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1

Modeling of the interaction between the electromagnetic field of a combined resonator and biowastes during ultrahigh frequency heating

Kosulina Natalia Gennadijivna, Lysychenko Mykola Leonidovych, Sorokin Maksym Serhiiovych, Handola Yuri Mykolaiovych, Kosulin Stanislav Valeriiovych, Chorna Mariia Oleksandrivna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2026

|

Vol. 20, no. 4

196--212

EN

The object of the research is the process of ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) treatment of livestock production biowaste aimed at its disinfection and energy-efficient processing. The problem lies in the absence of scientifically grounded methods for designing continuous-flow UHF installations capable of providing uniform heating of biowaste of varying composition with minimal energy consumption and without loss of nutritional value. As a result of the conducted theoretical and experimental studies, the dielectric properties of different types of biowaste (fat, blood, bones) were analyzed, and their influence on the efficiency of electromagnetic energy absorption was determined. The aim of the work was to establish the regularities of interaction between the electromagnetic field of a combined resonator and biowaste to enhance the energy efficiency of the process. The dielectric parameters of biowaste (ε′=50–60; ε″=10–25) and the electrodynamic characteristics of resonators of various geometries were determined. It was found that a combined “hemisphere + cylinder” resonator provides a quality factor Q=6910–9270 and an electric field strength Е=0.6–3.5 kV/cm, which increases energy efficiency by 15–18% compared to the cylindrical type. A mathematical model of the electric field distribution and a heating model were developed. Strong correlations ε′–Q (r=0.93) and ε″–E (r=0.88) were obtained, explaining the interdependence between electrophysical and resonator parameters. The obtained results are distinguished by a comprehensive approach to process modeling and the possibility of dynamic regulation of UHF field parameters, which prevents overheating or underheating of the material. The practical significance of the results lies in the development of energy-saving, environmentally safe next-generation UHF installations for the disinfection and processing of biowaste under farm, pilot, and industrial conditions.

2

Estimation of site effects and seismic Q factor using generalized inversion technique (GIT) in Northern Egypt

Saadalla Hamada, Qaysi Saleh, Abdelnabi Abdalla

Acta Geophysica

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2026

|

vol. 74, no. 3

art. no. 139, s. 1--15

EN

Northeastern Egypt and its adjoining seismic regions (Cairo-Suez district, Gulf of Suez, Triple Junction, Gulf of Aqaba) have historically experienced moderate-to-large earthquakes, highlighting the need for a detailed understanding of path attenuation and site response characteristics for effective seismic hazard assessment and mitigation. This study employs the generalized inversion technique (GIT) to estimate path attenuation and site parameters using earthquake recordings from multiple seismic stations in the region with magnitude larger than 3.0. In the first step of the inversion process, observed seismograms are decomposed into source, path, and site contributions, with a reference site constraint applied to ensure consistency in spectral decomposition and address the degrees of freedom issue and the trade-off between the decomposed factors. The attenuation models are developed as frequency-dependent functions, yielding the following S-wave quality factors: QS = 162 ± 5.7f 0.86±0.05(NBST-reference site) and QS = 166 ± 3.2f 0.84±0.04(TAMR-reference site). The frequency-dependent quality factor (Q f ) relationship indicates a low reference quality factor at 1 Hz (Q 0 < 200) and a strong frequency dependence ( n > 0.8), characteristic of tectonically and seismically active regions. In the second step, site amplification characteristics at each recording station are quantified using site spectral amplitude ratios of horizontal to vertical components. Additionally, the predominant frequency at each recording station was calculated using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method. The predominant frequency values obtained from the HVSR method closely match those derived from the generalized inversion analysis at each station. The predominant frequencies obtained from these amplification curves allow for site classification, providing crucial insights into local site effects.

3

New MISO biquad filter based on CCCCTAs with current control

Sirithai Supawadee, Suksawad Atirarj

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 9

277--281

EN

This study shows a current-mode Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) biquad filter circuit with two grounded capacitors, one grounded resistor, and two CCCCTAs, which stand for current-controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifiers. The input choice determines which filter types are applied: band-pass filter (BPF), low-pass filter (LPF), high-pass filter (HPF), band-reject filter (BRF), and all-pass filter (APF). The quality factor (Q) of the bandpass filter (BPF) can be electronically adjusted using electronic methods, and it is observed that this adjustment does not impact the pole frequency. A Monte Carlo analysis is also done to see the effect of the external passive component built into the Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) filter. The simulation results utilize PSPICE software to demonstrate the effectiveness and functionality of the circuit.

