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Polskie źródła krasowe i wywierzyska na liście światowego dziedzictwa naturalnego : realizacja projektów MIKAS oraz NIKAS

Barczyk Grzegorz, Chmiel Stanisław, Chwalik-Borowiec Anna, Małecki Jerzy, Okoń Dorota, Różkowski Jacek, Sposób Joanna, Turczyński Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

53--55

EN

In June 2022, the Most Important Karst Aquifer Springs (MIKAS) project was launched at the EUROKARST conference, aimed at creating a list of the most important karst springs and outcrops (on a global scale). Basedon the recommendations and methodology established by the Project Advisory Board, scientists from around the world presented proposals for springs, from which 200 will be ultimately selected. 14 karst springs and outcrops were proposed in Poland. We describe the basic criteria and principles that guided the selection, and the current state of progress of the project.

2

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) exploration data in drought prone areas case study : Buriram Province, Thailand

Saoanunt Naruemol, Yungsukkasam Narongdet

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 61

79--85

EN

An electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) investigation was conducted across four drought-prone districts in the Buriram Province, Thailand. The primary objective was to evaluate and map the potential of groundwater reservoirs as sources of water for household and agricultural purposes during the dry season. It was accomplished through the implementation of the Schlumberger array configuration. An electrical resistivity survey instrument was used to generate a 2D resistivity model of the electrical resistance profiles, or pseudo section profiles. The survey instrument included more than 50 electrodes, enabling the investigation of the profile to a depth of up to 50 m from the ground surface. The resistivity values obtained from the field data were recorded and converted or interpreted using RES2DINV software. The data were analysed by comparing them with the geological information about the site and referencing the geological borehole data as at 50 m depth from the surface. The results of the ERT survey indicated that groundwater in the arid areas of the Buriram Province can be found at shallow depths around 10-20 m from the surface and it is deposited in sedimentary and clay layers, and it has remained relatively stable over a 2-year period with the water level measured by an electric probe in the summer, winter and rainy seasons in Thailand.

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Assessment of heavy metal pollution in groundwater using a multivariate analysis approach

Sbai Khalid, Tahri Latifa, Hafiane Fatima Zahra, Halima Oumaima Iben, Fekhaoui Mohammed

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 61

175--182

EN

The current study aims to assess underground water pollution using an integrated approach that combines statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and water quality diagrams (Piper diagram, Schoeller-Berkalov diagram). A total of twenty water samples were collected from the Tiflet region in the Sebou basin and analysed for various physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, and heavy metal concentrations (Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+). The average concentrations of Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ in the water samples were found to be 41.9, 14.8, 20.1, and 8.1 mg∙dm-3, respectively. These concentrations indicate a significant presence of heavy metals in the groundwater samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that the groundwater in this area is heavily polluted with heavy metals and other pollutants. This finding raises concerns regarding the use of this water for irrigation and agricultural activities in the region. This suggests that these four components play a crucial role in determining the overall water quality. The distribution patterns of the metals Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ in the well water within the study area are of particular environmental concern. It is recommended to establish a monitoring network to ensure the sustainable management of water resources in order to address this issue effectively.

4

Statistical Analysis of Urban Non-Point Source Pollution and Nitrate Contamination in the Groundwater at Thuckalay, Kanyakumari District, South India

Ramesh Bhagavathi Krishnan, Vanitha Sankararajan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

271--291

EN

A statistical analysis of nitrate contamination in the groundwater at the Thuckalay area of Padmanabhapuram town, South India, is conducted using data collected from 2000 to 2019 that includes rainfall, groundwater level, and groundwater quality. The findings indicate that there was a rise in nitrate contamination in the groundwater between 2001 and 2011. This increase can be attributed directly to the 6.69% increase in population and the corresponding increase of 108.79 hectares in residential areas, which accounts for the 17% expansion. The elevated concentrations of EC (1830 µS/cm), Cl (511 mg/L), Na (210 mg/L), NO3 (150 mg/L), TH (420 mg/L), and precipitation (1,184) in 2011 may have an impact on the non-point source contamination in the subject area, which is caused by flowing water bodies. An investigation was conducted into the sources and regulating factors of elevated nitrate levels through the utilisation of cross plots and fitted line plots of NO3 in conjunction with other chosen hydrochemical parameters. Nitrate contamination of the groundwater is indicated by a positive Pearson correlation coefficient between NO3 and Ca, Cl, EC, Na, SAR, SO4, TH, TA, and WL. Furthermore, a nitrate pollution index greater than three signifies a higher degree of pollution during the years 2005, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The primary sources of nitrate contamination in the vicinity of the study area were human and animal refuse that was disposed of in open areas. This may be the result of increased fertiliser application on agricultural land. Restoring groundwater quality in the studied area is possible through periodic monitoring, regulation of polluting sources, and implementation of a natural, cost-effective redevelopment technique.

