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1

Synthetic urban agglomeration modelling to enable big data applications in transportation systems

Zawodny Michał, Mackiewicz Piotr

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 6

art. no. e154723

EN

The paper proposes a new usage of Monte Carlo simulation in the field of transportation. The method allows to overcome problems connected to data availability in big data research, and to render the research independent of biases connected to usage of existing cities and agglomerations. Urban development trends and emerging disruptive technologies, such as autonomous vehicles, can change the urban system. Simulations will be needed to ensure that urban agglomerations develop low-carbon emission transportation systems, by simulating non-existent characteristics of smart cities. In the paper, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate the numbers of residents in each group in the city agglomeration. On the basis of that and the assumptions described in the paper, the OD (origin-destination) matrix of the simulated agglomeration was made. The simulation result is presented with the PTV Visum model and the simulated origin-destination matrix heatmap. However, the model and OD matrix presented are just an example. The method allows to simulate city agglomeration of any size, depending on current research needs.

2

Ban on the burning of solid fuels in domestic furnaces and its impact on air quality – example of Krakow

Kicińska Alicja, Jawdyńska Julia

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2025

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Vol. 70, no. 1

3--28

EN

The present study assessed the effectiveness of the ban on the burning of solid fuels in domestic furnaces imposed in Krakow, a city of almost one million people, to reduce particulate emissions. The assessment was carried out based on the database of the Inspectorates for Environmental Protection using data on air concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 and B[a]P. Our analysis showed that between 2010 and 2021, the annual average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2 and B[a]P in Krakow decreased by 42%, 40%, 6%, 50% and 60%, respectively, while the annual mean ozone concentration in the city increased by 21.2%. The largest decreases in air concentrations of PM10 (56%), PM2.5 (55%), B[a]P (71%) and SO2 (75%) were seen in heating seasons. A significant finding from our study was that, as a result of the measures taken, the annual mean concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in Krakow did not exceed the legal limit values for the pollutants in any of the years analysed and that the legal limit value for the annual mean concentration of PM10 was not exceeded since 2019. A negative finding was that the limit/target values for PM2.5, B[a]P and the maximum daily 8-hour mean ozone concentration were not met. Although an anti-smog resolution was implemented in Krakow, the air quality during the analysed period remained poor, particularly in heating seasons, and the goals for reducing pollutant emissions were not achieved. However, while the objectives for reduction in PM10, PM2.5 and B[a]P emissions were not met, the reductions in emission levels achieved in Krakow were significantly better than those seen for the entire Małopolska Province. This undoubtedly results from the gradual reduction in the number of solid fuel furnaces and boilers in Krakow, which in turn led to large reductions in particulate and B[a]P emissions from the municipal and residential sectors. Our analyses showed that while the measures taken yielded good results, it is necessary to introduce other solutions to further reduce air pollution in the city.

3

Study of agglomerated TiO2 and TiO2+Cr2O3 nanocoatings deposited by air plasma spraying on erosion wear

Rakhadilov Bauyrzhan, Erdogan Garip, Turar Zhangabay, Kakimzhanov Dauir

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 12

100--108

EN

In this study, agglomerated TiO2 and TiO2 nanopowders with Cr2O3 addition were tested for erosive wear in a slurry environment. Their abrasiveness, mass loss, and volume loss were investigated. The slag slurry was sieved to an average particle size of 450–515 μm, and media containing 10 wt% slag were prepared. Experiments were conducted at particle velocities of 2 m/s and 4 m/s with normal impact angles (90°). The results revealed that TiO2+Cr2O3 nanocoatings exhibited approximately 25% higher resistance to erosive wear compared to pure TiO2 coatings. Moreover, wear increased with rotational speed, highlighting the influence of mechanical conditions on coating performance. Overall, the addition of Cr2O3 significantly enhanced the mechanical stability and durability of the coatings. These findings provide important insights into the wear mechanisms of nanopowder-based coatings and demonstrate the potential of TiO2+Cr2O3 systems for improving the performance and service life of components operating under high-wear conditions, particularly in industries involving abrasive slurry flows and particulate impact, such as mining, energy, and chemical processing.

