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1

Evaluation of the fertilising properties of composts containing herbal waste

Koziak Kinga, Krasowska Małgorzata, Piekut Jolanta, Obidziński Sławomir, Cwalina Paweł, Kowczyk-Sadowy Małgorzata, Kowalewska Olga

Economics and Environment

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2025

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No. 1

art. no. 907

EN

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of fertiliser granules and compare their fertiliser value. The study used analytical methods, including potentiometric pH determination, the Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination, spectrophotometry for phosphorus determination, and flame photometry for potassium and sodium determination. The content of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The test material consisted of pellets made from compost (consisting of green waste: grass cuttings, leaves, and pruned branches) and slurry made from dried nettle. The results showed that the granules had pH values ranging from 7.44 to 8.20. The nitrogen content ranged from 1.77 to 2.18%, phosphorus from 0.17 to 0.38%, potassium from 0.77 to 0.90%, and sodium from 0.02 to 0.05%. In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb) were within acceptable limits for organic fertilisers. Studies have shown that granules made from compost and nettle slurry have favourable physicochemical properties that allow their use as a supplement to mineral fertilisation. They are characterised by an optimal pH value and a balanced content of key nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium while maintaining acceptable concentrations of heavy metals. The results confirm that the tested materials meet standards for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and heavy metals, confirming their suitability as safe and effective organic fertilisers. Their use can contribute not only to improving soil quality and increasing crop yields but also support sustainable development goals and fit into the concept of a circular economy.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie podstawowych właściwości chemicznych i fizycznych granulatów nawozowych oraz porównanie ich wartości nawozowej. W badaniach zastosowano metody analityczne, w tym potencjometryczne oznaczanie pH, metodę Kjeldahla do oznaczania azotu, spektrofotometrię do oznaczania fosforu oraz fotometrię płomieniową do oznaczania potasu i sodu. Zawartość metali ciężkich (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb) oznaczono metodą spektrometrii mas z plazmą wzbudzaną indukcyjnie (ICP-MS). Materiał badawczy stanowiły granulaty wytworzone z kompostu (składającego się z odpadów zielonych: skoszonej trawy, liści i przyciętych gałęzi) oraz gnojówki z suszonej pokrzywy. Wyniki badań wykazały, że granulaty charakteryzują się wartością pH w zakresie od 7,44 do 8,20. Zawartość azotu wynosiła od 1,77 do 2,18%, fosforu od 0,17 do 0,38%, potasu od 0,77 do 0,90%, a sodu od 0,02 do 0,05%. Ponadto, stężenia metali ciężkich (Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb) mieściły się w granicach dopuszczalnych dla nawozów organicznych. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że granulaty wytworzone z kompostu i gnojówki z pokrzywy charakteryzują się korzystnymi właściwościami fizykochemicznymi, które umożliwiają ich zastosowanie jako uzupełnienie nawożenia mineralnego. Odznaczają się optymalną wartością pH oraz zrównoważoną zawartością kluczowych składników odżywczych, takich jak azot, fosfor, potas i sód, przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu dopuszczalnych stężeń metali ciężkich. Wyniki potwierdzają, że badane materiały spełniają normy dotyczące zawartości azotu, fosforu, potasu oraz metali ciężkich, co potwierdza ich przydatność jako bezpiecznych i efektywnych nawozów organicznych. Ich zastosowanie może przyczynić się nie tylko do poprawy jakości gleby i zwiększenia plonów, ale również wspierać cele zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz wpisywać się w koncepcję gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym.

