Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Thermal water - more than water!

Witkowska M., Śmigielski K. B.

Biotechnology and Food Science

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2022

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Vol. 84, nr 1

41--52

EN

The use of thermal waters both for external use and for consumption is presented. Nowadays, the use of ecological products of natural origin is promoted, allowing for a significant improvement in the psycho-physical condition of users. Research is carried out to create natural products that comprehensively improve not only the condition of the skin, but the entire body of the user. Thanks to the development of modern technologies used both in cosmetics and other industries, it is possible to effectively use the composition and properties of thermal waters.

2

Sintered Steels Coated with a Chromium Layer Doped with Diamond Nanoparticles

Petkov V., Valov R., Witkowska M., Madej M., Cempura G., Sułowski M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 4

1633--1638

EN

Electrochemical Cr coatings doped with diamond nanoparticles were deposited on sintered steels with different carbon contents (0.2-0.8 wt.-%). The mechanical properties of surfaces as hardness and wear resistance increase as compared to the steel substrate. Microcutting and microgridding mechanisms were observed after tribological tests, but also adhesive wear in some areas was observed. X-ray examination indicated that the layer was textured, with the exception of the sample with the highest concentration of diamond nanoparticles in the electrolyte (42 g/l). The intensity ratio ICr110/ICr200 was calculated and compared with the indices for a standard sample. The greatest differences in the intensity ratio occurred for the samples with low carbon content (0.2% C). On the other hand, more the material is textured the greater the difference.

3

Effect of Silicon Addition on the Microstructure of Cast 24Cr-5Ni-2.5Mo-xSi Duplex Steel

Kalandyk B., Zapała R., Witkowska M., Kowalska J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 1

186--190

EN

Characteristics of the microstructure of corrosion-resistant cast 24Cr-5Ni-2.5Mo duplex steel after introduction of 0.98, 1.67 and 4.3% Si were described. Based on the test results it has been found that silicon addition introduced to the corrosion-resistant cast two-phase duplex steel significantly reduces austenite content in the alloy matrix. Increasing silicon content in the test alloy to 4.3% has resulted, in addition to the elimination of austenite, also in the precipitation of Si-containing intermetallic phases at the grain boundaries and inside the grains. The precipitates were characterized by varying content of Cr and Mo, indicating the presence in the structure of more than one type of the brittle phase characteristic for this group of materials. The simulation using Thermo-Calc software has confirmed the presence of ferrite in all tested alloys. In the material containing 4.3% Si, the Cr and Si enriched precipitates, such as G phase and Cr3Si were additionally observed to occur.

4

XRD phase investigations of steam oxidized Fe and Ni rich Cr alloys

Dudziak T., Witkowska M., Ratuszek W., Chruściel K.

Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa

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2017

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Vol. 57, no. 4

265--276

EN

The aim of this work was to summarise XRD investigations performed after the tests carried out in steam oxidation conditions in the temperature range 700‒800°C for 3000 hours. In this work, two solid-solution strengthened alloys; Haynes® 230®, 617 alloy and two (γ’) gamma-prime strengthened alloys; 263 and Haynes® 282® and high alloyed steels rich in Cr: 309S, 310S and HR3C were exposed. The phase analyses were carried out using two techniques; Bragg-Brentano (BB) geometry and geometry of constant angle called grazing incidence α = 1° and α = 3°.

5

Nanocomposite chromium coatings on aluminum alloys

Gidikova N., Valov R., Petkov V., Sułowski M., Witkowska M., Cempura G.

Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa

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2017

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Vol. 57, no. 4

241--244

EN

Chromium coatings modified with nanodiamond particles were deposited on aluminum alloys. The concentration of the nanodiamond particles in the chrome plating electrolyte was from 5 to 25 g/l. The thickness of the layer varied between 30 and 70 μm. The layers were prepared with the same electrolytic conditions and were measured with a metallographic microscope. The maximum microhardness of the coating was 840 kg/mm2. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed with a Siemens D500 apparatus using the Bragg-Brentano technique. The distribution of Cr, Al and O in the cross section was studied by SEM-EDS. It was found that the layers were homogenous – only consisted of chromium. The coatings were also studied for non-destructivity by X-ray 3D computed tomography. It was found that the coatings were intact and continuous along the section. In order to obtain the maximum yield of chromium and maximum thickness of the layer, the optimum nanodiamond particle concentration was 10 g/l.

