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Impact of reducing the number of solid fuel devices in Kraków in 2012–2018 on air quality

Kaszowski Kamil, Godłowska Jolanta, Kaszowski Wiesław

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2025

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Nr 93 (tom 1)

23--42

EN

The study evaluates the impact of reducing emissions from solid-fuel heating devices on PM10 concentrations in Kraków, using data from 2012, 2015, and 2018. The AROME/MM5/CALMET/ CALPUFF modelling system (Scire et al. 2000a,b) was employed to estimate PM10 concentrations resulting solely from use of solid-fuel furnaces and boiler houses under two distinct meteorological scenarios — one representing a relatively cold year (2012) and another a relatively warm year (2018). The modelling was performed on a high-resolution 100 m grid and generated estimates of daily and annual average PM10 concentrations, as well as maximum daily values. By comparing the results for the three years, the ecological effect defined as the reduction in annual average PM10 concentrations over the periods 2012–2015, 2015–2018, and 2012–2018 was quantified. Notably, eliminating solidfuel heating sources between 2015 and 2018 produced a fourfold reduction in area-averaged annual PM10 concentrations from 25.8 μg/m³ in 2012 to 5.6 μg/m³ in 2018 in the cold meteorological year CY (2012) and from 22.8 μg/m³ in 2012 to 5 μg/m³ in 2018 year in the warm meteorological year WY (2018). Moreover, all daily averages fell below 27 μg/m³, and the maximum daily PM10 concentrations exceeded on 10% of the city area — which reached 254 μg/m³ (170 μg/m³ in a warm year) in 2015 — declined to 66 μg/m³ (44 μg/m³ in a warm year) by 2018 in a cold meteorological scenario. These results demonstrate that targeted measures to reduce solid-fuel emissions can substantially improve urban air quality.

2

Sezonowa zmienność źródeł pyłów zawieszonych na przykładzie Krakowa

Skiba Alicja, Styszko Katarzyna, Samek Lucyna, Gorczyca Zbigniew, Zimnoch Mirosław, Różański Kazimierz

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2025

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[Z] 79, 1-2

101--117

EN

We are observing a long-term trend, which is the growing interest of scientists and the general public, in air quality and air pollution, both in Poland and around the world. The deterioration of air quality is influenced by both anthropogenic and natural factors. The most well-known sources of anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere include the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, transportation, industry, as well as agricultural activities. Natural sources include, for example, grass pollen, soil erosion, wildfires, and volcanic emissions. One of the primary pollutants emitted into the atmosphere is particulate matter (PM) – an aerosol with a complex composition. It may contain chemical compounds considered carcinogenic, and long-term exposure to high concentrations can lead to adverse health effects. Therefore, in 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) published recommended limits for particulate matter fractions PM10 and PM2.5. In the doctoral dissertation of Alicja Skiba entitled „Seasonal variability of air pollution sources in Kraków during the period of 2018-2019, based on analyses of chemical and isotopic composition”, the sources of particulate matter in a major urban center – Krakow, were studied. Two particulate matter fractions (PM1 and PM10) were analyzed, with daily samples collected between April 21, 2018, and March 19, 2019. These samples underwent the following analyses: ion chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, thermo-optical analysis of OC/EC, and mass spectrometry (AMS and IRMS). The results were interpreted using methods such as positive matrix factorization (PMF). The application of PMF revealed five emission sources: coal and biomass(solid fuel) combustion, secondary inorganic aerosols, road emissions, soil matter, industry and other unidentified sources. The results showed significant variability in emissions from coal and biomass combustion between the heating and non-heating seasons (a substantial increase from several percent to as much as 41%). Industrial emissions exhibited a relatively stable contribution throughout the year, ranging from approximately 14% to 24%, depending on the fraction and season.

3

Cząstki PM2,5 zawieszone w powietrzu atmosferycznym. Cz. 1, Kotły opalane węglem jako źródło cząstek PM2,5

Wu Peizhi

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 10

982--985

PL

Próbki cząstek stałych PM2,5 pobrane z 3 chińskich kotłów opalanych węglem zostały oddzielone od spalin za pomocą filtrowania membranowego, a następnie poddane analizie w celu określenia ich składu. Próbki analizowano za pomocą chromatografii jonowej, spektrometrii mas z plazmą indukcyjnie sprzężoną oraz analizy węglowej. Stwierdzono, że zawierały one głównie SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, Cl-, węgiel organiczny i pierwiastkowy oraz glin i krzem.

EN

Particulate matter PM2.5 samples taken from 3 Chinese coal-fired boilers were sepd. from flue gas by filter membrane process and analyzed to det. their compn. by ion chromatog., inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and C analysis. The sepd. samples contained mainly SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, Cl-, org. C, elemental C, Al, and Si.

