekroczenie dopuszczalnych zawartości Pb, Cu i Zn, a ponad 90% próbek spełniło wymagania PN-EN 13432 pod względem zawartości szkodliwych pierwiastków.

EN

The application of atomic absorption spectrometry method for determination of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, Mo, Se and As content in paper and cardboard packaging and packaging materials suitable for recovery by biodegradation and composting according to PN-EN 13432 has been discussed. The results of the determination of these elements in 280 paper and board samples are presented. Single samples were found to exceed the permissible contents of Pb, Cu and Zn. More than 90% of the samples met the requirements of EN 13432 in terms of the content of harmful elements.

17

Changes of Nitrogen and Organic Compound During Co-Composting of Disposable Diaper and Vegetable Wastes on Aerobic Process

Pandebesie Ellina S., Warmadewanthi Idaa, Wilujeng Susi Agustina, Simamora Minar Saraswati

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

228--234

EN

The use of disposable diapers is increasing every year, increasing generated diaper wastes every year. In Surabaya, diaper wastes have become an important issue when they are not treated properly. These diaper wastes will end up in water bodies and cause pollution. One of the technologies that can be used to treat diaper wastes is composting. Disposable diaper wastes consist of high lignocellulose and C content. It is necessary to mix diaper wastes and other wastes with high N content as a co-substrate, so that the optimum C/N ratio of composting can be achieved. In this research, vegetables wastes were used. The Objective of the research was to determine the effect of vegetable wastes adding as a co-substrate in composting of disposable diapers and volatile solid (VS), C-organic, and Total Nitrogen (TN) content changed during the composting process. The research was carried out with three variables mixtures of diaper wastes and vegetable wastes. Two control consist of 100% diaper wastes and 100% vegetables wastes. The Total weight of raw materials was 10 kg for each reactor. The composting process is carried out aerobically with a composting time of 60 days. The results showed that vegetable wastes have the potential to be used as a co-substrate for diaper wastes. The content of C-organic, VS and total nitrogen decreased. All of the parameters include C/N ratio meet the Indonesian Standard of compost.

18

Biosurfactant Produced by Indigenous Bacteria During Composting Process of Crude Oil Polluted Soil: Properties and Role

Sari Gina Lova, Trihadiningrum Yulinah, Ni'matuzahroh, Putra Suhendra Amka, Kasasiah Ahsanal, Alim Muhammad Syahirul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

297--314

EN

Bacterial co-metabolism in composting process has been widely used to remove hydrocarbons, aided by in-situ production of bio-based surfactants, in terms of compost humic acid-like substances and biosurfactants. The properties of compost humic acid-like substances have been shown in previous studies as potential surface tension reducers and emulsifiers for hydrocarbons. The current study aimed to analyze the properties of biosurfactant of surface tension decrease, emulsification activity, and hydrocarbon solubilization ability. Four indigenous bacteria consortia were isolated from composted materials of yard waste, rumen residue, crude oil-polluted soil, and the mixture of polluted soil with organic waste (1:1, w/w) at day 0th, 20th, 40th, and 60th. Organic waste consists of yard waste and rumen residue in the ratio of 1:1. The isolated indigenous bacteria consortia were incubated for 7 days in different media, i.e., organic waste extract, 6.00% of crude oil, and a mixture of organic waste extract with 6.00% crude oil. The results indicated that the surface tension decrease and emulsification activity of biosurfactants were 8.35–52.90 mN m-1 and 0.00–12.00%, respectively, which showed the potential as surface tension reducers with low emulsification activity. The higher hydrocarbon solubility was shown by the biosurfactant from the rumen residue (13 620 µg g-1) and the mixture (10 998 µg g-1) at day 40th, which was comparable to 1.50% of Tween 80. The biosurfactants in the current research were produced with the same materials, process, and time as compost humic acid-like substances which acts as in-situ bio-based surfactants. The respective ability to solubilize hydrocarbon might be combined and estimated to be higher than Tween 80 of 24 329 µg g-1 and 21 619 µg g-1 for rumen residue and the mixture, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the best composition for in-situ bio-based surfactant production to assist the degradation of hydrocarbon through composting process is polluted soil with organic waste (1:1, w/w). The solubility of hydrocarbons can be increased without synthetic surfactants addition, but through providing nutrients to maintain in-situ bio-based surfactant production with intermittent addition of organic waste every 40 days. This method is expected to be an appropriate approach in composting development as a cost-effective sustainable bioremediation technique for polluted soil.

