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1

Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Cosmetic Packaging Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Maksymiak Magdalena Martinka, Adamus Grażyna, Kowalczuk Marek, Maranghi Simone, Tosti Lorenzo

Packaging Review

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2025

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No. 1

6--12

EN

This article examines the environmental aspects of cosmetic packaging, with a focus on the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a tool for understanding its impacts on the environment and guiding eco-design strategies. LCA methodologies provide a comprehensive framework to evaluate packaging materials, from production to disposal, enabling the comparison of traditional and innovative solutions, such as the implementation of (bio)degradable polymers and/or recycled materials in cosmetic industry packaging. Recent advancements in packaging design and recycling technologies have contributed to improvements in resource efficiency and waste reduction. However, there are still challenges in applying LCA methods consistently, particularly when assessing bio-based materials. By incorporating eco-design principles, promoting recycling, and utilizing LCA insights, the cosmetics industry can work towards reducing its environmental impact and promoting more sustainable practices. This paper emphasizes the necessity for ongoing innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration in the development of sustainable packaging solutions that optimize the functional properties of materials while aligning with consumer demands and minimizing negative environmental impact.

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z oceną cyklu życia (z ang. Life Cycle Assessment - LCA) w zakresie opakowań kosmetycznych oraz ich wpływu na środowisko, jak również wspierania strategii eko-projektowania. Metodologia LCA stanowi kompleksowe narzędzie oceny materiałów opakowaniowych na każdym etapie ich cyklu życia - od produkcji po utylizację, co umożliwia porównanie tradycyjnych i innowacyjnych rozwiązań, takich jak zastosowanie polimerów (bio)degradowalnych oraz materiałów pochodzących z recyklingu w opakowaniach kosmetycznych. Ostatnie postępy w projektowaniu opakowań oraz rozwój technologii recyklingu przyczyniły się do poprawy efektywności wykorzystania zasobów i redukcji ilości odpadów, zgodnie z zasadami gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Niemniej jednak nadal występują trudności w stosowaniu metod LCA w sposób spójny, szczególnie przy ocenie materiałów pochodzenia biologicznego. Poprzez wdrażanie zasad eko-projektowania, promowanie recyklingu i wykorzystywanie wyników analizy LCA, przemysł kosmetyczny może dążyć do zmniejszenia swojego wpływu na środowisko oraz wspierać bardziej zrównoważone praktyki w produkcji i wykorzystaniu opakowań. Niniejsza praca wskazuje na konieczność wprowadzania innowacji oraz współpracy interdyscyplinarnej w celu opracowania zrównoważonych rozwiązań opakowaniowych, które łączą funkcjonalność, oczekiwania konsumentów oraz cele środowiskowe.

2

Uwarunkowania prawne szacowania śladu węglowego budynków w cyklu życia

Kwiatkowski Jerzy, Komerska Anna

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 1

55--58

3

Life cycle assessment of a single‑family residential building depending on the construction material used

Kaliszuk-Wietecka Agnieszka, Gondek Zuzanna

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 4

55--62

EN

This article addresses the topic of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of buildings. A greater number of buildings are being analysed for their carbon footprint and its reduction, as required by multi‐criteria certification, the EU taxonomy and soon to be a national requirement for all new buildings. The present study analyses the carbon footprint and energy of a single‐family residential building in two construction options, brick and timber frame, over its entire life cycle. The differences in performance in terms of embodied and operational carbon footprint and energy were analysed. This was followed by an assumption of bringing the building to a zero‑energy standard. The findings indicate that a timber‐framed building exhibits a 7% reduced carbon footprint and a 1% reduced energy footprint compared to a masonry building. The difference increases for the zero‑energy standard when the operational footprint is zero, in which case the timber building generates a 25% lower carbon footprint and 15% lower energy.

PL

W artykule poruszono tematykę oceny cyklu życia budynku. Coraz częściej analizuje się budynki pod kątem śladu węglowego oraz jego redukcji, ponieważ wymagają tego certyfikacje wielokryterialne, unijna taksonomia, a od 2026 r. jego obliczenie stanie się krajowym wymaganiem w przypadku wszystkich nowych budynków. Na potrzeby artykułu przeanalizowano ślad węglowy wbudowany i operacyjny oraz energię pierwotną jednorodzinnego budynku mieszkalnego w dwóch wariantach konstrukcji: murowanej i drewnianej szkieletowej, w całym cyklu życia. Kolejnym krokiem analizy było przeprojektowanie budynku do standardu zeroenergetycznego. Wyniki wskazują, że budynek w konstrukcji drewnianej charakteryzuje się o 7% mniejszym całkowitym śladem węglowym i o 1% mniejszą energią pierwotną niż budynek murowany. Różnica ta zwiększa się w przypadku standardu zeroenergetycznego, kiedy ślad operacyjny jest równy zero, wtedy budynek drewniany generuje o 25% mniejszy ślad węglowy i o 15% mniejszą energię pierwotną.