4

Cząstki PM2,5 zawieszone w atmosferycznym powietrzu. Część 3, Badania różnic w poziomie wewnętrznego zanieczyszczenia powietrza dla różnych systemów ogrzewania

Wu Peizhi

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 12

1255--1259

PL

W sezonie grzewczym przeprowadzono monitoring emisji drobnego pyłu zawieszonego (PM2,5) w 2 tys. gospodarstw domowych na obszarach wiejskich w Chinach. Celem badania było określenie wpływu systemów grzewczych na zanieczyszczenie powietrza. Średnie stężenie PM2,5 w pomieszczeniach (100 μg/m³) znacznie przekraczało stężenie dopuszczalne (50 μg/m³). Średnie geometryczne stężenia PM2,5 w pomieszczeniach i na zewnątrz w sezonie grzewczym dla wszystkich gospodarstw domowych wyniosły odpowiednio 66 μg/m³ i 38 μg/m³, przy średnich arytmetycznych wynoszących odpowiednio 100 μg/m³ i 52 μg/m³. Zaobserwowano duże różnice między gospodarstwami domowymi (18-496 μg/m³). W przypadku wykorzystania do ogrzewania tradycyjnego węgla luzem i tradycyjnej biomasy stężenie PM2,5 w pomieszczeniach wynosiło odpowiednio 161 μg/m³ i 142 μg/m³, a w przypadku wykorzystania czystego węgla lub sprasowanej biomasy poziom PM2,5 w pomieszczeniach spadł do 82 μg/m³. W przypadku gospodarstw domowych ogrzewanych energią elektryczną lub gazem ziemnym stężenie PM2,5 w pomieszczeniach było najniższe.

EN

Two thousand households in China rural areas were on-site monitored for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emission in heating season to det. impact of heating systems on air pollution. The av. indoor PM2.5 concn. during the rural heating season was 100 μg/m³ and significantly exceeded the allowed concn. (50 μg/m³). The geometric mean concentrations of PM2.5 indoors and outdoors during the heating season for all households were 66 μg/m³ and 38 μg/m³, resp., with arithmetic means of 100 μg/m³ and 52 μg/m³, resp. High differences between households were obsd. (from 18 μg/m³ to 496 μg/m³). In case when traditional loose coal and traditional biomass were used for heating, the indoor PM2.5 concns. were as high as 161 μg/m³ and 142 μg/m³. When clean coal or formed biomass were used for heating, the indoor PM2.5 significantly decreased down to 82 μg/m³. In case of households heated by electricity or natural gas, indoor PM2.5 concn. was the lowest.

5

Cząstki PM2,5 zawieszone w atmosferycznym powietrzu. Cz. 2, Badania wpływu renowacji kotła na emisję PM2,5

Wu Peizhi

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 11

1094--1096

PL

Dane statystyczne dotyczące stężenia PM2,5 w powietrzu w 2024 r., dostępne z oficjalnych źródeł chińskiej administracji przed i po modernizacji kotłów węglowych, zostały wykorzystane do oceny skutków tej modernizacji i do symulacji rozkładu PM2,5 w przyszłości. W styczniu, październiku, listopadzie i grudniu 2024 r. zanieczyszczenie PM2,5 było najpoważniejsze, a średni dzienny wskaźnik przekroczenia normy wynosił ponad 40%. W ciągu 24 h odnotowano dwa szczyty stężenia masowego PM2,5, z maksymalnymi wartościami o godz. 21:00 i 9:00. Najniższe stężenie masowe PM2,5 odnotowano o godz. 15:00. Po modernizacji kotła węglowego stężenie PM2,5 znacznie spadło.

EN

Statistical data on PM2.5 concn. in air in 2024 year available from official Chinese administration sources before and after renovation of coal-fired boilers were used to evaluate effects of the renovation and to simulate the future distribution of PM2.5. In January, October, November, and December 2024, the PM2.5 pollution was the most severe, with a daily average exceedance rate of over 40%. There were 2 peaks in the PM2.5 mass concn. during 24 h, with a max. at 21:00 and at 9:00. The lowest PM2.5 mass concn. was at 15:00. After the renovation of coal-fired boiler, the PM2.5 mass concn. decreased significantly.

6

Analiza rozprzestrzeniania się zanieczyszczeń gazowych i pyłowych w powietrzu atmosferycznym na przykładzie zakładu Edison Next Poland Sp. z o.o.