PL

W tym badaniu pokazano obwód filtra biquad MISO (Multiple-Input Single-Output) z dwoma uziemionymi kondensatorami, jednym uziemionym rezystorem i dwoma CCCCTA, co oznacza wzmacniacze transkonduktancji przenośnika prądu sterowanego prądem. Wybór wejścia określa, które typy filtrów są stosowane: filtr pasmowy (BPF), filtr dolnoprzepustowy (LPF), filtr górnoprzepustowy (HPF), filtr odrzucający pasmo (BRF) i filtr przepustowy (APF). Współczynnik jakości (Q) filtra pasmowoprzepustowego (BPF) można regulować elektronicznie za pomocą metod elektronicznych i zaobserwowano, że ta regulacja nie wpływa na częstotliwość biegunów. Przeprowadzono również analizę Monte Carlo, aby zobaczyć wpływ zewnętrznego komponentu pasywnego wbudowanego w filtr MISO (Multiple-Input Single-Output). Wyniki symulacji wykorzystują oprogramowanie PSPICE, aby zademonstrować skuteczność i funkcjonalność obwodu.

4

Methods for increasing electromagnetic efficiency in induction levitator

Piriyeva Najiba Melik, Kerimzade Gulschen Sanan

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 10

192--195

EN

Electric devices with a levitation element (LE) are widely used in the automation of production processes due to their simple design, high accuracy and reliability. When used as an electrical control device for automation, it is necessary to increase its electromagnetic efficiency and quality factor to increase the stability of the characteristics of the induction levitator (IL). To do this, the article determines and analyzes the quality factor of the working air gap by determining the main dimensions of induction levitation, and also discusses ways to increase the electromagnetic efficiency

PL

Urządzenia elektryczne z elementem lewitującym (LE) mają szerokie zastosowanie w automatyzacji procesów produkcyjnych ze względu na swoją prostą konstrukcję, dużą dokładność i niezawodność. W przypadku zastosowania jako elektryczne urządzenie sterujące do automatyki konieczne jest zwiększenie jego sprawności elektromagnetycznej i współczynnika jakości w celu zwiększenia stabilności charakterystyk lewitatora indukcyjnego (IL). W tym celu w artykule wyznaczono i przeanalizowano współczynnik jakości roboczej szczeliny powietrznej poprzez wyznaczenie głównych wymiarów lewitacji indukcyjnej, a także omówiono sposoby zwiększenia sprawności elektromagnetycznej.

5

Four channel optical demultiplexer based on L2 photonic crystal microcavity

Ammari Merzoug, Benmerkhi Ahlem, Bouchemat Mohamed

Optica Applicata

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2022

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Vol. 52, nr 4

613--625

EN

The wavelength demultiplexing is a particularly important function in integrated optics and can be realized using photonic crystals. The aim is to extract accurately the wavelengths in a data flux. In this work, we investigate a new topologies of wavelength demultiplexing based on two-dimensional photonic crystals constituted of dielectric rods spread in a square network. The studied demultiplexer is based on optical filters with optimized parameters in order to extract four different wavelengths in the vicinity of frequencies corresponding to communication windows. It was found that the crosstalk between the structure channels of the demultiplexer are in the range of –19.19 and – 44.1 dB and the channel spacing is equal to 0.96 nm. The simulation results presented in this paper are performed and analyzed using the FDTD method.

6

Micromechanically Tunable Dielectric Rod Resonator

Savin Kostiantyn, Golubeva Irina, Kazmirenko Victor, Prokopenko Yuriy, Vandenbosch Guy A. E.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2021

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Vol. 67, No. 4

615--621

EN

A resonant frequency control method for dielectric rod resonators is discussed. A dielectric rod of cylindrical shape is placed inside a metal cavity. The bottom face of the dielectric rod is fixed at the metal base plate. Resonant frequency tuning is achieved by lifting the top metal plate above the dielectric rod upper face. The paper presents simulations using the mode matching technique and experimental study of this tunable resonator. Resonant frequency of the basic mode can be tuned by more than an octave with displacements of only tens of micrometres, which is in range of piezoactuators, MEMS, etc. A distinct feature of the proposed tuning technique is that the quality factor of the system does not degrade throughout the tuning range.