2

Electricity and biogas production in portable biodigester-microbial fuel cells: Optimum substrate composition and ratio from organic waste

Astuti Septin Puji, Purwono Purwono, Ulya Annida Unnatiq

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 2

379--391

EN

Organic waste comes from various sources, such as food or vegetable waste and animal manurequickly decomposes in nature, but it significantly impacts the environment and human health, with methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from organic waste contributing to global warming, and further harming the environment. This study aims to determine the optimal substrate composition of organic waste from vegetable and cow manure for generating electricity using an integrated anaerobic digestion (AD) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) system. The experiment used portable biodigester-MFCs systems for households and was conducted for eight weeks. Four biodigester reactors using different ratios of vegetable waste to cow manure were applied: R1 (100%:0%), R2 (75%:25%), R3 (50%:50%), and R4 (0%:100%). The result shows the highest electrical voltage in the third reactor (R3), registering at 0.62 mV, consisting of 50% cow manure and 50% vegetable waste. The highest biogas yield (13,192 ml) comes from the second reactor (R2), with a composition of 25% cow manure and 75% vegetable waste. The addition of cow manure to vegetable waste enhanced electricity production through CH4production in an anaerobic digestion process. Based on the above result, substrate composition and ratios are needed to influence the optimum pH and temperature to optimise the metabolic activity of bacteria in portable MFCs efficiently. Among the four biodigester tested, R2, with a 75% vegetable waste to 25% cow manure ratio, achieved the highest biogas yield of 13.192 ml and highest CH4content. Conversely, R4, comprising 100% cow manure, produced the smallest biogas volume but achieved the highest CH4. These findings highlight the significant role of cow manure in biogas production and the challenges of utilising vegetable and organic waste effectively.

3

Operation and challenges of biogas technology: A fundamental overview

Pilarski Krzysztof, Pilarska Agnieszka A.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2024

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Vol. 27

281--307

EN

The modern world is facing a huge energy crisis related to the depletion of conventional energy sources. Therefore, obtaining energy from alternative sources is sparking increasing interest, expressed by both scientists and entrepreneurs. One such source is biogas, which has great potential to become, along with wind and solar energy, an important renewable energy source (RES). The development of biogas production should proceed in a sustainable manner, meaning it should be economically stable and minimize negative environmental impacts. Its goal is to create efficient and eco-friendly energy solutions – largely based on the use of organic waste – that support a circular economy and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving these conditions, however, requires addressing technical challenges, which often include the need to optimize biomass processing and invest in new technologies, issues with substrate heterogeneity, gas management and purification, digestate management, as well as infrastructure and scalability concerns. Sustainable biogas development thus requires solutions to these technical and infrastructure challenges, as well as support from policy and local communities.

4

The Use of Biofilter in Anaerobic Baffled Reactor to Improve Quality of Methane Concentration and Effluent as Liquid Organic Fertiliser

Ningsih Lydia Mawar, Hasanudin Udin, Roubík Hynek

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 9

226--234

EN

The biofilter used is a simple technology in anaerobic digestion to remove pollutants from the substrate to enhance biogas production and nutrient effluent, which can be used as liquid organic fertiliser. This study aims to determine the effect of using a biofilter to improve biogas production and biogas effluent as an organic fertiliser material. The results show that the highest methane concentration is 60.64% at a dosage 200 L·day-1. The total solid (TS) content of biogas effluent exhibits a decrease of approximately 44% across all substrate doses, with respective percentages of TS of 0.16%, 0.03%, 0.025%, and 0.034% for 50 L·day-1, 100 L·day-1, 150 L·day-1, and 200 L·day-1, respectively. The use of biofilters in an ABR can significantly enhance the quality of biogas effluent, rendering it suitable for use as a liquid organic fertiliser. By capturing and biodegrading pollutants, the biofilter component can further enrich the nutrient content of the effluent, which already contains essential nutrients due to the anaerobic conditions and compartmentalised design of the ABR. The nutrient content in the biogas effluent mix with nutrition (AB mix) namely; N-total 262.5 mg·L-1, P-available 0.399 mg·L-1, Ca 4.08 mg·L-1, Mg 25.24 mg·L-1, Cu 0.032 mg·L-1, and Fe 13.09 mg·L-1 follows the standard organic fertiliser of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia.