4

Analysis of the suburban real estate market in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Witek Paulina, Jakubiak Mateusz, Hubar Yurii, Maciuk Kamil

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2024

|

T. 52

411--419

EN

The aim of this study was to analyse the real estate market in the Kraków County area during the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 pandemic periods. The study utilized a dataset from the state register of real estate prices covering the years 2017–2021 was used. In the introduction part, the authors analyse problems related to the real estate market during the pandemic, while the second chapter focuses on the real estate market in Krakow County. The dataset obtained from the local authority real estate transaction database consisted of 52,356 entries and after removing transactions with missing data, approximately half of this number remained. The analysis cover five different properties types: houses, apartments, parcels, commercial premisses and developed real estates. The highest number of transactions traded in the analysed area involved parcels, while houses had the lowest. On the other hand, commercial premisses had the highest prices in the market, while parcels were the cheapest. Since March 2020, when the first COVID-19 pandemic restrictions were implemented, only the number of transactions has decreased, but the pandemic has had no impact on property prices.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza rynku nieruchomości na terenie powiatu krakowskiego w okresie przed pandemią COVID-19 oraz w trakcie pandemii. W badaniu wykorzystano dane z państwowego rejestru cen nieruchomości obejmujące lata 2017–2021. W części wprowadzającej autorzy dokonali analizy problemów związanych z rynkiem nieruchomości w okresie pandemii, uwzględniając także rynek nieruchomości w powiecie krakowskim. Zbiór danych pozyskanych z urzędu obejmował 52 356 transakcji, a po usunięciu pozycji z brakującymi danymi, które analizowano, uzyskano około połowę tej liczby. Analiza obejmowała pięć różnych typów nieruchomości: domy, mieszkania, działki, lokale użytkowe oraz nieruchomości zabudowane. Największa liczba transakcji na analizowanym obszarze dotyczyła działek, natomiast najmniejsza domów. W przypadku cen lokale komercyjne miały najwyższe ceny za metr kwadratowy, podczas gdy działki były najtańsze. Od marca 2020 roku, kiedy wprowadzono pierwsze obostrzenia związane z pandemią COVID-19, spadła dynamika liczby transakcji, co było widoczne w roku 2021. Pandemia nie miała natomiast wpływu na ceny nieruchomości, których trend wzrostowy nie uległ zmianie.

5

The impact of introducing new stops into the agglomeration railway network on changes in transport behaviour in the catchment area

Puławska-Obiedowska Sabina, Ciastoń-Ciulkin Aleksandra, Soboń Mariusz

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 72, iss. 4

89--108

EN

The aim of the analysis is to examine the impact of new railway stop openings within suburban railway network on changes in transport behaviors within their respective catchment areas. The study focuses on six railway stations: four located within the Kraków suburban railway network (malopolskie, Poland) and two on the Łódź suburban railway network (lodzkie, Poland). To achieve the stated objective, the spatial context and accessibility of the railway stations were examined, passenger exchange data at the stations were investigated, and surveys among passengers were conducted and analyzed. The selected railway stops were characterized in terms of their spatial location and characteristics, existing transport systems, and the level of integration with other transport modes. The study examined stations established during the development of suburban railway systems, launched at different times: concurrently with the entire railway connection launch and as densification of previously served networks. The limited number of objects included in the study does not allow for unequivocal conclusions on expected increase in transportation, but certainly, in the first two years following their launch, a monthly average increase of 4-6% can be anticipated. Research has confirmed that the most common rail passengers are former users of other means of public transport. The pattern of giving up cars in favor of the train was also confirmed. The outcomes confirm the justification for supplementing agglomeration railway systems with new stops, as this may contribute to a change in modal split. This change may not be noticeable in view of the usually considered large scale of the agglomeration, but on individual corridors in a micro scale it may have a very positive impact on the traffic situation and change the quality of travel. Results can be used to forecast changes in travel behaviors for planned railway stations and to determine their potential benefits.

6

Miasto zagrożone hałasem. Wpływ natężenia dźwięku na zdrowie mieszkańców aglomeracji

Kolak Jakub, Haupt Patrycja

PUA Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura

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2023

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Vol. 2

75--88

PL

Tekst łączy tematykę projektowania przestrzeni miejskiej ze zdrowiem psychicznym mieszkańców. Podjęto problem motywu odbioru dźwięku i jego wpływu na użytkowników miejsc publicznych oraz prywatnych. Opierając się na badaniach specjalistów, planistów, ankietyzacji i innych formach badawczych, autorzy przybliżają temat architektonicznych i urbanistycznych rozwiązań, mających zastosowanie w przypadku zbyt wysokiego natężenia dźwięków. Celem pracy jest uświadomienie niebezpieczeństw wynikających ze złego stanu środowiska, w którym funkcjonuje człowiek. Wyjaśnione zostają kwestie złożoności klimatu akustycznego oraz przedstawione propozycje projektowe. Najważniejszym celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi odbiorcy na negatywny wpływ hałasu w kontekście zdrowia.