6

Microstructure and texture welds of 15-7Mo steel after heat treatment

Ziewiec A., Zielińska-Lipiec A., Witkowska M.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 4

225--232

EN

This paper presents the results of determining the effect of heat treatment after welding X8CrNiMoAl15-7-2 steel (commercial name: PH 15-7Mo steel) on the microstructure and texture of the welds. XRD studies showed the presence of the two phases in the welds of 15-7Mo steel; i.e., δ ferrite and austenite. Annealing at a temperature of 400°C/1 h and 550°C/1 h results in changes of the intensities for individual peaks derived from austenite and ferrite. Microstructure investigations carried out by LM and TEM indicated that the austenite and δ ferrite coexist in the microstructure of 15-7Mo steel in as-welded condition. Annealing at a temperature range of between 400–620°C after welding causes small changes in the microstructure. The hardness of the welds after annealing in that temperature range increases.

PL

W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wyniki badań wpływu obróbki cieplnej po spawaniu stali X8CrNiMoAl15-7-2 (nazwa handlowa: PH 15-7Mo) na mikrostrukturę i teksturę spoin. Badania XRD wykazały obecność dwóch faz w spoinach stali 15-7Mo, tj. ferrytu δ i austenitu. Wyżarzanie w temperaturach 400°C przez 1 h i 550°C przez 1 h powoduje zmiany intensywności poszczególnych pików pochodzących od austenitu i ferrytu. Badania mikrostrukturalne (mikroskopia świetlna i transmisyjna mikroskopia elektronowa) potwierdziły obecność ferrytu δ i austenitu w stali 15-7Mo w stanie po spawaniu. Wyżarzanie po spawaniu w temperaturach pomiędzy 400°C a 620°C powoduje małe zmiany w mikrostrukturze. Twardość spoin po wyżarzaniu w zakresie tych temperatur wzrasta.

7

Microstructure and Texture Evolution During Cold-Rolling in the Fe-23Mn-3Si-3Al Alloy

Kowalska J., Ratuszek W., Witkowska M., Zielińska-Lipiec A., Kowalski M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 3A

1789--1794

EN

Fe–23wt.%Mn–3wt.%Si–3wt.%Al alloy was cast, homogenized at 1150ºC, hot-rolled at temperatures between 1200ºC and 900ºC and next cold-rolled from 5% up to 40% reductions in thickness. Microstructure and texture of this alloy, which has a low stacking fault energy, were defined after cold-rolling. Investigation of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that mechanical twinning and martensitic transformations (γfcc→εhcp and γfcc→εhcp→α′bcc) took place during cold-rolling. The crystallographic Shoji-Nishiyama (S-N) {00.2}ε║{111}γ, <11.0>ε ║ <110>γ and Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) {111}γ║{101}α’, <101>γ║<111>α’ relations between martensite (ε, α’) and austenite (γ), were found in the coldrolled material.

PL

W artykule zamieszczono wyniki badań mikrostruktury i tekstury otrzymane dla stopu Fe–23%Mn–3%Si–3%Al (% masowe). Po odlaniu wlewek homogenizowano przy temperaturze 1150ºC, walcowano na gorąco w zakresie temperatur 1200ºC-900ºC i następnie walcowano na zimno do odkształceń od 5% do 40%. Wyniki badań uzyskane przy użyciu transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej i metod dyfrakcyjnych wskazują, że podczas odkształcenia plastycznego na zimno w stopie zachodzi mechaniczne bliźniakowanie i przemiana martenzytyczna. Występują zależności krystalograficzne pomiędzy austenitem (faza γ) i martenzytem (faza ε i faza α’), które opisują zależności: Shoji-Nishiyama {00.2}ε || {111}γ, <11.0>ε || <110>γ i Kurdjumowa-Sachsa {111}γ || {110}α, <110>γ || <111>α.