5

Potential of Irrigation and Biochar on Reduction Methane Emission and Leaching Nitrate into Groundwater

Dinh Phuong T.L., Nguyen Viet P., Nguyen Hoa T., Nguyen Dinh T.N., Pham Anh N.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

350--367

EN

Agricultural by-products such as rice husks are very popular in Vietnam, which are often burned in the fields, causing an increase in dust smoke and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To study the effects of different irrigation methods, quality of irrigation water and additive biochar from rice husk (BFRH) on leaching nitrate from paddy fields into shallow groundwater and methane (CH4) emissions, we investigated a two-season experiment (2021–2023) under two irrigation methods: water-saving irrigation and flood irrigation with 120 kg N/ha. The results illustrated that seasonal CH4 emissions and leaching nitrate were affected by irrigation practices and significantly correlated with the quality of irrigation and the amount of BFRH added. To compare of control, the flood irrigation water increased the leaching of GHG and NO3- into shallow groundwater from 27.3–32.4% and 16.4–31.25%, respectively. Meanwhile, the saving water irrigation reduced CH4 and leaching of NO3- into shallow groundwater from 13.3–17.8% and 15.63–18.9%, respectively. Applying biochar with controlling fertilizer reduces CH4 and NO3- content in surface field water, contributing to the decreased leaching of NO3- into groundwater. Reducing 20% fertilizer rate of N (96 kg N/ha) with application biochar of 5% without a change in yield reduces NO3- content into shallow groundwater from 13.7–14.3%. We conclude that water-saving irrigation combined with biochar from rice husk incorporation simultaneously mitigates CH4 emissions, improves yield, and reduces leaching nitrate into groundwater, making it a suitable environment-friendly nitrogen management practice for sustainable farming in northern Vietnam.

6

Assessment and Modeling of the Vulnerability of Regional Aquifers to Anthropogenic Perturbations

Ghafoor Abdul, Almutairi Hayfa Habes, Almoslem Munthir, Saifullah Saifullah, Turk Khalid, Munir Muhammad, Zeineldin Faisal, Ali Shafaqat

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 7

398--409

EN

Water is at the core for achieving all 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The current study was performed for the appraisal and modeling of the vulnerability of regional aquifers to anthropogenic perturbations. Samples of water were examined to determine their physical and chemical properties. pH of groundwater varied from a value of 7.08 to a value of 8.46. Total dissolved solids (TDS) varied from 1048‒1580 mg·L-1. Results revealed that 79% of Ca2+, 47.3 % of Mg2+, and 100% of Na+ and Cl‒ in water samples exceeded the standard permissible limits. The aquifer vulnerability index (AVI) revealed that Neogene aquifer was categorized as high vulnerability to extremely high vulnerability class of risk of contamination. AVI index method was also performed for the other major aquifers demonstrating that Dammam aquifer was categorized in the high vulnerability class, whereas Er Radhuma and Aruma categorized as moderately vulnerable to contamination. This study demonstrated an integrated model to help investigate the vulnerability of regional aquifers and highlighted the need for continuous monitoring campaigns to investigate the effects of anthropogenic activities on aquifers to make timely and effective decisions.