5

Biotechnology of Organic Animal Waste Processing Based on Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)

Ergasheva Xafiza Isroilovna, Ismailov Zafar Fayzullayevich, Raxmatullayev Alimardan Yusupovich, Raxmatullayev Yorqin Shokirovich, Davronov Barno Orziyevich, Raxmatillayeva Yulduz Baxtiyor Qizi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 5

70--78

EN

Currently, the use of vermicompost in organic soil nutrition is highly efficient. The efficiency of vermicompost production at an industrial level is directly related to the correct implementation of this biotechnological process. In the conducted research, a local earthworm species, Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), was used in the preparation of vermicompost from animal organic waste, which accumulates in large quantities in the livestock sector of agriculture. In the conducted experiments, local species of earthworms suitable for vermiculture were selected, and the optimal conditions of the substrate for their survival were studied. As a result of the research, it is possible to increase the efficiency of agricultural production by localizing low-cost biohumus production technology in Uzbekistan based on the use of local earthworms. In the conducted experiments, earthworms started feeding when the moisture level of the substrate was 30%. Their further development processes were manifested differently at different humidity levels. The earthworm hybrid breed had good development indicators at a relatively high humidity of 70–80%. In local species, this indicator was 60–70%. In the experiments, the optimal living conditions of local earthworms were studied and used in biotechnological processes.

6

Biotechnological Processing of Organic and Domestic Waste and the Effect of Obtained Vermicompost on Soil Fertility

Ergasheva Xafiza Isroilovna, Ismailov Zafar Fayzullayevich, Alikulov Begali Saydullayevich, Jo‘raqulovna Nasiba Xodjayeva, Tillaeva Zarrina Faxriddinovna, Abdullaev Ikram Iskandarovich, Raxmatullayev Alimardan Yusupovich, Ergasheva Olimaxon Khaliqjonovna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

119--129

EN

Vermicomposting in comparison to conventional composting has several advantages, such as faster treatment of organic waste and production of manure compost with lower levels of salinity. Therefore, the determination of optimal mixtures of organic waste and manure for vermicomposting and deployment of local earthworms for this procedure have important implications in plant agriculture. In this work, the vermicompost was prepared from mixtures of manure (cattle, horse and sheep) and household organic waste (wood shavings, paper, leaves, fruit and vegetable waste) in various ratios. To convert the organic waste to the vermicompost we used the local earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), while a hybrid species Eisenia anderii (Iogonen, 1995), served as control. Chemical analysis of the resulting vermicompost revealed significant increase in nutrient content compared to the initial substrate: the total nitrogen (N) was increased by 79%, phosphorus (P) by 89% and potassium (K) by 62%. The efficacy of the vermicompost, which was evaluated to have high NPK content, was further studied by observing its impact on the growth of local cucumber variety Miracle F1. As a control, the plants were cultured in medium without vermicompost (black sand). In this work, we examined the effect of different proportions of vermicompost on the development and yield of cucumber seedlings. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University. Cucumber seedlings were grown in a medium containing 10%, 20%, 30% vermicompost.

7

Niewykorzystana energia kompostowni

Słomka Wojciech

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

|

2024

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nr 5

PL

Ciąg przemian towarzyszących światowej energetyce oraz coraz większe zapotrzebowanie na prąd wymuszają podejmowanie nowych inicjatyw w tym zakresie oraz rozwijanie tak zwanych zielonych instalacji. To energia pozyskiwana już nie tylko z fotowoltaiki i pracy wiatraków, ale również z kompostowni odpadów organicznych.