8

Halogen substitution in synthetic lead apatite compounds Raman spectroscopy study

Witkowska M., Motyka J., Kwaśniak-Kominek M., Manecki M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

141--142

EN

Mimetite Pb10(AsO4)6Cl2, vanadinite Pb10(VO4)6Cl2 and pyromorphite Pb10(PO4)6Cl2 are minerals isostructural with apatite occurring in the oxidation zones of Pb deposits. They exhibit hexagonal structure and rod-shape morphology. To date, most published research on crystal chemistry of lead apatites concentrated on cationic substitutions in crystalline structure (Ca, Pb, Sr etc.). Little is known, however, on anionic solid solutions, particularly on systematic changes in the structure and properties due to halogen substitutions in lead apatites. Precipitation of lead apatites is often used for immobilization of toxic forms of Pb and As in the environment. More recently, immobilization of radioactive isotope 129I in the form of lead apatites was proposed. This isotope is released as a result of accidents at nuclear power plants (Zhang et al. 2007, Stennet et al. 2011, Redfern et al. 2012). Halogen varieties of lead apatites are also used in chemical engineering as environmentally friendly catalysts (Masaoka & Kyono 2006). The objective of this project was synthesis of halogen-substituted lead apatites in pyromorphite series Pb10(PO4)6(F, Cl, Br, I)2, mimetite series Pb10(AsO4)6(F, Cl, Br, I)2, and vanadinite series Pb10(VO4)6(F, Cl, Br, I)2, followed by characteristics of X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra. This will contribute to our knowledge on mechanisms and effects of anionie substitutions in this group of mineral phases. Based on the literature and pilot experiments we developed an efficient method of synthesis of Pb apatite solid solutions which allows for full control on stoichiometry, and results in crystalline, homogeneous precipitate. Lead apatites were synthesized at room temperatures from aqueous solutions of Pbq , phosphates/arsenates/vanadates, and Faq, Claq, Braq, or Iaq solutions mixed in stoichiometric proportions. Solutions are mixed dropwise in large (2 dm3) reactor with distilled water. Suspension is left for 48 hours for aging, filtered and air-dried. X-ray powder diffraction is used for identification of solid phases. Qualitative analysis allows also for identification of systematic shifts in diffraction patterns resulting from halogen substitutions. Calculation of lattice parameters is used to quantify the systematic effects of substitutions on unit cell dimensions. For the first time Raman spectroscopy was applied to most of crystalline phases in question. Analysis of systematic spectral shifts with anionic substitutions was performed which allowed for explanation of molecular structural reasons for spectral shifts as well as for development of identification procedures with the use of Raman spectroscopy. All phases preserve their hexagonal crystalline structure. Both diffraction patterns and Raman spectra corresponding to each synthesized phases exhibit systematic shifts in the series. The most pronounced features on Raman spectrum are shifts of double bands resulting from phosphate stretching mode from 968/932 through 945/918 to 941/910 cm-1 for F, Cl and Br substituted pyromorphites, respectively. Similar trends are observed for mimetite and vanadinite series. These shifts progress towards lower angles 2Θ in XRD patterns and lower Raman shifts on the spectra which is consistent with the increasing ionic radius and atomic mass of the elements resulting in larger unit cell and more rigid chemical bonds. These results confirm that solid-solutions between these phases are possible and result in systematic changes in the structure and spectroscopic properties.

9

Microstructural Changes in a High-Manganese Austenitic Fe-Mn-Al-C Steel

Witkowska M., Zielińska-Lipiec A., Kowalska J., Ratuszek W.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2014

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Vol. 59, iss. 3

971--975

EN

Microstructural changes in the age-hardenable Fe-28wt.%Mn-9wt.%Al-1wt.%C steel during ageing at 550°C for various times have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The steel was produced in an induction furnace and the ingot, after homogenization at 1150°C for 3 hours under a protective argon atmosphere, was hot-rolled and subsequently cold-rolled up to 23% reduction. The sheet was then aged at 550°C for various times in an argon atmosphere and cooled in air. XRD analysis and TEM observations revealed a modulated structure and superlattice reflections produced by spinodal decomposition, which occurred during ageing at 550°C. Theexistence of satellites suggests that either (Fe, Mn)3AlCx carbides were formed within the austenite matrix by spinodal decomposition during cooling or chemical fluctuactions occurred between the (Fe, Mn)3AlCx carbides and the austenitic matrix.