7

Estimation of Natural Uranium and Its Risk-Assessment in Groundwater of Bangalore Urban District of Karnataka, India

Ravindra Nai Poojashri, Rajashekara Vinod Alurdoddi, Mudbidre Rajalakshmi

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 2

21--49

EN

In this study, 56 groundwater samples were taken from diverse sources in Bangalore Urban district during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons to measure the uranium concentration and its correlation with different waterquality parameters. The uranium concentration varied from 0.94–98.79 µg/L during the pre-monsoon season and from 1.38–96.52 µg/L during the postmonsoon season. Except for a few readings, all were within the safe limit of 60 µg/L as prescribed by India’s Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). Owing to its slightly higher concentration, a study on the radiological and chemical risks that are caused due to the ingestion of uranium was assessed. Based on the radiological aspect, cancer mortality and its risks were assessed, wherein all of the samples were well within the acceptable limit of 10−4; therefore, consuming these water samples was radiologically safe. However, when the risk that was caused by chemical toxicity was assessed, a few samples exceeded the hazard quotient (HQ) value of more than 1, thus illustrating that individuals were vulnerable to chemical risk. This paper features assessments of uranium and its risks to public health in groundwater samples if it exceeded the safe limit. Additionally, it recognizes the value of periodically assessing and treating the area’s drinking water sources.

8

Hydrocemical examination of underground leakage water spread from open landfill in Aksaray City in Turkey, and determination of its location. Case study

Öztürk Ernam, Yeken Tekin, Ersesyay Aliye Suna, Özaydin Cengiz Murat

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 2

61--78

EN

Uncontrolled dumping of open landfills has been becoming a significant threat to developing countries. The areas where solid wastes are stored increase the risk of groundwater and environmental pollution. Groundwater pollution causes poisoning and even death in terms of public health. This study investigated the impact area of pollutants that pose environmental risks in the Hamamboğazı (Aksaray Turkey) landfill area. Six vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements were made in the study area. The direction of the leakage water is southwest, and the penetration depth is 15 m. The electrical conductivity reaching high values such as 4160–7900 μS/cm shows the polluting effect of the leachate. Heavy metals detected in leachate were Cu (0.183 mg/dm3), Pb (0.234 mg/dm3), Zn (0.33 mg/dm3), and Fe (3.179 mg/dm3).

9

Study of Hydrochemical Characteristics in the Middle Moulouya Basin of Morocco

Saadi Omar, Dimane Fouad, Nouayti Nordine, Nouayti Abderrahime, Bourjila Abdelhak

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

220--232

EN

This study analyzes the effects of dry land salinity, climate severity, and pollution on groundwater quality in the Middle Moulouya basin. Our research provides insights into certain pollutants and their sources and discusses the impact of saline soil and dry weather. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential for managing water resources and promoting sustainable resource use in the area. In fact, the use of a database relating to the major elements, viz. potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonates (HCO3-), sulfates (SO42-, nitrates (NO3-), chlorides (Cl-) has proved to be effective to assess the hydrochemical features of groundwaters and their suitability for both aims (i.e., irrigation and drinking). The Middle Moulouya basin’s subterranean water is slightly acidic to basic, with a pH range of 6.8 to 7.66 and mild to brackish water at specific sites. Furthermore, in line with the hydrochemistry diagrams, groundwater can be classified into three main types: Ca-Cl, Ca-HCO3, and Ca-Mg-Cl type. Moreover, the results pertaining to the overall quality of groundwater regarding Moroccan control standards guidelines indicate that: (i) 32.43% of the groundwater samples are of excellent quality, (ii) 24.32% of the collected water points are of good quality, (iii) 32.43% have medium quality, (iiii) and only 10.82% are of poor and very poor quality (i.e., 5.41% for each class). Finally, based on the Wilcox method, a significant percentage of groundwater sites are suitable for farming.