4

Basic aspects of reducing the embodied carbon footprint of a building

Nowak Łukasz

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 9

122--128

EN

Striving for climate neutrality is currently a key task in all sectors of the economy, including the construction sector. As a result, it is necessary to analyze the building, already at the design stage, in terms of both operational and embodied CO2 emissions. The selection of structural and material solutions, adopted design criteria or the method of conducting works on the construction site have a significant impact on the built‑in carbon footprint of the building. The article presents basic information on how to assess the carbon footprint of a building, the impact of the materials used and selected elements of the building envelope on the built‑in CO2 emission and ways to find solutions for its reduction.

PL

Dążenie do neutralności klimatycznej jest obecnie kluczowym zadaniem we wszystkich sektorach gospodarki, w tym w sektorze budownictwa. Następstwem tego jest konieczność analizy budynku, już na etapie projektu, pod kątem emisji CO2 zarówno tej eksploatacyjnej, jak i tej wbudowanej. Dobór rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych i materiałowych, przyjętych kryteriów projektowych czy sposób prowadzenia prac na budowie ma istotny wpływ na wbudowany ślad węglowy budynku. Artykuł przedstawia podstawowe informacje w zakresie sposobu oceny śladu węglowego budynku, wpływu użytych materiałów i wybranych elementów obudowy budynku na wbudowaną emisję CO2 oraz sposoby poszukiwania rozwiązań w zakresie jej redukcji.

5

Eco-efficiency and life cycle assessment of the long reach directionally drilled and cross-measure boreholes methane drainage technologies employed in bituminous coal mine on the basis of the pilot scale experimental data

Jura Bartłomiej, Krawczyk Piotr, Śliwińska Anna, Skiba Jacek, Karbownik Marcin, Howaniec Natalia

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2025

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

189--202

EN

This paper presents the results of eco-efficiency and life cycle analysis conducted for two methane drainage technologies: cross-measure (CM) and long reach directionally drilled (LRDD) boreholes. In the analyses, data from coal mine methane drainage of two coal panels, I-C and II-C, located at the Staszic-Wujek coal mine in Poland, were used. The results of the life cycle and eco-efficiency assessments showed that employment of long reach directional drilling boreholes method has a lower environmental impact and is more eco-efficient, causing the lower environmental impact and lower construction and operating costs per cubic meter of methane extracted. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicated that the quantity of methane extracted has the greatest impact on the eco-efficiency index. For LRDD technology, the quantities of methane captured are significantly higher than for CM technology. The advantage of LRDD technology results mainly from the possibility of further extraction of methane from the exploited coal panel after coal extraction is completed. This is not possible with CM technology, in case of which the boreholes are being destroyed during coal extraction. CM technology also requires drilling a much larger number of boreholes and of a higher total length than needed in LRDD technology.

6

Influence of the addition of pine chips waste on the properties of the concrete mix

Krajewska Alicja, Siewczyńska Monika, Gross Xymena

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 3

20--29

EN

This article presents the results of a preliminary study of concrete samples with pine chips: the search for the optimum proportion of concrete mixture and waste in the mix, its workability, and the mortar’s bending and compressive strength. By building on the properties of the concrete mix, which reaches its maximum strength value with time, the preparation time of plates is reduced by the pressing and drying process. The effect of the percentage of chips in the mix and the effect of chip fraction on mortar strength - bending test and stretching test are used. The research is conducted to determine the possibility of reusing wood waste in fibre-cement composites for construction applications. Depending on the chip fraction, they gained positive characteristics, the beam with a finer fraction achieved greater strength, similar to a concrete beam. Unground chips, on the other hand, maintained the bond, which did not occur in the finer fraction.

7

Gate-to-gate life cycle assessment of crude palm oil in palm mills in West Aceh-Indonesia

Bantacut Tajuddin, Romli Muhammad, Agustiar Agustiar, Nasution Aswin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 4