PL

W pracy analizowano zmiany mikrostruktury w stali Fe-28%wt. Mn-9%wt. Al-1%wt.C zachodzące podczas starzenia w temperaturze 550°C w różnych czasach. Stal Fe-28Mn-9Al-1C wytopiono w próżniowym piecu indukcyjnym. Po odlaniu wlewek homogenizowano w temperaturze 1150°C przez 3 godziny w atmosferze argonu. Wlewek walcowano na gorąco a następnie na zimno do 23 % odkształcenia. Próbki po odkształceniu starzono w temperaturze 550°C dla różnych czasów w atmosferze argonu i chłodzono na powietrzu. Obserwacje elektronomikroskopowe starzonej stali Fe-28Mn-9Al-1C ujawniły modulowaną strukturę i refleksy od nadstruktury, co było efektem rozpadu spinodalnego, który miał miejsce podczas procesu starzenia. Występowanie satelitów na zapisach dyfrakcyjnych sugeruje, że węgliki (Fe, Mn)3AlCx powstały w osnowie austenitycznej na skutek rozpadu spinodalnego zachodzącego podczas chłodzenia czy fluktuacji chemicznych występujących pomiędzy węglikami Fe, Mn)3AlCx i osnową austenityczną.

10

Opodatkowanie odnawialnych źródeł energii

Witkowska M.

Czysta Energia

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2013

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Nr 6

16

11

Microstructure and properties of welds of semi-austenitic precipitation hardening stainlees steel after heat treatment

Ziewiec A., Tasak E., Witkowska M., Ziewiec K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2013

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Vol. 58, iss. 2

613--617

EN

This paper presents the studies of the microstructure and properties of the welded joints made of 15-7Mo precipitation hardened semi-austenitic stainless steel welded by Tungsten Inert Gas. Microstructural changes in the heat treated welded joints was assessed. It was found that the joints of 15-7Mo steel in as welded state contain martensite, austenite and δ-ferrite. Scanning electron microscope study of the joints was carried out. The sub-zero and destabilization heat treatment were found to decrease or completely eliminate the austenite in the microstructure and increase hardness of the welded joint.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań mikrostruktury i własności złącz spawanych stali nierdzewnej półaustenitycznej utwardzanej wydzieleniowo 15-7Mo wykonanych metodą TIG. Oceniono zmiany mikrostruktury w procesie obróbki cieplnej. Stwierdzono, że w spoinach stali 15-7Mo po spawaniu występuje martenzyt, austenit i ferryt δ. Przeprowadzono badania SEM spoin. Obróbka podzerowa i obróbka destabilizacyjna obniżają lub całkowicie likwidują austenit w strukturze i podwyższają twardość.

12

Problemy rewitalizacji dworców i obiektów komunikacji kolejowej

Jaszczak A., Witkowska M.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2012

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nr 18

70--81

PL

Rewitalizacja dworców oraz terenów kolejowych to bardzo istotne zagadnienie. Przywrócenie do „życia” miejsc, które nierzadko utraciły już swoją pierwotną funkcję warunkuje nie tylko polepszenie ich stanu z punktu widzenia estetyki, ale także stwarza możliwość rozwoju ekonomiczno-społecznego. Dworzec oraz jego otoczenie w strukturze miasta stanowi komunikacyjny, społeczny i architektoniczny punkt węzłowy, dlatego jego odnowa może wpłynąć na pozytywne zmiany w przestrzeni miejskiej. W pracy przedstawiono problematykę związaną z aktualnym stanem infrastruktury kolejowej oraz zwrócono uwagę na rewitalizację dworców europejskich i polskich. Wskazano przy tym podobieństwa i różnice w sposobie zagospodarowania tych obiektów. Istotne było też odniesienie się do odnowy dworców w średnich i małych miastach. Dlatego też zaproponowano zmiany w funkcjonowaniu i strukturze nieczynnego już obiektu w Bartoszycach oraz jego otoczenia.

EN

Revitalization of railway station and railway terrain is a very important issue. Bringing the space with losed original function back to “live” determine not only improving their situation with aestetical point of view but also it creates the possibility of socio-economical development. Railway station and its surrounding is main point in city structure from the communication, social and architectonic site. So renovation of it could give a positive changes in city space. There is presented issue of actual situation of railway infrastructure in this thesis. The example of revitalization of European and Polish railway were noticed, as well. It was noticed the similarities and differences in a way of managing of them as well as concerning to railways revitalization in medium and small towns. It was proposed the functional and structural modification of closed object and its surrounding in Bartoszyce.