EN

The text connects the topic of urban space design with the mental health of residents. The overall theme touches on the sensorium of sound and its impact on users of public and private places. Relying on studies of specialists, planners, surveys and other forms of research, the authors take a closer look at the topic of solutions in architecture and urban planning. The purpose of the work is to raise awareness about the dangers of a poor environment in which humans function. The complexity of the acoustic climate is explained and design proposals are presented. The primary goal is to draw the attention of the viewer to the negative impact of noise in the context of health.

7

Metody sporządzania analizy chłonności terenów przeznaczonych w miejscowych planach pod zabudowę dla potrzeb bilansu terenów przeznaczonych pod zabudowę, wynikającego ze studiów gmin

Siekierski Maciej

PUA Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura

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2023

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Vol. 1

106--113

PL

Zadaniem „Bilansu terenów przeznaczonych pod zabudowę”, wprowadzonego nowelizacją ustawy z 2015, miało być ograniczenie ekspansji funkcji mieszkaniowej na tereny rolne. Narzędzie to ogranicza jednak rozwój aglomeracji przez powiązanie analizy chłonności terenów przeznaczonych w planach miejscowych pod zabudowę z demografią gminy. Niniejsze opracowanie wskaże metody sporządzenia powyższych analiz w odniesieniu do funkcji mieszkaniowej oraz ograniczenia wynikające z zapisów planów miejscowych.

EN

The purpose of the “Land Allocation Balance” introduced by the amendment to the 2015 law was to limit the expansion of residential functions onto agricultural land. However, this tool restricts the development of urban areas by linking the analysis of absorption capacity for areas designated in local development plans with the municipality’s demographics. This document will indicate the methods of preparing the aforementioned analyses in relation to residential functions and the limitations resulting from provisions of local development plans.

8

Geneza, stan istniejący oraz kierunki rozwoju Poznańskiej Kolei Metropolitalnej z uwzględnieniem aspektów przestrzennych, demograficznych i techniczno-ekonomicznych

Pawlik Adam

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2023

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R. 78, nr 9/10

4--8

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zasady funkcjonowania systemu Poznańskiej Kolei Metropolitalnej (PKM) jako alternatywy dla zwiększającego się udziału transportu samochodowego w Aglomeracji Poznańskiej. Jedną z zasadniczych przyczyn utworzenia PKM jest problem suburbanizacji, który spowodował przeprowadzkę do przyległych gmin dużej liczby mieszkańców miasta Poznania, którym należy zapewnić sprawny dojazd do Poznania. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że najlepszym rozwiązaniem problemu jest zapewnienie szybkich i cyklicznych połączeń kolejowych, szczególnie dla codziennych przemieszczeń mieszkańców do pracy i szkół. Ponadto w treści wskazano, że uruchomienie PKM stanowi atrakcyjną ekonomicznie alternatywę dla rozbudowy sieci dróg samochodowych, niezbędnej w razie kontynuacji dotychczasowych tendencji transportowych.

EN

The article presents the principles of functioning of the Poznań Metropolitan Railway (PKM) system as an alternative to the increasing share of car transport in the Poznań Agglomeration. One of the main reasons for the creation of PKM is the problem of suburbanisation, which caused a large number of inhabitants of the city of Poznań to move to the adjacent communes, who need to be provided with efficient access to Poznań. The conducted research shows that the best solution to the problem is to provide fast and cyclical railway connections, especially for daily movements of residents to work and schools. In addition, the content indicates that the launch of PKM is an economically attractive alternative to the expansion of the road network, necessary in the event of continuation of the current transport trends.

9

Utilization of polymeric binders to agglomerate oxidized copper ore

Kiaei Kimia, Golpayegani Mohammad Hasan

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 6

art. no. 176682

EN

Permeability reduction is a major challenge in heap leaching, primarily caused by the accumulation of fines that move with the leaching agent, leading to the formation of dead zones and channeling within the heap. In the Aria copper beneficiation plant, the 0-2 mm fraction with a copper grade of 1.4% undergoes pre-separation prior to heap loading without further processing. This study investigated the potential of using the agglomeration method to improve permeability in the case of using the 0-2 mm fraction of ore. Mineral compounds, such as sodium silicate and calcium sulfate, and non-ionic, cationic, and anionic polymer compounds, were used in the agglomeration process. The strength of interparticle bonding was evaluated by measuring the fine migration percentage (FMP) in the soak test. The results revealed that agglomerates produced using non-ionic compounds had the highest bonding strength, with an FMP of 3.89%, the lowest of all the compounds tested. This enhanced bonding strength was attributed to the combined influence of hydrogen bonding forces and van der Waals forces.