343--358

EN

Mass flows of palm oil processes require energy to convert input into output. The energy requirements of a continuous palm oil processing system can provide a complete overview of the process of producing palm oil, palm kernel oil, and the generation of solid wastes and liquid waste (POME). Analysis of energy potential in the biomass involved in a 60-ton-per-hour fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processing revealed a potential for solid waste at the stripping station (EFB 28%), depericarper (fiber 17.61%), and hydrocyclone (shell 32.02%), and liquid waste potential at the sterilization station (49.68%), hydrocyclone (18.31%), sludge in the sludge tank (0.38%), sludge separator tank (31.55%), and oil purifier (0.08%). The value of the liquid waste potential has a significant and direct impact on the environment, forming greenhouse gas emissions (global warming potential), such as CO2, NOx, NH4, or CO2-eq, human health, resource quality, climate change, and resources from each palm oil processing station. The greatest potential CO2-eq value is yielded by processes in the station that produce palm oil, including stripping, digester, and pressing. The possible values, such as global warming potential (GWP CO2eq), is 4.81 × 103, 4.56 × 103, and 9.49 ×103, respectively. For cradle-to-gate LCA, the significant environmental impacts are acidification (253.1 kg-SO2eq), eutrophication (93,719 kg-PO4eq), water footprint (10,387 m3), and energy consumption (969,920 MJ). The influence of cradle-to-gate life cycle management has a direct impact on the use of input and output energy in a process, especially in the process of processing FFB to produce palm oil, palm kernels, and fiber waste, EFB, as well as liquid waste which can be used as organic fertilizer for sustainable palm oil plantations.

8

Model supporting the design and improvement of products in their life cycle considering sustainable development criteria

Siwiec Dominika, Pacana Andrzej

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2024

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nr 79 (151)

5--13

EN

A market economy requires continuous improvement of products. The classic case is striving to meet customer expectations, i.e., ensuring product quality. However, in terms of sustainable development, it is also necessary to take actions that contribute to the protection of the natural environment and ensure a positive social impact. It is still a challenge. Therefore, the aim of the article is to develop a model for product improvement by considering the criteria of quality, environment, and social impact. The developed model is an original decision indicator, according to which prototypes of modified products are ranked according to their fulfillment of (i) expected quality, (ii) low environmental impact in the life cycle (LCA), and (iii) social responsibility. Based on the results of the model and the proposed decision indicator, it is possible to determine the direction of improvement of any product by assessing prototypes (product variants) in terms of their sustainable development. The model test is carried out for photovoltaic (PV) panels, popular in recent years, verified according to six prototypes and 15 sustainability criteria regarding their quality, environmental impact, and social responsibility. The test confirmed its effectiveness in the case of photovoltaic panels, but the proposed model can be successfully used to design or improve other products. This is supported by a developed original decision indicator supporting the making of multicriteria quality, environmental, and social decisions at the stage of designing new products or improving existing products.

9

Framework of QLCA model considering quality and life cycle assessment to sustainable product development

Gajdzik Bożena, Siwiec Dominika, Pacana Andrzej

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 203

49--66

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article was to develop a QLCA framework model dedicated to the design and improvement of products, taking into account their quality (Q) and environmental impact in the life cycle (LCA). Design/methodology/approach: A review of the literature on the subject was conducted on studies from the Web of Science database. The thematic scope included the design and improvement of products, taking into account quality and environmental impact during the life cycle (LCA). Bibliometric and frequency techniques were used, including keyword analysis and citation of studies. Based on conclusions from the literature, approaches and methods for quality improvement, as well as the LCA methodology presented in the ISO 14040 standard, a QLCA framework model was developed. The model supports the prospective assessment of the quality and life cycle of the product and its prototypes in terms of sustainable development. Findings: It has been shown that there are no solutions that present the links between product life cycle assessment and product quality assessment, including preparing these assessments for product prototypes at the design and prototyping stage. Research limitations/implications: A QLCA framework model is presented, the proper form of which will be provided by future research. The framework conditions of the QLCA model were improved and expanded in order to find the most advantageous approach to achieving the highest quality product quality with the lowest possible negative environmental impact of this product in LCA in terms of its sustainable development. Practical implications: The QLCA framework model is the result of conceptual generalisation, and its assumptions were prepared for designers and R&D departments. The assumptions of the QLCA methodology can be used by management staff to make decisions about product improvement at the prototyping stage. Originality/value: A novelty is the QLCA framework model, which presents an original approach to product improvement at the prototyping stage, taking into account customer expectations regarding their quality and at the same time assessing the life cycle of these prototypes.