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A multivariate statistical approach to evaluate the hydro-geochemistry of groundwater quality in the middle Ganga river basin, Patna, India

Sulaiman Mohammed Aasif, Zafar Mohammad Masroor, Prabhakar Ravi, Kumar Ramesh, Sinha Ravindra Kumar, Kumari Anupma

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 3

1913--1926

EN

The study of groundwater samples from Patna, which is in the middle Ganga River basin in the state of Bihar, was done to evaluate the hydrogeochemical nature of groundwater and figure out the controlling factors that affect its ionic chemistry. This study’s groundwater samples were taken seasonally from 20 Patna, Bihar locations from 2019 to 2020 and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties using APHA’s standard methods. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as Correlation matrix, Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis, were carried out on the analytical variables, followed by interpreting the groundwater’s geochemical nature using Durov Plot, Piper plot, ion-scatter plots and Gibb’s diagram. The results obtained were compared with water quality standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study revealed that groundwater’s alkaline nature and water’s total hardness varied from hard to very hard categories. Total dissolved solids range from 158 to 575 mg/l, where 31.66% of samples have exceeded the desirable TDS limit for drinking water. The abundance of anions was observed in decreasing order (HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-) during all seasons and cations as Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, whereas in monsoon season, it was observed as Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+. Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- type water was revealed as the significant hydrogeochemical facie, and the reverse ion exchange process was observed to be the governing factor in 77% of the total groundwater samples. Gibbs’s diagram showed rock-water dominance as a major factor in groundwater ionic composition during all seasons.

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Modernizacja ujęcia wody Dębina

Lasocka-Gomuła Iwona, Adamska Agnieszka, Wieczorkiewicz Hubert

Technologia Wody

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2023

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Nr 3 (81)

69-71

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Potencjalnie lecznicze wody radonowe wschodniej części Wysokiego Grzbietu Gór Izerskich (Sudety) o największej zawartości radonu w Polsce

Prusak Jakub, Przylibski Tadeusz A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

58--70

EN

In the years 2020-2022, the authors conducted research on the activity concentration of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit. As a result, they found potentially medicinal radon waters in hornfelses of the eastern part of the Szklarska Poręba band. The value measured in one of the water samples appeared to be the highest activity concentration of 222Rn in groundwater of Poland so far - 3368 ±61 Bq/dm3. The authors also found that outflows of potentially medicinal radon waters account for almost 85.5% (47 out of 55) of all groundwater outflows in the study area. Thanks to the large amount of data obtained, the authors calculated a new value of the hydrogeochemical back-ground of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the Izera metamorphic unit. The background is currently 17-890 Bq/dm3. In Poland, higher values have only been reported of the Lądek-Śnieżnik metamorphic unit. The research results also open the way to the possible creation of a modern radon spa in Szklarska Poręba. It could operate in Biała Dolina on the basis of both previously found resources of radon waters of the Karkonosze granite and the radon waters forming within the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit.

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The optimisation model for groundwater management in the unconfined aquifer using the Shuffled Complex Evolution algorithm

Sulianto, Sunarto Sunarto, Samin Samin, Orfa Lourina E., Darmawan Azhar Adi

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

83--92

EN

Groundwater exploitation that exceeds its recharge capacity can have a negative impact on the hydrogeological environment. Optimal exploitation means maximising pumping discharge with the least reduction in the hydraulic head. In groundwater exploitation, the position of wells, number of wells, and the discharge of groundwater pumping greatly determine changes in hydraulic head and groundwater flow patterns in a given hydrological area. This article proposes an optimisation model which is expected to be useful for finding the optimal pumping discharge value from production wells in a hydrological area. This model is a combination of solving the Laplace equation for two-dimensional groundwater flow in unconfined aquifers and the optimum variable search method based on the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm. Laplace equation uses the finite difference method for the central difference rule of the Crank Nicolson scheme. The system of equations has been solved using the M-FILE code from MATLAB. This article is a preliminary study which aims to examine the stability level of the optimisation equation system. Testing using a hypothetical data set shows that the model can work effectively, accurately, and consistently in solving the case of maximising pumping discharge from production wells in a hydrological area with a certain hydraulic head limitation. Consequently, the system of equations can also be applied to the case of confined aquifers.