Wierzbińska Monika, Piątek Natalia, Suchanek-Gabzdyl Ewa

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 10 (30)

33--49

EN

The aim of this study is to analyze the spread of gaseous and particulate pollutants in the atmosphere emitted by Edison Next Poland Sp. z o. o. in Tychy. The analyzed emitter is 150 m high and 2.6 m in diameter and is an open point source. The analysis covered 1-hour and annual average concentrations of NO2, SO2, and PM10 dust, as well as dust fall values throughout the year. The immission values were calculated using the Ek100W program from Atmoterm, which is based on the Pasquill’s model and is recommended by the Polish Ministry of the Environment for analyzing air quality in facilities with emitters. The results obtained were compared with the applicable standards, which made it possible to determine whether the operation of the installation entails a risk of exceeding air quality standards. The Ek100W pro-gram also allows for graphical visualization of the results in the form of concentration isolines (immission values) plotted on maps, which facilitated the analysis. Both in the case of 1-hour and annual average immission analyses and dust fall, it was found that the maximum values recorded in the calculation grid are mainly concentrated in the north-eastern area northeast of the emission source, which clearly indicates the dominant role of wind directions in shaping the spatial distribution of concentrations. Despite local increases, even the highest values of the calculated concentrations of NO2, SO2, and PM10 dust do not approach the permissible levels specified in the applicable regulations. A comprehensive interpretation of the results obtained allows us to conclude that the plant located in Tychy meets the requirements of applicable air protection regulations and does not pose a threat to human health or the natural environment. Low emission and immission levels are the result of the use of modern combustion technologies and effective solutions to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. The results of the calculations also indicate the correctness of the calculation methodology used, based on the Pasquill equation, which allows for a reliable representation of the range and concentration of pollutants in the air.

7

Carbonaceous aerosol particle sources in Manila North Port and the urban environment

Gill Touqeer, Kecorius Simonas, Kandrotaitė Kamilė, Dudoitis Vadimas, Madueño Leizel, Wiedensohler Alfred, Poulain Laurent, Vallar Edgar A., Galvez Maria Cecilia D., Byčenkienė Steigvilė, Plauškaitė Kristina

Oceanologia

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2025

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No. 67 (1)

Art. no. 67109

EN

This study addresses the pressing issue of black carbon (BC) pollution in urban areas, focusing on two locations in the Philippines: Quezon City’s East Avenue (QCG, roadside urban environment) and Manila’s North Port. We found that organic aerosol particles (OA) made a greater contribution (80%) to total submicron particulate matter compared to inorganic aerosol (IA) (20%). The mean hourly average equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentration at the QCG site (35.97 ± 16.20 𝜇g/m3) was noticeably higher compared to the Port (10.27 ± 5.99 𝜇g/m3), consistent with trends in other Asian cities. Source apportionment analysis identified eBC related to transport emissions (eBCTR) as the predominant contributor to eBC, accounting for 86% at the Port and 80% at QCG. Diurnal patterns showed the highest eBCTR mass concentrations (47.69 ± 9.34 𝜇g/m3) during morning rush hours, which can be linked to light-duty vehicles. Late-night (10 pm–12 am) high concentrations (30.63 ± 8.45 𝜇g/m3) can be associated with heavy diesel trucks at the QCG site. Whereas at the Port site, hourly average higher eBCTR concentration (12.24 ± 3.65 𝜇g/m3) during morning hours (6 am–8 am) can be attributed to the traffic of heavy-duty trucks, trollers, diesel-powered cranes and ships. Compared to the QCG site, a lower eBC concentration at the Port site was favoured by the more open environment and higher wind speed, facilitating better pollutant dispersion. The mean hourly average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10, measured using an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer, consistently exceeded the air quality standards set by the World Health Organization and the Philippine Clean Air Act at both sites. This study highlights the persisting BC pollution in developing regions and calls for scientifically based strategies to mitigate the air quality crisis.

8

The Air Pollution Management in the Context of Local Industry Areas Location – Case of Częstochowa

Stasiak-Betlejewska Renata

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2025

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nr 4 (33)

568--575

EN

The air quality assessment is performed in a division into zones, and each zone in Poland is assessed separately. Its result is the assignment of a class for individual pollutants. Poland remains in the forefront of EU countries with the most polluted air. The air quality management remains a pressing challenge in Poland, which consistently ranks among the European Union (EU) countries with the highest levels of ambient particulate matter pollution. Częstochowa, a medium-sized industrial and transport hub in southern Poland, represents an illustrative case where multiple sources of emissions converge. The city is characterized by a mixed-source profile that includes industrial emissions, transport-related pollutants, and household combustion for heating. The aim of the study presented in this paper is an analysis of the air pollution management in Częstochowa with a specific focus on the role of local industrial areas and their spatial distribution. Methodologically, the study combines data from national monitoring networks, EU air quality reports, and academic research with a comparative policy analysis. Paper identifies, analyses and assesses the level of air pollution quality for chosen city and indicates final recommendations for local communities that meet problems with polluted areas resulting from industry zones existence. The results reveal that while industrial areas contribute significantly to local emission hotspots, the seasonal dominance of household heating (so-called “low-stack emissions”) and traffic congestion remain equally important contributors to overall pollution. Research findings indicate that management strategies must be multi-scalar, combining local, regional, and national interventions. In this context, an action plan for 2025-2035 has been proposed as the proposed solution for the identified problem. This strategy has been structured into three phases: short-term (2025-2027) interventions targeting residential heating and initial industrial audits; medium-term (2028-2031) strategies focused on district heating expansion and renewable integration; and long-term (2032-2035) transformations aiming for full alignment with World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards and the development of sustainable industrial clusters. The study highlights that Częstochowa’s future air quality improvements depend not only on technological modernization but also on governance, stakeholder engagement, and regional cooperation.