13

Zastosowanie nieniszczących dyfrakcyjnych metod rentgenowskich do charakteryzowania stanu struktury materiałów

Skrzypek S. J., Witkowska M., Kowalska M., Chruściel K.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2012

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Vol. 79, nr 4

238--246

PL

Artykuł przedstawia niektóre istotne zastosowania metod rentgenowskich do określania wybranych właściwości i charakterystyk materiałowych odnoszących się do struktury i stanu materiałów po różnych etapach procesu wytwarzania i obróbki. Te nieniszczące metody, które wykorzystują dyfrakcję promieni rentgenowskich, dają w pośredni sposób możliwość ujawniania szeregu danych dotyczących struktury wewnętrznej, jak również pomiaru niektórych podstawowych właściwości materiałów. Typowe zastosowania obejmują pomiary mikroi makro-naprężeń własnych, grubości cienkich warstw i powłok, składu fazowego, gęstości defektów struktury, rozmiaru krystalitów oraz ich rozkładu orientacji (tekstury) itp. Prezentowane metody i techniki rentgenowskie wykorzystują szeroki zakres stosowanych długości fali oraz różne warianty geometrii dyfrakcji. W artykule uwzględniono zwłaszcza metody dyfrakcji promieniowania X w geometrii stałego kąta padania (SKP) oraz metodę Bragg-Brentano (BB) stosowane do praktycznego pomiaru grubości powłok i cienkich warstw. Takie nieniszczące pomiary mają aspekt praktyczny, np. w zastosowaniu do kontroli jakości produkcji lub poszczególnych operacji technologicznych, a także do diagnozowania stopnia zużycia eksploatacyjnego elementów maszyn.

EN

The paper presents some important applications of X-ray methods in determination of selected material features and characteristics related to the structure and state of materials after different stages of manufacturing and processing. These non-destructive methods, which base on diffraction of X-rays, give ability to reveal indirectly a number of details of internal structure and to measure some important materials features. Typical applications comprise measurements of micro- and macro- residual stresses, thickness of thin layers and coatings, phase composition, density of lattice defects, size of crystallites and their orientation distribution (texture), etc. The presented X-ray methods and techniques utilize wide range of applicable wavelengths and different variants of diffraction geometry. Especially symmetrical and asym-- metrical Bragg-Brentano method, the methods with grazing incidence angle and reflectivity in different conditions were considered in the paper. In particular the last two methods are destined to thickness measurements of micro- and nano- thin layers and surface coatings. Such X-ray non-destructive methods are recommended for practical applications in quality control of production as well as verification of exploitative and operational wear of machine elements.

14

Influence of die forging parameters on the microstructure and phase composition of Inconel 718 alloy

Bunsch A., Kowalska J., Witkowska M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2012

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Vol. 57, iss. 4

929-935

EN

The object of the present investigation was Inconel 718 alloy. The material in the initial state and after forging at the temperatures of 1100°C and 1000°C was examined. Diffraction analyses indicate that a nickel-based γ solid solution is a dominating phase in the alloy (so-called nickel austenite). Apart from a solid solution, which constitutes the matrix, certain volume fractions of the other phase were detected e.g. δ phase and carbides. It was found that, due to thermo-mechanical-treatment at both temperatures, the phase composition of Inconel 718 was considerably changed in comparison to the initial state. On the contrary, differences in the temperature of forging did not significantly influence the alloy constitution. However, both of the temperatures of forging result in distinct texture intensity. Microstructure observations indicate that forging at 1000C° led to recrystallization by creation of the new recrystallizated grains near or on the grain boundaries of existing deformed grains. After forging at 1100°C, the microstructure was fully recrystallized at the whole volume of the material.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badan wykonanych na stopie niklu Inconel 718. Przebadano materiał w stanie wyjściowym i po kuciu w temperaturach 1100 i 1000°C. Wykonane badania dyfrakcyjne wskazują, ze faza dominującą w stopie jest faza γ roztwór Fe w Ni, często nazywany austenitem niklowym. Oprócz tej fazy, w stopie występują takie fazy jak δ oraz węgliki. Proces kucia w porównaniu do stanu wyjściowego wpływa na skład fazowy (następuje rozpuszczenie niektórych faz i być może przesycenie osnowy), natomiast różnica w temperaturze przeróbki plastycznej nie wpłynęła znacząco na skład fazowy. Obserwacje mikrostruktury wskazują, ze kucie w temperaturze 1100°C prowadzi do pełnej rekrystalizacji dynamicznej, zaś w temperaturze 1000°C rekrystalizacja zachodzi tylko poprzez tworzenie nowych ziarn na granicach ziarn lub w obszarach przy granicach istniejących odkształconych ziarn. Równocześnie, obserwuje się różnice w stopniu steksturowania materiału.