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Monthly changes in physicochemical parameters of the groundwater in Nida valley, Poland (case study)

Phan Cong Ngoc, Strużyński Andrzej, Kowalik Tomasz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

220--234

EN

The groundwater of the Nida valley was investigated to assess the quality of water source and monthly variations of the physicochemical parameters. A total of 70 water samples were collected from 7 sampling sites during a 10 months period from June 2021 to March 2022. Sampling frequency was once per month. The parameters such as temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in-situ by using handheld device. Meanwhile, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chloride (Cl – ), sulphate (SO42– ), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analysed in the laboratory. According to the classification of Ministry of Marine Economy and Inland Navigation in Poland (2019), some investigated parameters are classified as unsatisfactory quality waters (class 4) and poor-quality waters (class 5) for a few specific months. Such as, TP concentrations obtained in June and January are classified as class 4, SO42– concentrations corresponded to classes 4 and 5 in June, July and August, and Mn concentrations (except in January) are settled in class 5. The high values of Fe in November are arranged in class 5 and in June, July to September and March are classified in class 4. Statistical methods were used as: Shapiro-Wilk test (α = 0.05), ANOVA test and post-hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05), Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum test (α = 0.05) estimated the significant differences in sampling months. Pearson correlation analysis (α = 0.01 and 0.05), principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis showed correlation between the parameters and sampling months.

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Interaction of surface water and groundwater in Nida valley, Poland

Phan Cong Ngoc, Strużyński Andrzej, Kowalik Tomasz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

35--43

EN

The study area of the Nida valley was examined to investigate variations in groundwater and surface water levels, as well as the interaction between them. In the valley, there were three branches. The two actives were the Nida River itself and the Smuga Umianowicka branch while the Stara Nida branch was dry during the measurement session. Over a 12-month period from June 2021 to June 2022, 7 monitoring points were equipped with piezometers, comprising 5 groundwater points and 2 surface water points. The monitoring frequency was set to 30 minutes. The results of this research indicate that there are significant differences in the water level at the same observed point at different times. This study demonstrates seasonal changes in both surface water and groundwater levels with higher levels in autumn and winter and lower levels in spring and summer, which are closely tied to the changes in meteorological conditions during the research period, such as precipitation and air temperature. The study results also indicate that during summer and winter at the Nida River and its riparian area, losing stream is the primary process occurring in the studied reach. Conversely, during autumn and spring, the main process is gaining stream. At the human-maintained Smuga Umianowicka branch and in its riparian area, losing stream is the main process during summer and autumn, and gaining stream is the main process during spring. During winter, losing stream and gaining stream processes can occur simultaneously, and neither process takes place mainly.

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Evolution of shallow post-bog soils developed on Holocene carbonate sediments in NW Poland

Jarnuszewski Grzegorz, Meller Edward, Kitczak Teodor

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

99--109

EN

This research presents the characteristics and inferred evolution of post-bog soils developed in the Last Glacial Maximum area of northwestern Poland near the southern Baltic coast. The study involved a total of five sites near existing lakes in NW Poland. In total, 21 soil pits were described and sampled and 17 piezometers were installed. In soil samples chemical and physical properties were determined. During the hydrological year the water level was checked and chemical properties of water were determined, the floristic composition at each location was also carried out. Mineralisation of post-bog soils initiated by dehydration leads to the decomposition of organic surface layers and an increase in CaCO3 content as well as mineral non-lime components at the expense of organic matter. A sequence of five soil types occurs in this landscape: Sapric Histosols (Limnic), Drainic Histosols (Calcaric, Limnic), Histic Gleysols (Murshic), Umbric Gleysols (Hyperhumic), Gleyic Phaeozems (Hyperhumic) that represent individual stages of soil genesis. Differences between the chemical properties of soils are apparent between organic vs organic-mineral and mineral layers. Man-induced drainage of post-bog soils changes their physical parameters. Bulk density increase and water retention decrease. The fluctuation of groundwater determines the moisture content of post-bog soils and affects the species composition of vegetation. Chemistry of groundwater is shaped mainly by the construction of catchment and the nature of its use, however, it is modified as a result of the inflow of macronutrients released during organic matter mineralisation processes and leaching of exchangeable forms from the sorption complex.