8

Characterization and Bioavailability of Metallic Trace Elements in Different Organic Waste

Doughmi Ayoub, Elkafz Ghizlane, Benradi Fatima, Cherkaoui Essediya, Khamar Mohamed, Nounah Abderrahman, Zouahri Abdelmjid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

133--140

EN

It is important to address metabolic and heavy metal issues in organic waste through sustainable development, circular economy principles and effective solid waste management, particularly focusing on composting as a crucial approach recognized in Morocco’s Green Generation Plan to reduce waste sent to landfills and mitigate greenhouse effects and gas emissions to fight against environmental pollution. This study aims to elevate the significance of organic waste in agriculture by employing composting technics, thereby mitigating its heavy metal content and safeguarding soil and farmland against various forms of contamination. This approach aligns seamlessly with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy, advocating for responsible waste management and the augmentation of natural resource value. The findings of the study indicated a decrease in heavy metal levels across all composts, with a minimum values at the end of the composting in Gr compost recorded in all heavy metals analyzed (Pb – 0.1125 mg·kg-1, Cd – 0.08 mg·kg-1, Cr – 2.22 mg·kg-1, Zn – 10.88 mg·kg-1, Mn – 28.85 mg·kg-1, Cu –8.30 mg·kg-1, Fe – 545.18 mg·kg-1 and Ni – 1 mg·kg-1). The findings from the assessment of heavy metal levels in the examined compost samples demonstrate their adherence to regulatory standards. Consequently, these composts can be confidently employed as organic soil enhancers, contributing to the enrichment of agricultural soils and fostering plant growth, all while avoiding the potential hazard of undue metal contamination. This study comes to confirm and consolidate previous works findings regarding the valorization of organic solid waste through composting and to minimize their major environmental risks by reducing trace metal elements through this biological process.

9

Impact of partial substitution of sand by compost on the mechanical and thermal parameters of concrete

Zaidi Halima, Bouadam Roukia

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2024

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Vol. 23, no. 3

99--113

EN

The study investigates recycling organic waste in Algeria due to the rising use of natural resources and energy in concrete production and the large amount of organic waste discarded. The aim is to use compost as a partial replacement for sand, reducing the use of natural aggregates in the concrete industry while also reusing previously discarded waste as part of a circular economy. An experimental study was carried out on concrete’s thermal and mechanical properties to determine the effect of partial compost replacement on these properties. Five mixtures were created by replacing sand with compost in different proportions: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Slump and density were assessed in the formulations’ original state. Mechanical tests were performed on the hardened concrete to determine porosity, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Thermal tests were also conducted on various types of concrete to determine thermal conductivity. The findings show that the texture of the compost reduced the slump, highlighting the importance of incorporating an admixture to achieve the desired workability. While meeting normal-weight concrete standards, concrete density was reduced. The mechanical properties of concrete with small amounts of compost were similar to regular concrete; instead, waste porosity improved insulation.

PL

Badanie dotyczy recyklingu odpadów organicznych w Algierii w kontekście rosnącego zużycia zasobów naturalnych i energii w produkcji betonu oraz dużej ilości odpadów organicznych, które są wyrzucane. Celem jest wykorzystanie kompostu jako częściowego zamiennika piasku, aby zmniejszyć zużycie naturalnych kruszyw w przemyśle betonowym, a jednocześnie ponownie wykorzystać odpady w ramach gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Przeprowadzono badanie eksperymentalne dotyczące właściwości termicznych i mechanicznych betonu w celu określenia wpływu częściowego zastąpienia piasku kompostem na te właściwości. Stworzono pięć mieszanek, w których piasek został zastąpiony kompostem w różnych proporcjach: 0, 5, 10, 15 i 20%. Konsystencja i gęstość zostały ocenione w pierwotnym stanie mieszanek. Na stwardniałym betonie przeprowadzono testy mechaniczne w celu określenia porowatości, wytrzymałości na ściskanie oraz wytrzymałości na zginanie. Przeprowadzono również testy termiczne na różnych rodzajach betonu, aby określić przewodność cieplną. Wyniki pokazują, że tekstura kompostu zmniejszyła konsystencję mieszanki, co podkreśla konieczność zastosowania domieszki w celu uzyskania pożądanej urabialności. Gęstość betonu, chociaż spełniała standardy betonu zwykłego, została zmniejszona. Właściwości mechaniczne betonu z niewielką ilością kompostu były podobne do betonu zwykłego, a większa porowatość poprawiła izolacyjność.