15

Palaeoenvironmental significance of iron carbonate concretions from the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) ore-bearing clays at Gnaszyn, Kraków-Silesia Homocline, Poland

Witkowska M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2012

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Vol. 62, no. 3

307-324

EN

Iron carbonate concretion horizons are characteristic features of the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) claystone-mudstone succession at Gnaszyn. They occur in single horizons, which generally represent the same genetic type. The siderite concretions are the main type of iron carbonate concretions at Gnaszyn; a second type is represented by phosphate-siderite concretions. On the basis of the fieldwork, and their petrographical and mineralogical characteristics, the genesis of the concretions and their palaeoenvironmental significance is discussed. The results of this study (based on the localization, mode of occurrence, mineralogy of iron carbonate concretions and also the textural relationship between the concretions and host sediment layers) suggest an early diagenetic origin of the concretions. The preferential occurrence of the concretion horizons in single layers in the ambient sediments was associated with particular conditions of their deposition and early diagenesis, favored by a slower sedimentation rate and more intense bioturbation, and related primarily to the greater availability of reactive iron ions. From the viewpoint of physicochemical conditions the horizons with iron carbonate concretions in the study area reflect the redox boundary between oxic/bioturbated and anoxic/non-bioturbated zones. The conditions favoring the formation of such horizons was possibly due to longer periods of diminished sedimentation rate when the redox boundary remained in the same position within the sediment.

16

Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) ore-bearing clays at Gnaszyn, Kraków-Silesia Homocline, Poland

Gedl P., Kaim A., Leonowicz P., Boczarowski A., Dudek T., Kędzierski M., Rees J., Smoleń J., Szczepanik P., Sztajner P., Witkowska M., Ziaja J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2012

|

Vol. 62, no. 3

463-484

EN

Multidisciplinary studies of the Middle-Upper Bathonian ore-bearing clays at Gnaszyn revealed variable palaeoenvironmental conditions during the deposition of this seemingly monotonous sequence. We interpret the conditions in the bottom environment and the photic zone, and also evaluate the influence of the adjacent land areas, based on sedimentology, geochemistry, sporomorphs and palynofacies composition, benthic (foraminifera, gastropods, bivalves, scaphopods, echinoderms), planktonic (calcareous nannoplankton, dinoflagellate cysts), and nektonic (sharks) fossils. The Gnaszyn succession originated relatively close to the shore, within reach of an intense supply of terrestrial fine clastic and organic particles. The latter are mainly of terrestrial origin and range from 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%. The precise water depth is difficult to estimate but most likely ranges from several tens of metres to a few hundred metres. All fossil groups show minor changes throughout the succession. As the climate seems to have been quite stable during this period we consider sea-level fluctuations to have been the main factor responsible for the changes. The terrestrial input, including freshwater and land-derived clastic and organic particles (sporomorphs and cuticles), increased during periods of sea-level lowstand. As a consequence, stress conditions (lower salinity, higher nutrient availability, lower water transparency) in the photic zone caused blooms of opportunistic planktonic taxa. Furthermore, a faster sedimentation rate led to oxygen depletion and deterioration of the living conditions in the bottom environment due to an increased accumulation of organic matter. As a result, the benthic biota became taxonomically impoverished and commonly dominated by juvenile forms. During periods of high sea level, the source areas were shifted away from the basin, resulting in a decrease in the terrestrial influx, increase in the salinity of surface waters, the appearance of more diverse phytoplankton assemblages, a lower sedimentation rate, and an improvement of living conditions at the bottom.

17

Crystallographic texture and anisotropy of electrolytic deposited copper coating analysis

Skrzypek S. J., Ratuszek W., Bunsch A., Witkowska M., Kowalska J., Goły M., Chruściel K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 43, nr 1

264--268

EN

Purpose: To investigate of texture and microstructure of electrodeposited copper thin films. Design/methodology/approach: Influence of the electrodepositing parameters e.g. applied electric current as variable on texture formation of copper films was studied at presented work. Experiment was done for copper deposition from sulphate bath under galvanostatic and pulse current with different additives in the bath. X-ray examination included texture measurements phase analysis by means of Bragg-Brentano, grazing incidence diffraction and crystallite size using broadening of X-ray diffraction line. Findings: Electrodeposited copper coatings exhibit different texture and microstructure depending on applied conditions in which they were obtained. Pulse and direct current conditions leads to different texture of electrodeposited copper coatings. For each type of current texture depends on deposition time and current intensity. Only in some cases {111} component was obtained. Research limitations/implications: extures of the investigated samples are very sensitive for applied current conditions of electrodepositing. At the copper coatings obtained with reverse current texture components {110} is dominating one. Relations between texture and properties (hardness, Young module and grain size) of copper layer were found. Originality/value: The texture of electrodeposited copper should be influential structural characteristic when anisotropy is considered. It is already known that electromigration depends on texture of copper films.