9

Problems of operating internal combustion engines in dusty conditions

Dziubak Tadeusz, Kowalski Mirosław

Journal of KONBiN

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2025

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Vol. 55, iss.1

61--104

PL

Przedstawiono warunki pracy silników pojazdów mechanicznych użytkowanych w warunkach dużego zapylenia powietrza wynikającego z piaszczystego podłoża oraz śmigłowców korzystających z przygodnych lądowisk, czego skutkiem jest zjawisko „brownout”. Omówiono parametry pyłu mineralnego, zwracając uwagę na kształt, twardość i rozmiar cząstek oraz stężenie w powietrzu i ich wpływ na przyspieszone zużycie elementów silników tłokowych i turbinowych. Wykazano, że zasadniczym skutkiem oddziaływania ziaren pyłu przedostających się wraz ze strumieniem powietrza wlotowego do silników spalinowych jest przyspieszone zużycie ścierne i erozyjne poszczególnych części i całych zespołów konstrukcyjnych silników tłokowych i turbinowych oraz tworzenie się osadów pyłowych na elementach silników turbinowych. Oba oddziaływania powodują równolegle pogorszenie charakterystyk mocy, zużycia paliwa i zużycia oleju. Przedstawiono przypadki tragicznych w skutkach awarii silników śmigłowców spowodowanych wchłonięciem nadmiernej masy pyłu.

EN

The operating conditions of motor vehicle engines in dusty environments resulting from sandy terrain, as well as helicopters using adventurous airstrips, leading to the 'brownout' phenomenon, are discussed. The parameters of mineral dust are examined, including particle shape, hardness, size, and air concentration, along with their impact on the accelerated wear of piston and turbine engine components. It is demonstrated that the primary effect of dust particles entering internal combustion engines through the intake air stream is the accelerated abrasive and erosive wear of individual components and entire structural assemblies of both reciprocating and turbine engines. Additionally, dust accumulation on turbine engine components is highlighted. Both factors contribute to the parallel deterioration of power characteristics, fuel consumption, and oil consumption. Cases of tragic helicopter engine failures caused by the absorption of excessive dust mass are also presented.

10

Atmospheric air quality in Poland in the context of pollutant emissions from the municipal and domestic sector in the years 1990-2023 and their impact on the health of children and adolescents

Kupiec Jerzy Mirosław, Góra Dariusz Jerzy

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 1

332--344

EN

The aim of this study is to assess the contribution of selected air pollutants from the residential sector to the total emissions in Poland from 1990 to 2022 and to evaluate their impact on the incidence of selected diseases among children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years. The study used data on emissions of selected pollutants (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total suspended particulate matter, particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) obtained from the National Centre for Emission Balancing and Management (KOBIZE). The analyses also included data on the incidence of selected diseases among children and adolescents, obtained from the Silesian Voivodeship Office in Katowice, Health Department, and the National Health Fund (asthma, hypertension, allergic contact dermatitis caused by substances introduced into the body, allergic food-induced inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon). The data covered the period from 1990 to 2023. The obtained results clearly indicate that emissions from the municipal and domestic sector have a significant impact on the overall emissions of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate matter. Studies have often shown very strong and statistically significant connections between the concentration of analyzed air pollutants and the occurrence of selected diseases in children and adolescents aged 0-18.