7

Implementation of C-PolSK Modulation in FSO Network and Analysis of its Atmospheric Performance

Chattopadhyay Diptangshu, Bharti Manisha

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2019

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nr 4

43--49

EN

Free Space Optical (FSO) communication is a quickly developing technology that is designed to handle high data rates while maintaining a good quality factor (Q-factor). Many novel techniques have been implemented to cope with atmospheric attenuating factors, such as fog and rain. Here, we have introduced circular polarization shift keying (C-PolSK) modulation to produce a stable and uniform light beam. The plane of polarized light keeps rotating along with the propagation vector, which helps reduce phase variations and cross-channel eﬀects. C-PolSK provides higher penetrating power and attenuation resistance over linear polarization shift keying (L-PolSK). Two diﬀerent C-PolSK models have been proposed and graphical comparisons, relying on such parameters as Q-factor, transmission distance and inputoutput power, have been made. The cases of moderate fog and rain attenuation are taken to verify the model’s eﬃciency. Polarized light is split into two orthogonal components and then modulated using the Mach-Zehnder modulator. One of the models also employs the principle of orthogonal diﬀerential phase shifting. Eye diagrams have been provided to verify the bit error rate (BER). The orthogonal diﬀerential phase shifted C-PolSK model proves to be the most suitable implementation prototype.

8

Active Inductor with Feedback Resistor Based Voltage Controlled Oscillator Design for Wireless Applications

Faruqe Omar, Amin Md. Tawfiq

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2019

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Vol. 65, No. 1

57--64

EN

This paper presents active inductor based VCO design for wireless applications based on analysis of active inductor models (Weng-Kuo Cascode active inductor & Liang Regular Cascode active inductor) with feedback resistor technique. Embedment of feedback resistor results in the increment of inductance as well as the quality factor whereas the values are 125.6@2.4GHz (Liang) and 98.7@3.4GHz (Weng- Kuo). The Weng-Kuo active inductor based VCO shows a tuning frequency of 1.765GHz ~2.430GHz (31.7%), while consuming a power of 2.60 mW and phase noise of -84.15 dBc/Hz@1MHz offset. On the other hand, Liang active inductor based VCO shows a frequency range of 1.897GHz ~2.522GHz (28.28%), while consuming a power of 1.40 mW and phase noise of -80.79 dBc/Hz@1MHz offset. Comparing Figure-of-Merit (FoM), power consumption, output power and stability in performance, designed active inductor based VCOs outperform with the state-of-the-art.

9

Estimation of the quality factor based on the microseismicity recordings from Northern Poland

Wandycz Paweł, Święch Eryk, Eisner Leo, Pasternacki Andrzej, Wcisło Miłosz, Maćkowski Tomasz

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 6

2005--2014

EN

We use the peak frequency method to estimate effective P- and S-wave quality factors (QP and QS) based on the recorded waveforms of microseismic events. We analyze downhole datasets recorded during the hydraulic stimulation of the two unconventional gas reservoirs located in the northern part of Poland. The effective attenuation is lower in the deeper reservoir consistent with higher compaction. In both cases, we observe high QS values relative to QP which is consistent with attenuation coefficients of saturated reservoirs.

10

Generating and modeling of braking curve and the assessment of the quality of automatic stopping of the train

Anuszczyk J., Gocek A., Pacholski K., Dominikowski B.

Transport Problems

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2018

|

T. 13, z. 2

13--25

EN

This paper presents the theory about generating the braking curve and the analysis of the influence of the braking controller parameters on the generation of the braking curve of the train. In this paper, computed examples of braking quality developed using generic quality factor are shown, and on the basis of the calculations, weight components of the factor and an additional criterion for assessing the quality of braking were proposed. It has been demonstrated that the developed algorithms can be used to verify the effectiveness of the braking controller and the adjustment of the terms, and the change of these algorithms affects the shape of the generated braking curve of the train. It has been shown that the analysis of a failure of the propulsion car revealed the existence of a safe braking area. The performed statistical analysis confirmed the normal distribution of the scatter of braking results, for which the regression model fitted.