18

Research on the texture of Cu/Ni multilayers with a diversified period thickness

Kucharska B., Kulej E., Witkowska M., Nitkiewicz Z.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2010

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Vol. 31, nr 3

439-441

EN

Cu/Ni multilayers obtained by magnetron deposition technique were researched. The multilayers consist of a hundred Cu/Ni double layers. The thickness of the Cu sublayer equalled 2 nm and thickness of the Ni sublayer differed (from 1 to 6 nm). X-ray research of the texture was conducted for reflections originated from the planes (111) and (200), using concentrated X-ray radiation of a wavelength &Cu = 0.154 nm. Analysis of pole figures was conducted using Analyze/Texture programme. It was found that all the researched multilayers had texture. The texturing of multilayers with the 1 and 6 nm thick Ni sublayer was similar. Texture of multilayers was described by three main orientation fibres {015}, {511} and near {111}. Additionally, research using the GXRD method at variable angles of X-ray incidence ranging from 0.5 to 21.0° showed that the layers closer to the base of the multilayer were stronger textured.

PL

Badaniom poddano wielowarstwy Cu/Ni otrzymane techniką osadzania magnetronowego. Wielowarstwy złożone ze stu biwarstw zrożnicowano grubością podwarstw Ni (od 1 do 6 nm) przy stałej grubości podwarstw Cu równej 2 nm. Wykonano rentgenowskie badania tekstury dla refleksow pochodzących od płaszczyzn (111) i (200) za pomocą skolimowanego promieniowania rentgenowskiego o długości &Cu = 0,154 nm. Analizy figur biegunowych dokonano za pomocą programu Analyze/Texture . Stwierdzono, że wszystkie wielowarstwy posiadały teksturę. Tekstury wielowarstw o grubościach podwarstw Ni 1 i 6 nm były podobne. Tekstury wielowarstw opisują trzy włokna orientacji {015}, {511} i ~{111}. Badania GXRD z użyciem stałych kątów padania w zakresie od 0,5 do 21° wykazały dodatkowo silniejsze steksturowanie warstw znajdujących się bliżej podłoża.

19

Influence of band-like morphology on microstructure and texture evolution in rolled super-duplex steel

Ryś J., Witkowska M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2010

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Vol. 55, iss. 3

733-747

EN

The present investigations concern the formation of rolling textures and the evolution of ferrite and austenite microstructures in cold-rolled sheets of super-duplex stainless steel UR52N+. The preliminary thermo-mechanical treatment included hot-rolling with subsequent solution annealing at the temperatures 1150C and 1050C. Afterwards the steel plates were subjected to cold-rolling over a wide range of reductions parallel to the direction of hot-deformation. The band-like morphology of the ferrite-austenite structure formed upon hot- and subsequent cold-rolling creates different conditions for plastic deformation in comparison to one-phase steels. Nevertheless basic mechanisms controlling the deformation behavior and the formation of ferrite and austenite rolling textures in the examined super-duplex steel are essentially the same as in single phase steels. Microstructure development in the ferrite and austenite bands results first of all from the following factors; crystallographic structure, chemical composition, stacking fault energy and orientation distribution, and only to some extent from phase interaction. A characteristic feature is the rolling texture formation within the bands of both phases, which show stability over a wide range of deformations. The dominating texture components, i.e. the orientations {001}<110> in ferrite and {110}<112> in austenite, are typical orientations for one-phase steels.