11

Analiza mikrobiologiczna powietrza w przechowalniach warzyw

Szczechura Patrycja, Aksamit Ewelina, Wolny-Koładka Katarzyna

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2025

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Vol. 20, No. 1.1

41--61

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę powietrza, w wybranych przechowalniach warzyw pod kątem oceny stopnia jego zanieczyszczenia przez drobnoustroje wskaźnikowe - bakterie ogólne, grzyby, gronkowce oraz promieniowce. Stan aerosanitarny wewnątrz magazynów porównywano ze środowiskiem zewnętrznym (punkty kontrolne w pobliżu magazynów). W analizie uwzględniono także czynnik fizyczny zanieczyszczenia powietrza, frakcję pyłów PM2,5 oraz PM10. Badania wykonywane były na przestrzeni ośmiu miesięcy: przed rozpoczęciem magazynowania warzyw w przechowalniach, na początku, w trakcie oraz pod koniec tego okresu. Planowano zweryfikować występowanie związku pomiędzy stężeniem drobnoustrojów, a pozostałymi oznaczanymi zmiennymi. Oznaczone liczebności mikroorganizmów z racji barku obowiązujących norm odniesiono do wartości referencyjnych z wycofanych w 2015 roku aktów prawnych. Wyniki dotyczące stężenia pyłów porównano z obowiązującym Rozporządzeniem Ministra Środowiska z dnia 24 sierpnia 2012 roku oraz indeksem jakości powietrza Głównego Inspektoratu Ochrony Środowiska. Jak pokazały niniejsze badania, w środowisku przechowalni warzyw występują potencjalnie niebezpieczne mikroorganizmy, głównie grzyby pleśniowe oraz wysokie zapylenie, co stwarza wątpliwości w kontekście bezpieczeństwa długotrwałego przebywania w obiektach w trakcie prac rolniczych.

EN

Air analysis was carried out in selected vegetable storage rooms to assess the level of contamination by indicator microorganisms - general bacteria, fungi, staphylococci and actinomycetes. The air quality inside the storage facilities was compared with the external environment (control points near the storage facilities). The analysis also included the physical factor of air pollution, the PM2.5 and PM10 dust fractions. The tests were carried out over eight months: before the start of vegetable storage in the storage facilities, at the beginning, during and at the end of this period. It was planned to verify the existence of a relationship between the concentration of microorganisms and the other variables being determined. Due to the lack of applicable standards, the determined numbers of microorganisms were referred to the reference values from legal acts withdrawn in 2015. The results regarding dust concentration were compared with the applicable Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 24 August 2012 and the air quality index of the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. As this study has shown, the environment of vegetable storage facilities is inhabited by potentially dangerous microorganisms, mainly mould fungi, and high dust levels, which raises doubts in the context of the safety of long-term stay in the facilities during agricultural work.

12

Jakość powietrza w regionach górskich: studium przypadku gminy Rajcza, Polska

Szatyłowicz Ewa, Juraszek Szymon, Chrabołowska Marlena, Siemieniuk Anna

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 7-8

29-36

PL

(PM2.5 i PM10) w okresie od września do grudnia 2023 roku. Podkreśla, że choć rozwój przemysłowy poprawił jakość życia, to przyczynił się również do poważnych problemów środowiskowych, takich jak zanieczyszczenie powietrza, zwłaszcza przez PM2.5 i PM10, które stanowią zagrożenie dla zdrowia. Analiza jakości powietrza uwzględnia sezonowe zmiany i wpływ warunków meteorologicznych, głównie temperatury i wilgotności, na stężenie PM. Wskazuje lokalne źródła ogrzewania i ruch drogowy jako kluczowe czynniki przyczyniające się do zanieczyszczenia w gminie. Badanie podkreśla znaczenie monitorowania jakości powietrza w celu ochrony zdrowia publicznego i środowiska, opowiadając się za działaniami mającymi na celu redukcję emisji i poprawę jakości powietrza.

EN

The article assesses air quality in the mountainous Rajcza commune in Poland, focusing on particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) pollution from September to December 2023. It highlights that while industrial development has improved life, it has also led to significant environmental problems like air pollution, especially from PM2.5 and PM10, which pose health risks. The study analyzes air quality, noting seasonal variations and the influence of meteorological conditions, mainly temperature and humidity, on PM concentrations. It identifies local heating sources and traffic as key contributors to pollution in the commune. The study underscores the importance of monitoring air quality to protect public health and the environment, advocating for measures to reduce emissions and improve air quality.

13

Air quality in Poland and the potential of elimination of odours from organic waste: a review of the literature

Żesławska Patrycja, Zawieja Iwona, Worwąg Małgorzata

Economics and Environment

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2025

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No. 1

art. no. 912

EN

In Poland, the problem of odour emissions is mainly associated with the agricultural sector, industry and municipal management. Odours pose a serious environmental challenge, negatively affecting both the quality of human life and the state of the environment. The aim of this article was to review the literature on the possibility of eliminating odours, in terms of sustainable development. The article describes the characteristics of air quality in Poland, taking into account selected odour compounds emitted into the atmosphere, assesses odour nuisance, paying particular attention to the characteristics of pollutants from animal husbandry and the possibility of elimination using the biofiltration process, in addition, the impact of air pollutants on human health and the functioning of ecosystems is determined, basic regulations and the possibility of odour management are detailed. It should be noted that animal husbandry is a key source of odour emissions. Technologies (including biofiltration) that rely on microorganisms to biologically break down pollutants can effectively reduce malodourous compounds emitted into the air. In the absence of unified standards and regulations relating to odourant emissions, it is crucial to carry out activities aimed at establishing clear air quality regulations. It is essential to reduce the negative effects of odourant emissions based on sustainable solutions.