11

Integrated 25 GHz and 50 GHz spectral line width dense wavelength division demultiplexer on single photonic crystal chip

Balaji V. R., Murugan M., Robinson S., Nakkeeran R.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2018

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Vol. 26, No. 4

285--295

EN

We propose a new integrated demultiplexer model using the two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PC) through the hexagonal resonant cavity (HRC) for the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard. The integrated model of demultiplexer for both 25 GHz and 50 GHz has been designed for the first time. The demultiplexer consists of bus input waveguide, drop waveguide, Hexagonal Resonant Cavity (HRC), 6 Air Hole Filter (6-AHF), 7 Air Hole Filter (7-AHF). The 7-AHF is used to filter 25GHz wavelength, and the 6-AHF filter is used to filter 50 GHz wavelength. The Q-factor on the designed demultiplexer is flexible based on the idea of increasing the number of air holes between drop waveguide and resonant cavity. The demultiplexer is designed to drop maximum 8 resonant wavelengths. One side of demultiplexer is able to drop 50 GHz ITU standard wavelengths, which are of 1556.3 nm, 1556.7 nm, 1557.1 nm and 1557.5 nm, and further the other facet is able to drop 25 GHz wavelengths, which are of 1551.4 nm, 1551.6 nm, 1551.8 nm, and 1552.0 nm. The proposed demultiplexer may be carried out within the integrated dual system. This system is able to lessen the architecture cost and the size is miniaturized substantially.

12

Channel drop filter based on photonic crystal ring resonator

Alipour-Banaei H., Jahanara M., Mehdizadeh F.

Optica Applicata

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2018

|

Vol. 48, nr 4

601--608

EN

Photonic crystal ring resonators are promising candidates for realizing all optical filters with acceptable transmission efficiency and quality factor values. In this paper, by putting a hexagon-shaped structure at the middle of on 7 × 7 square cavity we created a ring resonator structure and designed a channel drop filter. The drop wavelength of our filter is at 1550.4 nm, with transmission efficiency and quality factor equal to 94% and 707, respectively. Our structure is composed of dielectric rods immersed in air. Because in this kind of structures the dominant band gap is in TM mode, all of our simulations have been done in TM mode. The total footprint of our filter is 199.4 μm2, which makes it suitable for all optical integrated circuits.

13

Antena fraktalna – badanie wpływu stopnia iteracji drzewa fraktalnego na częstotliwości rezonansowe oraz dobroć anten

Malinowska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2016

|

nr 95

54--65

PL

Dobroć anteny (Q) jest wygodnym parametrem, umożliwiającym porównywanie anten małych w stosunku do długości fali. W artykule zebrano najważniejsze informacje dotyczące tego parametru. Przedstawiono zależność szerokości pasma pracy anteny od dobroci, dolne ograniczenie dobroci (tzw. granicę Chu) oraz zależność dobroci od impedancji wejściowej anteny. Zwrócono uwagę na unikatowe właściwości anten fraktalnych. Przeprowadzono analizę symulacji impedancji promieniowania anten w postaci pierwszych pięciu iteracji drzewa fraktalnego oraz porównanie z ekwiwalentną anteną monopolową o długości równej badanym strukturom. Zastosowano omówioną koncepcję dobroci anteny do oceny przydatności anten z punktu widzenia szerokości pasma. Wskazano na obszary długości elektrycznych (ka) i numery iteracji, gdzie zastosowanie anteny fraktalnej o kształcie drzewa jest najbardziej korzystne. Pokazano też wpływ kolejnych iteracji na częstotliwości rezonansowe anten oraz ich wzajemne stosunki.