10

Mikroplastiki obecne w kompoście stanowiące barierę dla gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego (GOZ)

Grąz Katarzyna, Gronba-Chyła Anna, Chyła Krzysztof

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

|

T. 102, nr 4

381--383

PL

Próbki kompostu przydomowego rozdrobniono w młynie nożowym, a następnie w młynie planetarno-kulowym i homogenizowano przy prędkości obrotowej 30 500 rpm. Wielkość otrzymanych cząstek badano za pomocą analizatora dynamicznego rozpraszania światła DLS i analizowano jakościowo za pomocą FTIR. Znaleziono cząstki o średniej wielkości 500 nm, zawierające głównie polietylen.

EN

Backyard compost samples were ground in a knife mill and then in a planetary-ball mill and homogenized at 30 500 rpm. The size of the particles obtained was studied using a DLS dynamic light scattering analyzer and analyzed qual. using FTIR. The av. particle size was 500 nm. They mainly contained polyethylene.

11

The effect of funcionalized ethylene-n-octene copolymer on mechanical properties of bioPET with organic waste fillers

Rusin-Żurek Karina, Kuciel Stanisław, Kurańska Maria

Polimery

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2023

|

Vol. 68, nr 6

330--336

EN

The effect of compatibilizer – ethylene-n-octene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (EOC-g-MAH) used in the amount of 3 wt% on tensile and flexural properties and impact strength of bioPET with the addition of 10 wt% filler derived from organic waste (egg and mollusc shells, coffee grounds) was investigated. EOC-g-MAH slightly decreased tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, while significantly increasing impact strength (up to 426%). Moreover, ability of bioPET-based composites to dissipate mechanical energy was improved.

PL

Zbadano wpływ kompatybilizatora – kopolimeru etylen-n-okten szczepionego bezwodnikiem maleinowym (EOC-g-MAH) użytego w ilości 3% mas. na właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i zginaniu oraz udarność bioPET z dodatkiem 10% mas. napełniacza pochodzącego z odpadów organicznych (skorupki jaj i mięczaków, fusy z kawy). EOC-g-MAH nieznacznie obniżył wytrzymałość na rozciąganie, zginanie i moduł sprężystości, jednocześnie znacznie zwiększył udarność (aż do 426%). Ponadto zwiększyła się zdolność kompozytów na bazie bioPET do rozpraszania energii mechanicznej.

12

Fuel recovery from plastic and organic wastes with the help of mineralogical catalysts

Sarıkap Mehmet Can, Çebi Fatma Hoş

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 3

16--25

EN

Plastics are one of the most widely used materials, and, in most cases, they are designed to have long life spans. Since plastic and packaging waste pollute the environment for many years, their disposal is of great importance for the environment and human health. In this paper, a system was developed to store liquid fuel from plastic and organic waste mixes without solidification, which then can be used as fuel in motor vehicles and construction machinery. For this purpose, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and organic wastes and clay, zeolite, and MCS23-code materials (50% magnetite-%25 calcium oxide-%25 sodium chloride) were heated in a closed medium at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400°C and subsequently re-condensed. The study conducted twenty tests, involving various types and rates of plastic and organic materials, as well as different rates of catalysts. Among these tests, the highest liquid fuel yield (67.47%) was achieved in Test 9, where 50% PVC50% PET waste, 75 g of clinoptilolite, and 500 g of MCS23 waste were collectively used. Notably, Test 12 exhibited the highest density value (79.8 kg/m3), while the best viscosity value (2.794 mm2/s) was observed in Test 2. Across all samples, flash point values were found to be below 40°C. The most favorable yield point value was recorded in Test 2 (-6°C). The samples displayed ash content within the range of 0 to 0.01% (m/m)] and combustion heat values of 35.000> J/g which fall within the standard range. The incorporation of MCS23 with clinoptilolite additives is believed to have a significant impact on obtaining high-yield products with improved fuel properties.