PL

W Polsce problematyka emisji substancji złowonnych związana jest głównie z sektorem rolnym, przemysłem i gospodarką komunalną. Odoury stanowią poważne wyzwanie środowiskowe, wpływając negatywnie zarówno na jakość życia ludzi, jak również na stan środowiska. Celem niniejszego artykułu było dokonanie przeglądu danych literaturowych na temat możliwości eliminacji odourów w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju. W artykule opisano charakterystykę jakości powietrza w Polsce, biorąc pod uwagę wybrane związki złowonne emitowane do atmosfery, dokonano oceny uciążliwości zapachowej, zwracając szczególną uwagę na charakterystykę zanieczyszczeń pochodzących z hodowli zwierząt i możliwości ich eliminacji z wykorzystaniem procesu biofiltracji, ponadto określono wpływ zanieczyszczeń powietrza na zdrowie ludzi i funkcjonowanie ekosystemów, szczegółowo opisano podstawowe regulacje prawne oraz możliwości zarządzania odourami. Należy podkreślić, że hodowla zwierząt jest kluczowym źródłem emisji odourów. Technologie (między innymi biofiltracja), które polegają na wykorzystaniu mikroorganizmów do biologicznego rozkładu zanieczyszczeń, mogą skutecznie redukować związki złowonne emitowane do powietrza. W związku z brakiem ujednoliconych norm i przepisów, odnoszących się do emisji odourantów, kluczowe jest prowadzenie działań mających na celu ustanowienie klarownych regulacji prawnych dotyczących jakości powietrza. Nie-zbędne jest ograniczenie negatywnych skutków emisji odourów, opartych na rozwiązaniach zgodnych z założeniami zrównoważonego rozwoju.

14

Odour emissions from agricultural industries – implications for environmental safety and local sustainability

Honcharenko Ihor, Oskina Maryna, Chumachenko Serhii, Lunova Oksana, Targonskyi Oleksandr

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 1

111--123

EN

Environmental pollution is a critical global issue with profound impacts on human health, genetic potential, and climate change. The Lancet Commission on Global Mental Health reports that approximately 9 million premature deaths each year are attributed to environmental pollution worldwide. Ukraine ranks among the highest of 120 countries in terms of deaths per 100,000 people caused by atmospheric air pollution. Notably, elevated levels of atmospheric pollution have been recorded not only in traditionally industrial regions. These alarming statistics underscore the deteriorating state of environmental security and highlight the urgent need to mitigate climate change. One critical gap in Ukrainian environmental legislation is the absence of regulations concerning the assessment of odors as pollutants. Odor-related emissions, despite being a primary cause of public complaints regarding air quality, remain outside the scope of state management and control. This research seeks to address this gap by investigating the causes and dispersion of odorous compounds, with a specific focus on emissions from oil extraction production—an important sector of Ukraine’s agricultural industry. Considering odors as a significant factor is crucial in the planning, construction, and sustainable development of human settlements. Odor perception thresholds are often lower than the maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating odorous substances into environmental impact assessments. The methodology employed in this study is robust and adaptable, making it applicable for assessing air pollution levels and evaluating the harmful effects of odorous substances on both the environment and public health.

15

Ban on the burning of solid fuels in domestic furnaces and its impact on air quality – example of Krakow

Kicińska Alicja, Jawdyńska Julia

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2025

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Vol. 70, no. 1

3--28

EN

The present study assessed the effectiveness of the ban on the burning of solid fuels in domestic furnaces imposed in Krakow, a city of almost one million people, to reduce particulate emissions. The assessment was carried out based on the database of the Inspectorates for Environmental Protection using data on air concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 and B[a]P. Our analysis showed that between 2010 and 2021, the annual average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2 and B[a]P in Krakow decreased by 42%, 40%, 6%, 50% and 60%, respectively, while the annual mean ozone concentration in the city increased by 21.2%. The largest decreases in air concentrations of PM10 (56%), PM2.5 (55%), B[a]P (71%) and SO2 (75%) were seen in heating seasons. A significant finding from our study was that, as a result of the measures taken, the annual mean concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in Krakow did not exceed the legal limit values for the pollutants in any of the years analysed and that the legal limit value for the annual mean concentration of PM10 was not exceeded since 2019. A negative finding was that the limit/target values for PM2.5, B[a]P and the maximum daily 8-hour mean ozone concentration were not met. Although an anti-smog resolution was implemented in Krakow, the air quality during the analysed period remained poor, particularly in heating seasons, and the goals for reducing pollutant emissions were not achieved. However, while the objectives for reduction in PM10, PM2.5 and B[a]P emissions were not met, the reductions in emission levels achieved in Krakow were significantly better than those seen for the entire Małopolska Province. This undoubtedly results from the gradual reduction in the number of solid fuel furnaces and boilers in Krakow, which in turn led to large reductions in particulate and B[a]P emissions from the municipal and residential sectors. Our analyses showed that while the measures taken yielded good results, it is necessary to introduce other solutions to further reduce air pollution in the city.