10

Conversion of cleaned Oltu-stone wastes (a semi-precious stone) into a valuable product using binderless agglomeration

Bawani Muhammad Raheel, Arol Ali İhsan, Tozsin Gulsen, Torun Abdulvahit

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 5

art. no. 169730

EN

Oltu-stone, a semi-precious stone found in Erzurum's Oltu area, is commonly utilized in the creation of decorative ornaments. More than 90% of the Oltu-stone mined is classified as Oltu-stone waste, consisting of poor Oltu-stone due to mineral impurities and small fragment sizes (OW). This waste is thrown or burnt, resulting in financial losses. Such losses might be reduced by using Oltu-stone waste (OW) instead of standard Oltu-stone (SO). The purpose of this study was to convert Oltu-stone waste into a useful pressed product. It was cleaned using the float-sink method with a density of 1.25 g.cm-3 and then utilized for binderless high-pressure agglomeration to create pressed Oltu-stone. The physical, mechanical, microscopic, and spectroscopic characteristics of the material were investigated. The bulk density of pressed Oltu-stone was reported to be 1.22-1.26 g.cm-3. However, with the same pressing time, indirect tensile strength was identical and varied when the pressing time was changed. The surface morphology of the crushed Oltu-stone revealed that it was more intact and had a less porous structure. Oltu-stone includes a lot of volatile matter and aliphatic carbon structures because of its high liptinite content. An FTIR investigation revealed that altering the pressing time affects the chemical structure but not the pressure. This effect was seen in molecules containing oxygen, namely conjugated carbonyl and carboxylic groups. It was discovered that pressed Oltu-stone has nearly identical properties to standard Oltu-stone and could be produced on a large scale commercially.

11

Transport kolejowy w aglomeracji warszawskiej determinantą zrównoważonego transportu

Beroud Alan, Golańska Ewelina

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2022

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R. 77, nr 11

16--23

PL

Niniejszy artykuł opisuje uwarunkowania funkcjonowania transportu kolejowego w obszarze aglomeracji warszawskiej, uwarunkowania prawne funkcjonowania obszarów metropolitarnych oraz podejmuje próbę zdefiniowania obszarów rozwoju i ograniczeń dlazrównoważonego transportu. Z uwagi na doświadczenie zawodowe Autorów, dodatkowym zagadnieniem omówionym w przedmiotowym opracowaniu będzie funkcjonowanie transportu kolejowego na przykładzie Szybkiej Kolei Miejskiej sp. z o.o. w Warszawie.

EN

This article describes the conditions for the functioning of railway transport in the area of the Warsaw agglomeration, the legal conditions for the functioning of metropolitan areas and attempts to define the areas of development and limitations for sustainable transport. Due to the professional experience of the authors, an additional issue discussed in this study will be the functioning of rail transport on the example of the Fast Urban Railway sp. z o.o. in Warsaw.

12

Methods for Treatment of Animal and Plant-Based Biomass Waste

Rostocki Andrzej, Ławińska Katarzyna, Modrzewski Remigiusz, Siegień Gabriel, Hejft Roman, Obraniak Andrzej

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2022

|

Vol. 30, no. 4

32--42

EN

In the work presented, effective methods of biomass processing for its reuse in the framework of the circular economy were determined. Based on various sources, a definition of biomass was obtained. The review covers preliminary operations, i.e., screening and grinding, as well as the methods of pressure and non-pressure agglomeration of plant and animal biomass, as well as the process of torrefaction of plant biomass. The analysis of the literature indicates various process and technological solutions for biomass processing, as well as provides numerous examples of the use of biomass in combination with other types of industrial waste and mineral additives. The activities undertaken as part of the work are consistent with the assumptions of the European Green Deal and are carried out in order to improve the management of waste streams (green productivity) and to increase the amount of recovered energy produced.