19

Kompostowanie osadów ściekowych w układzie dwustopniowym oraz charakterystyka kompostu

Kulikowska Dorota, Bernat Katarzyna, Zielińska Magdalena, Zaborowska Magdalena

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2022

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Nr 5

37--41

PL

Zagospodarowanie komunalnych osadów ściekowych może być realizowane przy zastosowaniu procesu kompostowania, który jest formą recyklingu organicznego. Ze względu na wysokie uwodnienie osadów ściekowych, ich niską porowatość oraz niską proporcję węgla do azotu (C/N), uzyskanie odpowiedniego wsadu wymaga wprowadzenia materiałów strukturotwórczych i korygujących. W niniejszej pracy proces kompostowania osadów z materiałami lignocelulozowymi (słoma pszeniczna, zrębki drewniane) prowadzono w układzie dwustopniowym (1° — napowietrzany bioreaktor, 2° — okresowo przerzucana pryzma). Wykazano, że temperatura powyżej 55°C (warunki termofilowe) utrzymywała się do 6. dnia procesu, a po 2 tygodniach uległa obniżeniu do 40°C. W kompoście nie stwierdzono żywych jaj pasożytów jelitowych oraz bakterii z rodzaju Salmonella, co oznacza, że czas trwania fazy termofilowej był wystarczający do higienizacji osadów ściekowych. Mimo stosunkowo wysokiej zawartości materii organicznej w gotowym produkcie (766 g/kg s.m.), stabilny kompost uzyskano już po 60 dniach procesu, o czym świadczy wartość AT4 na poziomie około 10 g O2/kg s.m. Kompost charakteryzował się wysoką zawartością pierwiastków nawozowych (NPK), a stężenia metali ciężkich nie przekraczały wartości normatywnych.

EN

Composting, as a form of organic recycling, may be used for municipal sewage sludge treatment. Due to the high moisture of sewage sludge, and both its low porosity and the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), to obtain the appropriate feedstock, bulking agents and amendments must be added. In the present study, the composting process of sewage sludge with the lignocellulosic materials (wood chips, wheat straw) was conducted in a two-stage system (1° — aerated bioreactor, 2° — periodically turned windrow). The temperature above 55°C (thermophilic conditions) maintained until the 6th day of the process, and after 2 weeks it decreased to 40°C. There were no live eggs of intestinal parasites and Salmonella bacteria in the compost. This means that the length of the thermophilic phase was sufficient for the sewage sludge hygienization. Compost had relatively high content of organic matter (766 g/kg dry matter), however, the product achieved stability only after 60 days of composting, as evidenced by the AT4 value on the level ca. 10 g O2/kg DM. Compost was characterized by a high content of nutrients (NPK) and heavy metals concentrations were below the normative values.

20

Evaluation of forced aerated and turned pile composting of rose oil processing wastes

Ekinci Kamil, Tosun İsmail, Sülük Kemal, Şevik Fevzi, Kumbul Barbaros Salih, Bitrak Necati Berk

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 1

99--115

EN

Composting of rose oil processing solid wastes was experimented by two different aeration methods: forced aeration and mechanical turning. The objective of this study was to assess which aeration methods were the most convenient for the composting process. Assessment of aeration methods was performed based on the parameters such as temperature, O2, CO2, CH4 concentration profiles, and physical and chemical properties of the finished composts. The two aeration methods were also compared based on the energy consumed by aeration per unit organic matter loss (OML) of composting, which is a major proportion of operating costs. Although composting performance parameters of temperature and O2/CO2 in the function of time showed some differences, similar end-product quality in terms of moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, NH+4–N and NO-3–N and contents was obtained. These results suggested that both methods (forced aeration and mechanical turning) may be utilized for composting operation of rose oil processing solid wastes. However, in this study, energy consumed by aeration provided by mechanical turning per unit OML of composting was 1.24 times higher than that of forced aeration. Furthermore, mechanical turning created anaerobic conditions for the formation of CH4 concentration in the pile, which was higher than that of the forced aeration.