16

Variability in the mutagenicity of organic pollutants adsorbed on the particulate matter in the urban environment

Jadczyk Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2024

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Nr 92 (tom 1)

253--264

EN

The aim of the study was to determine differences in mutagenicity of organic pollutants adsorber on suspended particulate matter in the city centre and its outskirts. Particulate matter was collected using a high-performance sampler in different parts of Wrocław in summer and winter. Organic compounds adsorbed on the particulate matter were extracted for 8 hours in Soxhlet apparatuses. The concentration of PAHs was determined using GC-MS. Mutagenicity of samples was tested using the Ames test. The concentrations of particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere ranged from 23 to 144 μg/m3, and PAHs from the EPA list adsorbed on it ranged from 8.3 to 1211.6 ng/m3. Particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere collected in different places in Wrocław in summer and winter showed mutagenic activity. This effect was greater in winter than in summer. In winter, it was greater in the city centre than on its outskirts. Activation with the S9 mix fraction caused a decrease in the mutagenic activity of most of the tested particulate matter samples against the TA 98 strain. This indicates the presence of mainly direct mutagens in them. The volumes of polluted air causing a mutagenic effect on the TA 98 strain without activation by the S9 mix fraction ranged from 0.25 to 35 m3. The high sensitivity of the YG 1021 and YG 1024 strains to the mutagenic effect of pollutants adsorbed on the tested particulate matter indicates a significant share of nitroarenes in their mutagenic activity. The differentiation of this share depended mainly on local and momentary conditions. The exposure of residents to the genotoxic effect of pollutants adsorbed on particulate matter increases in winter, especially in the city centre. Supplementing the currently used physicochemical monitoring of air pollution with a study of the mutagenic activity of pollutants adsorbed on particulate matter would allow for the assessment of this activity and the share of certain groups of pollutants, such as nitroarenes.

17

Analysis of the influence of air pollution in the intake air of the combustion engine on the wear of its components and operation

Dziubak Tadeusz

Transport Samochodowy

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2024

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T. 70, nr 2

3--21

EN

It has been shown that the primary pollutant of engine intake air is road dust, the main component of which is mineral dust carried from surrounding areas, where it is generated by the operation of offroad vehicles, work machinery and agricultural machinery. It has been shown that the two main components of mineral dust silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), the proportion of which in the dust reaches 95%, have at the same time the highest hardness, which determines the wear of engine components. It has been shown that the greatest wear of two frictionally cooperating surfaces is caused by dust grains with sizes equal to the thickness of the oil film at any given time. It was shown that all dust grains with grain sizes above 1 µm cause accelerated wear of two mating components, but the greatest wear is caused by grains in the 5÷20 µm range. The effect of excessive wear of the pistonpiston ringcylinder (P-PR-C) association of the engine, resulting from actual vehicle operation and bench tests, on the decrease in compression pressure, the intensity of exhaust gas purging into the oil sump and engine power is presented. It was shown that the primary component of oil contamination is mineral dust, which penetrates from the intake air into the oil located on the surface of the cylinder liner, from where the rings scrape it into the oil sump. The effect of dust particles on the erosive wear of the compressor and turbine in the engine supercharger is discussed. The results of an empirical study of the effect of deposition of mineral dust grains and oil on the measuring element of the air flow meter on the change in the value of the generated output voltage, which is a measure of the air flow into the engine, are presented.

PL

Wykazano, że podstawowym zanieczyszczeniem powietrza wlotowego do silnika jest pył drogowy, którego głównym składnikiem jest pył mineralny naniesiony z okolicznych obszarów, gdzie generowany jest przez działanie pojazdów terenowych, maszyn roboczych oraz maszyn rolniczych. Wykazano, że dwa podstawowe składniki pyłu mineralnego krzemionka (SiO2) i korund (Al2O3), których udział w pyle dochodzi do 95%, mają jednocześnie największą twardość, co decyduje o zużyciu elementów silnika. Wykazano, że największe zużycie dwóch współpracujących tarciowo powierzchni powodują ziarna pyłu o rozmiarach równych w danej chwili grubości filmu olejowego. Wykazano, że wszystkie ziarna pyłu o rozmiarach ziaren powyżej 1 µm powodują przyspieszone zużycie dwóch współpracujących elementów, jednak największe zużycie powodowane są przez ziarna z zakresu 5÷20 µm. Przedstawiono wpływ nadmiernego zużycia skojarzenia tłok-pierścienie tłokowe-cylinder (T-P-C) silnika, wynikającego z rzeczywistej eksploatacji pojazdów oraz badań stanowiskowych na spadek ciśnienia sprężania, intensywność przedmuchu spalin do miski olejowej i moc silnika. Wykazano, że podstawowym składnikiem zanieczyszczeń oleju jest pył mineralny, który przenika z powietrza wlotowego do oleju znajdującego się na powierzchni tulei cylindrowej, skąd pierścienie zgarniają go do miski olejowej. Omówiono wpływ cząstek pyłu na zużycie erozyjne sprężarki i turbiny w urządzeniu doładowującym silnika. Przedstawiono wyniki badań empirycznych wpływu osadzania się ziaren pyłu mineralnego i oleju na elemencie pomiarowym przepływomierza powietrza na zmianę wartości generowanego napięcia wyjściowego będącego miarą strumienia powietrza płynącego do silnika.