PL

Prezentowane badania dotyczą tworzenia się tekstur walcowania oraz rozwoju mikrostruktur ferrytu i austenitu w walcowanych na zimno blachach z nierdzewnej stali w gatunku UR52N+ typu super-duplex. Wstępna obróbka cieplno-mechaniczna obejmowała walcowanie na gorąco oraz przesycanie z temperatur 1150C oraz 1050C. Stal poddano następnie walcowaniu na zimno w szerokim zakresie odkształceń równolegle do kierunku przeróbki plastycznej na gorąco. Pasmowa morfologia struktury ferrytu i austenitu tworząca się podczas walcowania na gorąco a następnie na zimno stwarza odmienne warunki dla przebiegu odkształcenia plastycznego w porównaniu do stali jednofazowych. Niemniej podstawowe mechanizmy kontrolujące sposób odkształcenia oraz tworzenie się tekstur walcowania obu składowych faz w badanej stali super-duplex są zasadniczo takie same jak w przypadku stali jednofazowych. Rozwój mikrostruktury w pasmach ferrytu i austenitu wynika przede wszystkim z następujących czynników; budowy krystalograficznej, składu chemicznego, energii błędu ułozenia i rozkładu orientacji, a tylko w pewnej mierze z oddziaływania obu faz. Charakterystyczny jest przebieg tworzenia się tekstur walcowania w pasmach obu faz, które wykazują stabilność w szerokim zakresie odkształceń. Dominujące składowe tekstury, tzn. orientacje {001}<110> w ferrycie i {110}<112>, w austenicie, są typowymi orientacjami w stalach jednofazowych.

20

The effect of starting orientations and initial morphology on texture formation in duplex steel SAF 2205

Ryś J., Witkowska M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2009

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Vol. 54, iss. 3

789-803

EN

The present investigations concern the rolling texture formation and changes in morphology of two-phase structure in cold-rolled mid-alloy duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 with addition of nitrogen. The preliminary thermo-mechanical treatment included hot-rolling with subsequent solution annealing at the temperature 1150C. Afterwards the steel was cold-rolled within the wide range of reductions by applying two different variants, with rolling directions perpendicular and parallel to the direction of hot-deformation. Texture analysis indicates that austenite shows tendency to develop the textures similar to those in one-phase austenitic steels regardless of the applied cold-rolling variant and the final rolling textures of ferrite significantly differ from the typical textures of ferritic steels. Formation of the texture close to the {110}<112> alloy-type texture was observed in austenite and the orientation changes proceeded gradually over a wide range of reductions, especially for the cold-rolling variant perpendicular to the direction of hot-deformation. On the other hand the major component of the ferrite starting texture, i.e. the rotated cubic orientation {001}<110> and the character of texture spread, which is different for both rolling variants, remained essentially unchanged up to high deformations. It is concluded that the starting orientations of both constituent phases after the preliminary treatment and the band-like morphology of the ferrite-austenite structure considerably influence formation of the cold-rolling textures in the examined duplex type steel.

PL

Prezentowane badania dotyczą rozwoju tekstur walcowania i zmian morfologii struktury dwufazowej w walcowanej na zimno średnio-stopowej nierdzewnej stali duplex w gatunku SAF 2205 z dodatkiem azotu. Wstępna obróbka cieplno-mechaniczna obejmowała walcowanie na gorąco oraz wyżarzanie i przesycanie z temperatury 1150C. Stal poddano następnie walcowaniu na zimno w szerokim zakresie deformacji, stosując dwa różne warianty z kierunkami walcowania prostopadłym i równoległym do kierunku odkształcenia na gorąco. Analiza tekstur wskazuje, że niezależnie od zastosowanego wariantu walcowania na zimno austenit wykazuje tendencje do tworzenia tekstur odpowiadających tym w jednofazowych stalach austenitycznych natomiast końcowe tekstury walcowania ferrytu różnią się istotnie od typowych tekstur stali ferrytycznych. W austenicie obserwuje się rozwój tekstur zbliżonych do tekstury typu stopu {110}<112>, a w przypadku wariantu walcowania na zimno prostopadle do kierunku odkształcenia na gorąco zmiany orientacji zachodza stopniowo w szerokim zakresie odkształceń. Z kolei główna składowa tekstury początkowej ferrytu, tzn. orientacja skręcona sześcienna {001}<110> jak również charakter rozmycia tekstury ferrytu, odmienny dla obu wariantów walcowania, pozostają zasadniczo nie zmienione do wysokich odkształceń. Należy stwierdzić, że orientacje początkowe obu faz po obróbce wstępnej oraz pasmowa morfologia ferrytu i austenitu wywierają istotny wpływ na tworzenie się tekstur odkształcenia podczas walcowania na zimno badanej stali typu duplex.