EN

The antenna quality factor (Q) is an useful parameter that allows to compare the antennas if the size of an antenna is small regarding the operating wavelength. The paper summarizes the most important information about the Q. The relationship between the Q and a bandwidth, the lower bound of the Q (Chu – limit) as well as the relationship between the Q and the input impedance have been presented. Also, some unique properties of the fractal antennas have been outlined. The paper also refers to the analysis of simulations of the fractal antennas radiation impedance. The geometry of tested antennas is based on the first five iterations of the fractal tree. The antenna analysis results with monopole of the same length have been compared. The idea of using the Q factor to compare the possible bandwidth of the antennas has been applied. As a results the area of the best electrical length ‘ka’ as well the proper iteration number has been shown. Also an influence of the iteration number on the antenna resonant frequencies has been presented.

14

Wyznaczanie rozdzielczości danych wejściowych w technice drukowania elektrofotograficznego

Markowski L., Przepiórka A.

Przegląd Papierniczy

|

2016

|

R. 72, nr 5

323--328

PL

Powtarzalność i dokładność to kluczowe elementy w procesie drukowania. W procedurach dotyczących przygotowania danych cyfrowych do druku stosuje się zwykle kryterium Nyquista. Stanowi ono, że obraz musi być próbkowany z częstotliwością dwa razy wyższą niż liniatura rastra, który będzie używany do drukowania. W praktyce rozdzielczość danych wejściowych jest często zaniżana, pomimo że współczesne urządzenia cyfrowe drukują już z liniaturami na poziomie 200 lpi. W prezentowanej pracy podjęto próbę wyznaczenia optymalnej rozdzielczości oryginałów przeznaczonych do reprodukcji w technice elektrofotograficznej z zastosowaniem wysokiej liniatury rastra. W tym celu opracowano obraz testowy, który został wydrukowany z wykorzystaniem dwóch urządzeń różnych producentów. Na podstawie oceny wizualnej wydruków określono zalecenia dotyczące przygotowania do drukowania prac, których reprodukcje wymagają wysokiej jakości. Wyniki badań wskazują, że właściwa reprodukcja oryginałów zawierających drobne detale wymaga podwyższenia standardowej rozdzielczości danych wejściowych z 300 do 400 ppi.

EN

Reproducibility and accuracy are key elements in the printing process. Established procedures for preparing digital data to printing are influenced by the Nyquist Criterion which states that an image must be sampled at twice the frequency of the line screen ruling that will be used to print the final image. In practice, the resolution of the input data is underestimated, although modern digital devices use screen ruling at level about 200 lpi. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal resolution of digital originals for reproduction in electrophotography with using a high screen ruling. For this purpose special test was designed and printed using two devices from different manufacturers. Analysis of printouts show that reproduction of originals with high detail requires an increase of the input data from 300 ppi standard to 400 ppi.

15

Improved low channel spacing high quality factor four-channel demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators

Talebzadeh R., Soroosh M., Mehdizadeh F.

Optica Applicata

|

2016

|

Vol. 46, nr 4

553--564

EN

In this paper, we propose a compact structure to realize the demultiplexing operation for dense wavelength division multiplexing communication systems using improved shell-type ring resonators in a photonic crystal structure. The cross-section of the structure is 790 μm2 and is desirable for integration based on popular planar technology. To improve power transmission coupling efficiency, we introduce the phase matching condition between ring resonators and waveguides; the results exhibit near 100% transmission efficiency. To obtain a high quality factor, we use interior lower refractive indices spheres inside the ring resonators as the mirrors; a quality factor as high as 15497 is achieved. The average pass bands of channels are near 0.1 nm, and the channel spacing is approximately 0.6 nm. The wavelengths of the demultiplexer are 1549, 1549.7, 1550.3 and 1550.9 nm. The crosstalk is between –14 and –29 dB, and the mean value of the crosstalk is –18.39 dB.

16

Capacitor sensor impedance parameter measurement method for the degradation degree evaluation of hydraulic oil in the process of thermal oxidation

Umiński W.