18

Badanie czynników wpływających na jakość życia w miastach na przykładzie Zabrza – analiza zagrożeń i szans

Ignac-Nowicka Jolanta

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2024

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Vol. 13, iss. 1

55--64

PL

W artykule poruszono problem złej jakości powietrza na terenie miasta Zabrze. Dokonano krótkiej analizy badań pilotażowych wykonanych w 2018 roku w Zabrzu, w ramach których wykonano pomiary gazowych zanieczyszczeń powietrza z niskiej emisji w sezonie zimowym oraz badania ankietowe wśród mieszkańców miasta. W badaniach ankietowych poznano opinię mieszkańców m.in. na temat: odczuwalnych skutków zdrowotnych złego stanu powietrza oraz przyczyn zanieczyszczeń powietrza w mieście. Następnie zanalizowano podjęte działania proekologiczne na terenie gminy Zabrze w latach 2018-2024. Ponadto dokonano analizy szans i zagrożeń dla idei: czyste powietrze dla mieszkańców Zabrza. Analizę wykonano metodą SWOT wskazując mocne i słabe strony podejmowanych obecnie działań oraz potencjalne szanse i zagrożenia w kontekście działań przyszłych.

EN

The article addresses the problem of poor air quality in the city of Zabrze. A brief analysis of pilot studies from 2018 in Zabrze was made, within which measurements of gaseous air pollutants from low emissions were performed in the winter season and surveys were conducted among the city's residents. The surveys revealed the opinions of residents, among others, on: the noticeable health effects of poor air quality and the causes of air pollution in the city. Then, the pro-ecological actions taken in the Zabrze commune in the years 2018-2024 were analyzed. In addition, an analysis of opportunities and threats to the idea: clean air for the residents of Zabrze was made. The analysis was performed using the SWOT method, indicating the strengths and weaknesses of the actions taken currently and potential opportunities and threats in the context of future actions.

19

Analysis of Ammonia Emissions from Thermal Sludge Treatment Plants

Dobrzański Maciej, Cichowicz Robert

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

716--727

EN

The article presents an analysis of the spatial dispersion of ammonia in the troposphere, emitted from the thermal treatment of sludge from the sewage treatment plant in Łódź. The study aimed to assess the impact of the emitter on the air quality in the nearby single-family housing estate. The results of field measurements of ammonia concentration were compared with computer simulations based on data measured at the emitter. Mobile measuring equipment mounted on a transport platform and an unmanned aerial vehicle was used to conduct field measurements, which were then subjected to analytical processing in ArcGis Pro software. Computer simulation of ammonia dispersion from two 25 m high chimneys was conducted in the OPA03 program. Both field measurements and simulation data showed a negligible impact of the emitter on the ammonia concentration in the air. This is primarily due to the low concentration of emitted ammonia at the chimney outlet and the emitter's location relative to the buildings, considering the dominant wind directions. Field studies have shown that the emission of ammonia in the analyzed area may be to a greater extent caused by the sewage collection station from sewage disposal vehicles and the composting plant, which are located close to the analyzed emitter and the residential area.

20

Koncentracja gazów śladowych w pomieszczeniach dla koni rekreacyjno-sportowych

Nowakowicz-Dębek Bożena, Karpińska Katarzyna, Ospałek Wojciech, Kachnič Ján, Ossowski Mateusz, Wlazło Łukasz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 3

395--398

PL

W pomieszczeniach przeznaczonych dla koni, czyli stajniach i ujeżdżalniach, zbadano poziom stężenia gazów śladowych z wykorzystaniem metod chromatograficznych. Wszystkie obiekty były zróżnicowane pod względem warunków i stopnia nowoczesności. Otrzymane wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej oraz sprawdzono ich zagrożenie na podstawie dostępnej literatury.

EN

Trace contents of mercaptans in rooms intended for horses, i.e. stables and riding arenas, were identified and detd. using GC methods. All facilities were diverse in terms of conditions and degree of modernity. Among the identified S compds., the highest concns. were detd. for EtSH. The obtained results were statistical analyzed and their risk was checked based on the available literature.