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Determination of groundwater recharge-discharge zone to support water resources in Galur-Lendah area, Indonesia

Listyani R. A. T., Prabowo Ignatius A., Suparta Wayan

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

203--214

EN

The impact of changes in regional development along with the construction of Yogyakarta International Airport in Kulon Progo Regency may affect land use changes as the activities of the surrounding population. Galur-Lendah area, which is located near the city of Yogyakarta and acts as the entrance to Kulon Progo, will also develop. Along with these developments, the determination of the groundwater recharge-discharge area is needed to ensure the availability of groundwater at this site. The purpose of this study was to determine the zonation of groundwater recharge-discharge areas to support the availability of groundwater. The method of research is a spatial analysis using a geographic information system (GIS) based on ratings and weighting values for six parameters, including slope, rainfall, groundwater table depth, soil type, rock permeability, and land use. The field hydrogeological was also conducted to find out rock permeability and groundwater quality (pH, EC, TDS). The results showed that areas with potential for groundwater recharge were in the central and northeastern parts of the study area and the discharge zones in the north and south were with potential infiltration values of 26-43 and 44-59, respectively. However, the recharge area can still function as a discharge zone.

18

Mathematical modelling technique to assess soil conditions

Tretyakova Larisa, Mitiuk Lyudmila

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2023

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Vol. 7, nr 3

103--106

EN

This paper analyzes the results of studying contaminated soil samples from a combat zone (Sumy region, Ukraine). The authors proposed a mathematical model for simulating and assessing the impact of military operations on soil and groundwater. The mathematical model will make it possible to predict the occurrence of environmental emergencies and reduce the frequency of expensive experimental studies of soils contaminated with heavy metals.

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Spatiotemporal Variation of Heavy Metals and Pollution Indices in Groundwater Around Al-Diwaniyah Open Dump

Aziz Fatin F., Hussain Entessar Kareem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

106--117

EN

Potential environmental hazards associated with heavy metals have been reported at Al-diwaniyah open dump in Iraq. Therefore, the levels of heavy metals and their spatial and temporal variability have been studied, in addition to pollution indices (HPI, HEI, Cd) to achieve environmental management and sustainability. Concentrations of seven heavy metals in groundwater wells at various distances around dumpsite were analyzed for the period 2022–2023 using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that heavy metals levels in samples examined decreased with the distance from the dumpsite W1>W2>W3 and it followed this pattern: Cd < Ni < Cr < Pb < Cu < Fe < Zn, with average concentrations in dry and rainy seasons were Zn (0.641,0.305), Fe (0.199,0.375), Cu (0.208,0.068), Pb (0.035,0.117), Cr (0.031,0.073), Ni (0.106,0.055), Cd (0.023,0.0095). On one hand, seasonal variation showed that 57.14% of heavy metals were raising in the dry season, and on the other, pollution indices showed that the groundwater taken from the W1 site was heavily polluted and unfit for consumption, while the other two sites were in low pollution category, which showed little impact of waste dumps on groundwater in these sites. Analysis results indicated that groundwater is appropriate for drinking purposes compared to the permissible limits of WHO/IQS, apart from those taken from site W1. All wells also provide water suitable for irrigation purposes based on the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The Statistical analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between some heavy metals, in addition to the influence of sampling sites on heavy metal levels. It is recommended to expand this study to include additional regions in order to provide more environmental monitoring for groundwater and examine its potential human health risks in the study region, construct an engineering landfill equipped with leachate collector system, moreover, systematic treatment of heavy metals concentrations should be carried out regularly.

20

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Hassi R'mel, Algeria

Mehdi Metaiche, Hakim Djafer Khodja, Amina Aichour, Nourredine Gaci

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

22--31

EN

The quality of Groundwater is characterized by physico-chemical parameters. They determine the way in which this water is used (water supply, irrigation, industry, etc.). This present study gives the highlighting of the hydrogeological and physico-chemical characteristics of aquifer waters in question resulting from the various wells, which aims to; gather, exploit and analyze the data, in order to determine their conformity with potability standards and their suitability for irrigation. Using multivariate statistical techniques including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (ACH) and Diagram Analysis. They are applied to a dataset composed of 17 boreholes with 12 chemical variables over the entire study area, they were sampled in 2020. These boreholes are the principal water resources suppling Hassi R'mel w. Laghouat region in terms of drinking water and irrigation. Obtained results showed that the majority of groundwater in the Hassi R’mel region is hard; where approximately 20% of boreholes are characterized by fairly soft water, and approximately 5% are characterized by very hard water.