13

Tourist-recreational potential of the affected of metropolises of Ukrane zone

Yatsenko Viktor O.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2021

|

nr 45

213--222

EN

It considers the prerequisites for developing a methodology in order to create touristic recreational complexes based on resource capacities of local settlement systems (territorial communities) in Ukraine. Attention is given to the situation in the industry and its prospective capabilities to play a principal role in economic development of a number of territorial communities. It outlines a number of principles that need to be used when considering the process in the urban planning activities. It also provides a specific example of a strategic program of local system development with the touristic and recreational component as its basis. The research materials analyze the current state of affairs of urban planning activities in Ukraine, in particular, peculiarities of regional planning, using three largest cities and their suburbs as case studies. A number of negative trends have been discovered in the relations between the city and suburban area, that need to be resolved during the subsequent stages of designing to take into account the changes in the management system – decentralization and development of territorial communities that will be interacting with the city on systemic positions.

14

Utworzenie Kolei Aglomeracyjnej we Wrocławiu z wykorzystaniem nowych odcinków średnicowych

Korzeń Mariusz, Gisterek Igor

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2021

|

R. 76, nr 6/7

8--13

PL

Publikacja jest ściśle powiązana z artykułem „Koncepcja kolejowej trasy średnicowej we Wrocławiu w celu uruchomienia sieci SKM” (PK 2/2021, s. 6-10) [2] i stanowi kontynuację tematu związanego z uruchomieniem sieci Kolej Aglomeracyjnej we Wrocławiu ze szczególnym naciskiem na obsługę ruchu miejskiego. W opracowaniu skupiono się na utworzeniu sprawnie funkcjonującej sieci, której kluczowym elementem jest odcinek średnicowy. Zwrócono uwagę, że przebieg odcinka średnicowego będzie głównym czynnikiem, od którego zależeć będzie poziom wykorzystania kolei w podróżach w granicach miasta. W związku z tym przeanalizowano obecny stan Wrocławskiego Węzła Kolejowego pod kątem dostosowania go do potrzeb SKM, skupiając się przede wszystkim na jak najlepszej dostępności podróżnych do sieci. Wskazano miejsca, w których należałoby utworzyć nowe przystanki dla zwiększenia atrakcyjności przewozów aglomeracyjnych. W kolejnych punktach zaproponowano trzy warianty sieci w zależności od przebiegu trasy średnicowej. W podsumowaniu wskazano wariant najkorzystniejszy oraz zaproponowano wykorzystanie odcinków hybrydowych (drogowo – szynowych) jako jedno z rozwiązań mogących w niedalekiej przyszłości usprawnić sieć transportową w mieście.

EN

The paper is closely related to the article "Concept of the cross-city railway route in Wrocław to create the LRT system" (PK 2/2021, p. 6-10) [2] and is a continuation of the topic related to create of the Agglomeration Railway system in Wrocław with particular emphasis on city traffic service. The study focused on the creation of an efficiently functioning system, the key element of which is the cross-city section. It has been pointed out that the route of the cross-city section will be the main factor that will determine the level of use of railways in journeys within the city limits. Therefore, the current condition of the Wrocław Railway Junction was analyzed in terms of adapting it to the needs of LRT, focusing primarily on the best accessibility of travelers to system. Places where new stops should be created to increase the attractiveness of agglomeration transport have been indicated. In the following points, three variants of system are proposed depending on the route of the cross-city route. In the summary, the most advantageous variant was indicated and the use of hybrid sections (road-rail) was proposed as one of the solutions that could improve the transport network in the city in the near future.

15

Effect of time from harvest to agglomeration process of straw or hay on the density and hardness of briquettes

Romaniuk Wacław, Rynkiewicz Marek

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2021

|

Vol. 42, nr 1

16--21

EN

The study presents the results of the density and hardness of the briquettes produced from barley straw, wheat and rapeseed straw and hay. To the agglomeration were used 6- and 18-month-old raw materials after harvest from the fields, stored in stacks in the field. The study showed that the briquettes produced from 6-month-old material characterized by a greater density as compared to the 18-month-old material. For the hay briquette difference was 130.28 kg·m–3, whereas difference was 58.14 kg·m–3 in the case of rape straw briquettes. Similar results were found for the hardness. All samples of briquette used for testing had longitudinal cracks, however transversal cracks were observed only on the briquettes produced from barley straw and hay.