13

Zawartość fosforu i azotu w kompostach z odpadów pochodzących z różnych źródeł

Grąz Katarzyna, Gronba-Chyła Anna, Kwaśny Justyna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

|

T. 101, nr 8

559--562

PL

Materia organiczna gleby odgrywa istotną rolę w chemicznych, mikrobiologicznych i fizycznych aspektach żyzności gleby. Odpady organiczne przekształcone w humifikowany materiał organiczny w procesie kompostowania można wykorzystać jako organiczne dodatki zwiększające zawartość materii organicznej i poprawiające żyzność gleby. Jakość kompostu różni się w zależności od rodzaju kompostowanych odpadów i technologii procesu kompostowania i jest bardzo istotna, zwłaszcza jeśli chodzi o optymalną zawartość pierwiastków, takich jak fosfor i azot. Przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości P i N dla czterech różnych rodzajów kompostów.

EN

Four types of compost (household composts, rural compost processed by poultry and 2 composts from the mech.-biolog. treatment plant of municipal waste) were studied for P and N content. The lowest av. P and N content was recorded in rural compost, 1.6 and 1.5% by mass, resp., and the highest in household compost, 3.2 and 2.7% by mass, resp.

14

Chemical Composition of Earthworm (Eisenia fetida Sav.) Biomass and Selected Determinants for its Production

Kostecka Joanna, Garczyńska Mariola, Pączka Grzegorz, Mazur-Pączka Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 7

169--179

EN

The study was designed to determine selected components of chemical composition in the body of earthworms cultivated on organic kitchen waste. It was shown that their biomass can be classified as protein-rich, succulent fodder. Notably, this work also specified the contents of 17 essential amino acids, as well as the profile of fatty acids. It also highlighted selected threats to the natural environment caused by food production and food wastage by man. Because of that, this paper also presents the determinants of earthworm biomass production. The possibilities of consuming alternative invertebrate protein were also discussed.

15

Ocena dostępnych na rynku krajowym odpadów organicznych stanowiących potencjalną bazę surowcową do wytwarzania nawozów

Jóźwiak Marcelina, Pankalla Ewa, Kozioł Krzysztof, Huculak-Mączka Marta, Hoffmann Józef

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2021

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T. 100, nr 10

957--962

PL

Przedstawiono przegląd dostępnych odpadów organicznych o właściwościach fizykochemicznych umożliwiających zastosowanie ich jako komponenty nawozowe. Jako najbardziej obiecujące wytypowano osad ściekowy, wywar gorzelniany, odpady pochodzenia zwierzęcego, popiół, zużyte podłoże pieczarkowe, algi, biowęgiel i substancje próchnicze. Przedstawiono dostępne w literaturze wyniki badań, które wskazują na możliwości zastosowania tych odpadów jako cenne składniki formulacji nawozowych lub jako metodę utylizacji niemającą negatywnego wpływu na właściwości produkowanych nawozów.

EN

A review, with 29 refs., on the use of organic waste such as sewage sludge, distillery residue, animal origin waste, ash, used mushroom substrate, algae, biochar and humus substances as raw materials for the production of mineralorg. fertilizers. The possibility of using the waste in fertilizer formulations without negative impact on their properties was presented. The effect of these materials on the growth and yielding of fertilized plants as well as on the phys.-chem. properties of soil was also discussed.

16

Assessment of the Efficiency of Using Organic Waste from the Brewing Industry for Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soils

Strizhenok Alexey V., Korelskiy Denis S., Choi Yosoon

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 22, nr 4

66--77

EN

At present, the development and optimization of methods to eliminate the consequences of soil contamination with hydrocarbons is gaining increasing economic and social importance; it is the basis for sustainable development of the oil industry. Within the frames of the scientific research, a review of literature was carried out in the sphere of utilization of organic wastes from the food industry in reclamation of oil-contaminated soils; an experimental study of efficiency of the use of wastes from the brewing industry in the process of bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils was conducted and phytotoxicity of these wastes was determined. Experimental research was conducted at different initial concentrations of oil in the soil, which allowed to establish the optimal range of oil pollution level at which the efficiency of brewing waste use is the highest. Thus, at low concentrations (1000–2000 mg/kg), the dynamics of oil concentration decrease in the soil remained preserved throughout the whole duration of the experiment, and the efficiency of oil destruction in the soil exceeded 98%, which confirmed the overall efficiency of application of brewing waste for reclamation of oil-contaminated soils.