Problemy Eksploatacji

|

2013

|

nr 3

147--158

EN

The paper describes a diagnostic method for the evaluation of the condition of hydraulic oil with the use of the dependence between oil degradation and changes in capacitor sensor impedance components. A series of new capacitive sensors has been developed, and impedance components measurements of hydraulic oil HL-46 laboratory oxidative degradation were conducted by means of microprocessor-based LCR meter. Preliminary laboratory measurement results have shown that equivalent series resistance ESR and quality factor Q of a capacitor series circuit model are most suitable for the evaluation of the condition of oil. The measurements indicated the best capacitive sensor sensitivity.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę badawczą umożliwiającą ocenę zmian stanu oleju hydraulicznego w procesie termoutleniania poprzez pomiar za pomocą mikroprocesorowego miernika LCR, zmian parametrów impedancyjnych zastępczego układu szeregowego lub równoległego czujnika pojemnościowego (określanego również jako kondensator pomiarowy) zanurzonego w oleju. Opisano konstrukcję czujnika oraz zaprezentowano wybrane wyniki wstępnych pomiarów parametrów impedancyjnych dla różnych typów i rodzajów czujników dla próbek oleju hydraulicznego HL-46 poddanych laboratoryjnemu termoutlenianiu. Wyniki pomiarów pozwoliły wytypować zarówno parametry impedancyjne, jak i wykonanie czujnika w aspekcie najlepszej detekcji zmian stanu oleju.

17

The monitoring of the bearing joints with excessive axial clearances using the FAM-C AND FDM-A methods

Gębura A., Tokarski T.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Technicznego Wojsk Lotniczych

|

2010

|

nr 27

121-136

EN

The intended aim of the paper is to discuss issues resulting from the observation of thee bearing support elements/components in single-shaft turbine engines with excessive axial clearances. Described are parameters and symptoms of such a condition, probable hazards, as well as capabilities of determining it with the FDM-A1 and FAM-C2 methods. Presented are hypotheses formulated by the Authors on subsequent stages of the wearout of bearing support elements/components in an aircraft turbojet engine, which lead to that excessive axial clearances start to arise. Theory of the issue has been completed with results of diagnostic examination of engines and data from the mechanical inspection of the engines after their disassembly.

18

Helical resonator for measurements of dielectrics

Żukociński M., Abramowicz A.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

|

2009

|

Vol. 50, nr 8

94-97

EN

This paper presents a helical resonator for measurement of complex permittivity of dielectric materials in form of thin sheets at 25 MHz. The indirect method of permittivity reconstruction is investigated. The full-wave 3D electromagnetic simulator is used to analyse the structure, create experiment model and to build lookup database. The results of the experiments are used to verify the possibility of accurate resonant measurement method at such low frequency.

PL

Opisano metodę pomiarową i realizację praktyczną układu pomiarowego w postaci rezonatora helikalnego działającego na częstotliwości 25 MHz. Opisano także sposoby określania przenikalnosci elektrycznej z analizy numerycznej struktury i pomiarów referencyjnych. Trzywymiarowy symulator elektromagnetyczny został użyty do analizy struktury i stworzenia bazy danych w postaci tabel wyników. Resultaty doświadczalne wskazują na możliwość budowy dokładnego rezonatora pomiarowego na niskich częstotliwościach.

19

Helical Resonator for Measurements of Parameters of Dielectrics at 25 MHz

Żukociński M., Abramowicz A.

Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly

|

2009

|

Vol. 55, No 3

515-524

EN

This paper presents a helical resonator for measurement of complex permittivity of dielectric materials in form of thin sheets at 25 MHz. The indirect method of permittivity reconstruction is investigated. The full-wave 3D electromagnetic simulator is used to analyse the structure, create experiment model and build lookup database. The results of experiments are used to verify the possibility of accurate resonant measurement method at such low frequency.

20

Wpływ niedoskonałości elementów na działanie filtru pasmowoprzepustowego z zerem transmitancji na drugiej harmonicznej sygnału

Rudziński A.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

|

2008

|

Vol. 49, nr 10

100-104

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono analizę wpływu skończonej dobroci elementów oraz rozrzutów ich wartości na działanie filtru pasmowoprzepustowego z zerem transmitancji. Wyprowadzone zostały przybliżone wyrażenia pozwalające określić wymaganą, dobroć i ograniczenia na rozrzuty wartości elementów składowych filtru.

EN

The aim of this paper is to present an analyzis of influence of finite quality factor and random dispersion of components' values on operation of a bandpass filter with transmission zero. Approximate expressions allowing to determine necessary quality factor and limitations of the dispersion of values have been obtained.