PL

Badano gęstość i twardość brykietów wytworzonych ze słomy jęczmiennej, pszenicznej i rzepakowej oraz z siana. Do aglomeracji użyto surowca 6- oraz 18-miesięcznego po zbiorze z pól, przechowywanego w stogach na polu. Badania wykazały, że brykiet wytworzony z surowca 6-miesięcznego charakteryzował się większą gęstością w porównaniu z surowcem 18-miesięcznym. Dla brykietu z siana różnica ta wynosiła 130,28 kg·m-3, a w przypadku brykietu ze słomy rzepakowej 58,14 kg·m-3. Podobne zależności stwierdzono w przypadku twardości. Wszystkie próbki brykietu użytego do badań miały pęknięcia wzdłużne, a pęknięcia porzeczne zaobserwowano tylko na brykietach wytworzonych ze słomy jęczmiennej i z siana.

16

Using Agglomeration Techniques for Coal and Ash Waste Management in the Circular Economy

Borowski Gabriel, Alsaqoor Sameh, Alahmer Ali

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2021

|

Vol. 15, no. 3

264--276

EN

This is a scoping review of agglomeration techniques to obtain of solid bodies from particle waste-materials for their utilization. For this purpose, the granulation and briquetting of fine coal and fly ash were presented in detail. Many successful works on solid fuels production, with coal only, and also with the addition of biomass, were presented. During the solid fuel combustion in power boilers, significant amounts of ash are generated. The properties of fly ashes were taken into consideration, and different methods of their utilization were proposed to obtain a wide range of useful products. Con-sequently, the waste resources of coal and ash were fully utilized. In final remarks, it was concluded, that the agglomeration techniques play an important role in waste management, but particularly in the circular economy.

17

Development of a testing station for empirical verification of the algebraic model of dry ice piston extrusion

Górecki Jan

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

|

2021

|

Vol. 15, no. 3

107--112

EN

Efficient use of resources is a very important consideration for every production process, especially where waste materials are used as raw materials. One example of these kinds of processes is dry ice extrusion. Based on the subject literature, it can be observed that the machines available in the market that are used to compress dry ice are characterized by high working force value. This leads to low efficiency of resource consumption, in regards to both electrical energy and carbon dioxide. This paper presents a proposed design of a test stand used for measuring compression force as a function of piston displacement in the course of the dry ice extrusion. The first part of the article presents the testing methodology and test stand design. The second part presents the results of measurement of compression force as a function of piston displacement with three different die types. The results of the study allowed to establish the difference between the values of the measured limit force and the values calculated with an analytical model. The test stand design and the results presented in this paper are important for further research and development works in the area of efficient extrusion and compaction of dry ice.

18

The tram-train system as an element of ecological public transport in the Polish agglomerations. Part 2

Durzyński Zbigniew, Orczyk Małgorzata

Pojazdy Szynowe

|

2020

|

Nr 1

24--41

EN

The article presents an adverse impact of the transport in agglomerations on the environment and climate conditions. The sources and acceptable levels of environmental pollution and climate degradation are presented as well as contribution of the cars to this process, together with the actions undertaken with a view to reduce the emission. The trends in modernizing of the public transport systems are pointed out, inclusive of justification of the ecological tramtrain system implementation. The next part of the paper includes comparison of the features of the tram and passenger rail vehicles used for public transport in agglomerations. A brief outline of the actions initiated to implement the tram-train system in Poland is depicted. The final part of the article highlights the technical issues related to the difference between the tram and rail vehicle construction and equipment and discusses the scope of organizational and legal tasks necessary to undertake the practical measures. The Polish contractors potentially able to perform these tasks are indicated. In the last part a brief assessment of railway network suitability for implementation of the tram-train system was carried out on the example of the Poznań agglomeration. An extensive bibliography makes an essential part of the paper. The present article is a continuation of the earlier papers developed with participation of the author. Some of these problems have been only identified in the former papers and, therefore, they are discussed here more clearly, due to their importance to the topic of the tram-train system. The present text is a continuation of the paper of the same title, published in the quarterly Pojazdy Szynowe nr 4/2019.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono negatywne oddziaływanie transportu zbiorowego w aglomeracjach na stan środowiska i klimat. Opisano źródła i dopuszczalne poziomy zanieczyszczeń środowiska i degradacji klimatu oraz udział samochodów w tym procesie oraz podejmowane działania dla ograniczenia emisji. Przedstawiono uzasadnienie wdrażania ekologicznego systemu tram-train oraz tendencje unowocześniania systemów komunikacji zbiorowej. W dalszej części artykułu porównano cechy tramwaju i pasażerskich pojazdów kolejowych jako środków transportu zbiorowego w aglomeracjach. W krótkim zarysie opisano działania, jakie zostały podjęte dla wdrożenia systemu tram-train w Polsce. W końcowej części artykułu odniesiono się do zagadnień technicznych związanych z różnicami w zakresie budowy i wyposażenia tramwajów i pojazdów kolejowych, a także omówiono zakres prac organizacyjno-prawnych, których podjęcie jest niezbędne dla rozpoczęcia działań praktycznych. Wskazano potencjalnych realizatorów tych działań na poziomie krajowym. W ostatniej części przeprowadzono, na przykładzie aglomeracji poznańskiej, krótka analizę przydatności sieci kolejowej do wprowadzenia systemu tram-train. Istotną częścią artykułu jest obszerna lista bibliografii. Niniejszy artykuł jest kontynuacją wcześniejszych artykułów, których autor był współautorem. W poprzednich artykułach niektóre zagadnienia były tylko zasygnalizowane, dlatego jednak w związku z ich istotnym znaczeniem dla tematu systemu tram-train zostały omówione szerzej. Tekst jest kontynuacją artykułu pod tym samym tytułem, zamieszczonym w kwartalniku Pojazdy Szynowe nr 4/2019.