17

Preliminary studies on odor removal in the adsorption process on biochars produced form sewage sludge and beekeeping waste

Piekarski Jacek, Dąbrowski Tomasz, Dąbrowski Janusz, Ignatowicz Katarzyna

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 2

20--28

EN

The paper presents the preliminary study of n-butanol removal in the adsorption process. The main objective of the research was to assess whether and to what extent biochars produced from selected organic waste materials are suitable for odor removal. Biochars produced from dried sewage sludge and beekeeping waste were tested in the adsorption process. At first, raw materials were pyrolyzed and then modified with a 25% ZnCl2 solution or a 30% H2O2 solution. The adsorption process was conducted using a model gas – the European reference odorant – n-butanol. The output parameter was odor concentration Cod [ouE/m3]. Odor concentration Cod values were obtained using a dynamic olfactometry method on T08 olfactometer. The solid byproducts of pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge and beekeeping waste may be used as adsorbents for the removal of n-butanol in the adsorption process. Adsorption performance of biochar from sewage sludge is better than biochar from beekeeping waste. Additional modification with H2O2 or ZnCl2 increases the efficiency of the process, thus decreasing the required bed height for the elimination of odorant. The results of the studies confirm the findings of other authors that biochars derived from sewage sludge and other organic waste materials may be efficient sorbents in the removal of various substances from water or the air. Other biochars and methods of their activation should be tested. For practical reasons, the next stage of the research should be the determination of the adsorption front height and its migration rate.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wstępne badania usuwania n-butanolu w procesie adsorpcji. Głównym celem badań była ocena, czy i w jakim stopniu wybrane sorbenty wyprodukowane z wybranych odpadów organicznych nadają się do usuwania odorantów. W procesie adsorpcji przebadano sorbenty wytworzone z wysuszonych osadów ściekowych i odpadów pszczelarskich. Surowce początkowo poddano procesowi pirolizy, a następnie modyfikowano 25% roztworem ZnCl2 lub 30% roztworem H2O2. Proces adsorpcji prowadzono przy użyciu gazu modelowego – europejskiego referencyjnego odoranta – n-butanolu. Parametrem wyjściowym było stężenie zapachowe Cod [ouE/m3]. Wartości stężenia zapachowego oznaczono metodą olfaktometrii dynamicznej na olfaktometrze T08. Stała frakcja po pirolizie przefermentowanych osadów ściekowych i odpadów pszczelarskich może służyć jako adsorbent do usuwania n-butanolu w procesie adsorpcji. Skuteczność adsorbentu z osadów ściekowych jest lepsza niż z odpadów pszczelarskich. Dodatkowa modyfikacja za pomocą H2O2 lub ZnCl2 zwiększa wydajność sorbentów, zmniejszając tym samym wymaganą wysokość złoża do eliminacji substancji zapachowej. Wyniki badań potwierdzają wyniki otrzymane przez innych autorów, że sorbenty pochodzące z osadów ściekowych i innych odpadów organicznych mogą być skuteczne w usuwaniu różnych substancji z wody lub powietrza. W kolejnym etapie należy przetestować inne materiały i inne metody aktywacji. Natomiast dla warunków praktycznych należałoby obliczyć wysokość i szybkość migracji frontu adsorpcji złóż otrzymanych z materiałów odpadowych.