19

Synthesis of nano Mn-Zn ferrites by gel combustion method with three different fuels and investigation of their structure and properties

Vahdati Nima, Sedghi Arman

Materials Science Poland

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2020

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Vol. 38, No. 2

350--358

EN

The purpose of studying the properties of zinc-manganese nanoferrite was to compare organic fuels that were produced in conditions created by the auto gel combustion method, using citric acid, glycine, and urea with different pH values: (citric acid = 6, glycine = 3 and urea = 0). The samples were prepared in stoichiometric ratios to gain Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, and all the samples were calcined in the same condition (500 °C and 30 minutes). It should be noted that the entire process of synthesis was photographed to analyze the effect of fuels during the combustion process. Combustion reactions were studied by simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), also the Rietveld method was used to determine the type and amount of crystalline phases. Magnetic properties of the samples were measured by vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), and their morphology and powder agglomeration was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Superior magnetic properties of the sample synthesized with glycine were achieved. Urea gave the smallest particle size, while citric acid produced intermediate properties.

20

Łódzka kolej aglomeracyjna jako czynnik poprawy dostępności w regionie

Pomykała Agata

Problemy Transportu i Logistyki

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2019

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nr 1 (45)

97--106

PL

Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Łódzkiego realizując założenia rozwoju przewidziane w dokumentach strategicznych, przygotował i wdrożył projekt „Budowa systemu Łódzkiej Kolei Aglomeracyjnej”. Charakteryzuje się on się kompleksowym i nowatorskim podejściem do usługi kolejowej, obejmując zarówno zagadnienia organizacyjne, jak i techniczne, marketingowe oraz związane z komunikacją społeczną. Od uruchomienia pierwszych pociągów ŁKA minęły ponad 4 lata, podczas których potwierdziła się zasadność podjętych działań: uruchomiono przejazdy w nowych relacjach, wzrosła liczba pasażerów, wysoko oceniany jest komfort podróżowania, poprawiła się dostępność stolicy regionu. W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania powstania projektu i jego historię oraz przeanalizowano aspekty techniczne i organizacyjne działalności spółki. Analizie poddano wyniki oceny pasażerów korzystających z usługi przewozowej w okresie 2014–2018. Celem artykułu jest analiza zmian w zakresie dostępności wewnętrznej województwa łódzkiego.

EN

The Office of the Marshal of the Lodzkie Voivodship, implementing the development assumptions provided in the strategic documents, prepared the project “Construction of the Łódź Agglomeration Railway System”. It was characterized by a complex and innovative approach to the railway service, covering both organizational and technical issues, marketing and in the subject of social communication. Since the launch of the first ŁKA service, more than 4 years have passed confirming the legitimacy of the measures taken: new routes have been opened, the number of passengers has increased, travel comfort is highly valued, the accessibility of the region’s capital has improved. The article presents the conditions for the creation of the project, its history and analysed technical and organizational aspects of the Company’s operations. The results of the assessment of passengers using the transport service in the period 2014–2018 are subject of analysis. The aim of the article is an analyse changes in the internal accessibility of the Lodz region.