18

Microplastics in composts as a barrier to the development of circular economy

Grąz Katarzyna, Kwaśny Justyna

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2021

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Vol. 14, no. 4

137--144

EN

The philosophy of sustainable development imposes on waste management systems solutions that are technically correct, economically effective and socially acceptable. One of the elements of these systems is the management of organic waste in two streams: municipal organic waste and the so-called green waste. Their composition is different, but some properties and technological processing possibilities are identical. The possibilities of using organic recycling products are also completely different. However, in both cases, such treatment is necessary, regardless of the type of waste, to either use it as much as possible or to store only bio-stable waste. A big problem all over the world, not only for cities, is nano- and microplastics. It is estimated that 2-5% of all plastics produced are discharged into the oceans. High-density polymers settle to the bottom of water bodies, imitating food for bottom invertebrates. Conversely, low-density microplastics floating on the surface of the water pose a threat to zooplankton and smaller fish. However, the conducted research indicates that the pollution of terrestrial environments may be even 4 to 23 times greater than that of the ocean. While flowing through the sewage treatment plant, microplastics are accumulated in sewage sludge, and in the case of natural use of the sludge, they can end up in the soil and in the food chain of animals and humans. Composts are another source of soil contamination, especially from municipal organic waste and green waste. On January 16, 2018, the European Commission published the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy, which outlines how plastic products are designed, manufactured, used and recycled. The aim of the paper is to present the initial results of preliminary tests on organic waste in terms of the possibility of identifying microplastics in them [1-3].

19

Anaerobic digestion and microwave pyrolysis techniques for recycling organic wastes

Butlewski Krystian

Polimery

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2019

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T. 64, nr 11-12

811--817

EN

Two promising techniques – anaerobic digestion (AD) and microwave pyrolysis (MP) – have been presented in this work for possible recycling of organic waste. The main products of AD are biogas and digestate, which can be utilized for production energy, fuels and valuable materials. MP products are gases, liquids and char, which can be used as substrates for producing hydrogen, biodiesel, kerosene, and activated carbon. MP provides fast heating and can be used for various material waste blends including biomass – plastic mixtures. AD and MP can be combined for a synergic effect with respect to system efficiency.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono dwie nowoczesne techniki – beztlenową fermentację (AD) i mikrofalową pirolizę (MP) w kontekście możliwości ich wykorzystania w recyklingu odpadów organicznych. Głównymi produktami AD są biogaz i poferment stosowane w produkcji energii, paliw i wartościowych materiałów. Produktami MP są natomiast gaz, ciecz i substancja węglowa stanowiące materiał wejściowy do produkcji wodoru, biodiesla, nafty i węgla aktywowanego. Technika MP zapewnia szybkie nagrzewanie i może być wykorzystana w wypadku różnych mieszanin materiałów odpadowych, m.in. mieszanin biomasy z „plastikami”. Instalacje AD i MP mogą być stosowane łącznie w celu uzyskania synergii wytwarzania energii, paliw i wartościowych wyrobów.

20

Production of agricultural biogas from waste – an element of socially responsible actions in the food sector

Iwaszczuk Natalia, Szyba Marta, Iwaszczuk Aleksander, Yakubiv Valentyna, Stefanyk Vasyl

Acta Innovations

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2019

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no. 33

52--62

EN

The agricultural and food sector accounts for substantial volumes of organic waste (such as livestock excreta, meat offals) considered as onerous on the environment. The above decomposes formulating methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide in anaerobic conditions. Methane produced in digester chambers of a biomass plant (called biogas) may be applied for the production of electricity and heat, powering of vehicles as well as injections into gas networks. Biogas is one of the renewable sources of energy. In the light of the EU's sustainable development and climate neutrality policies, increasing the share of renewable sources in overall energy consumption is a priority for the Member States. For this reason, the article examines one of the renewable energy sectors in Poland, which is agricultural biogas production. The main attention was focused on agricultural biogas plants. Most often used substrates for biogas production, the dependence of biogas plant location on the population living in particular regions (voivodships) and the development of agriculture in their territories were analysed. The main purpose of the article was to indicate the reasons for the failure of the agricultural biogas plant construction program in Poland. Literature and document analysis were performed, interviews with waste producers as well as owners of agricultural biogas plants were carried out, and SWOT analysis was prepared.