10

Osady ściekowe w świetle wyzwań cyrkularnej biogospodarki

Żubrowska-Sudoł Monika, Karolinczak Beata, Walczak Justyna, Sytek-Szmeichel Katarzyna

Wodociągi - Kanalizacja

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2024

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nr 10

24--27

11

Analysis of companies’ approach to sustainable products development: quality, environment, society, cost

Siwiec Dominika, Pacana Andrzej

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

|

2024

|

Vol. 6, iss. 1

79--88

EN

Sustainable product development is becoming essential to meet market, but also climate challenges. However, this is problematic mainly because of the need to make many complex decisions at the early stages of product development. Due to limited research in this area, the aim was to analyse the approach of companies to sustainable development when designing new products and improving products already on the market. This approach was considered according to the key aspects of sustainable product development, i.e.: quality (customer satisfaction with use), environment (impact in the life cycle), society (changes in the social environment) and cost. Pilot studies were conducted among manufacturing companies. These were surveys with a Likert scale, in which the following were verified: i) the frequency of actions taken regarding verified aspects, and ii) the degree to which these aspects were taken into account during product development. It was shown, for example, that the most frequently undertaken actions are those related to product costs, then quality, and slightly less often, environment and society. A similar phenomenon was observed in the case of the degree to which these aspects were taken into account in product development activities, which was additionally confirmed by the results of statistical analysis according to the sign test in the STATISTICA program. The results of the pilot studies confirmed the validity of conducting in-depth fundamental studies to determine clear rules and relationships that condition the consideration of key aspects within the framework of sustainable product development.

12

Deklaracje środowiskowe wyrobów budowlanych w teorii i praktyce

Piasecki Michał

Przegląd Budowlany

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2024

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R. 95, nr 6

141--145

PL

Deklaracje środowiskowe stają się istotnym elementem oceny technicznej wyrobów, a ich obecność i użyteczność na europejskim rynku wyrobów wzrasta. Artykuł w przeglądowy sposób przedstawia uwarunkowania stosowania deklaracji środowiskowych, ich zawartość, odniesienia normatywne, sposoby ich wykorzystania oraz informacje dotyczące ich określania.

EN

Environmental declarations are becoming an important element of the technical assessment of products, and their presence and usefulness on the European product market is increasing. The article presents the conditions for the use of environmental declarations, their content, normative references, ways of using them and information regarding their determination.

13

Obliczanie połączeń spawanych kratownic wykonanych z ceowników i kształtowników zamkniętych RHS

Broniewicz Mirosław, Lubas Szynon, Dec Karolina, Broniewicz Elżbieta

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

|

nr 1

23--27

PL

Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie metody oceny podatnych połączeń spawanych kratownic o pasach wykonanych z ceowników i krzyżulców z rur prostokątnych. W metodzie tej nośność spoin określa się w zależności od wielkości siły osiowej, uwzględniając długości współpracujące spoin pachwinowych. Jak wykazano w artykule, zastosowanie w takich połączeniach cienkich spoin pachwinowych, o grubości dobranej do wytężenia pręta, jest dwukrotnie tańsze niż pełnościennych spoin czołowych. Ponadto przeprowadzona analiza cyklu życia wykazała, że zastosowanie cienkich spoin pachwinowych może zmniejszyć wpływ złącza spawanego na środowisko - o 73% pod względem emisji gazów cieplarnianych i o 70% pod względem zużycia nieodnawialnej energii pierwotnej.

EN

The aim of the article is to propose a new method for assessing the flexible joints of welded trusses with chords made of C-sections and braces made of rectangular hollow sections. In this method, the capacity of the welds is determined depending on the value of the axial force, taking into account the effective lengths of the fillet welds. As shown in the article, in such connections, the use of thin fillet welds with a thickness matched to the member's load is twice cheaper than the use of solid butt welds. Additionally, the life cycle analysis performed showed that the use of thinner fillet welds could reduce the overall environmental impact of the welded joint by 73% in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and 70% in terms of non-renewable primary energy consumption.

14

Mapa drogowa EAACA dotycząca zerowej emisji CO2e netto w przypadku autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego

Schoch Torsten

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 9

131--134

15

Impact of bio-based thermal insulation products on the carbon footprint over the building life cycle

Pierzchalski Michał, Węglarz Arkadiusz, Gilewski Paweł, Płomiński Bernard

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

|

nr 12

192--201

EN

With the decarbonisation of the building sector, interest in natural insulation products is growing. This paper analyses the lifecycle carbon footprint of a single-family home for insulation made from various bio-based and traditionally used products. The simulations showed that the use of bio-based products for insulation reduces the carbon footprint over the life cycle of the building. Including the D-phase in the simulations always leads to a reduction in total emissions.

PL

W związku z dekarbonizacją sektora budowlanego zwiększa się zainteresowanie naturalnymi wyrobami izolacyjnymi. W artykule przeanalizowano ślad węglowy w całym cyklu życia budynku jednorodzinnego w przypadku zastosowania izolacji z różnych wyrobów biopochodnych i tradycyjnie wykorzystywanych. Przeprowadzone symulacje wykazały, że wyroby biopochodne zmniejszają ślad węglowy w całym cyklu życia budynku. Uwzględnienie fazy D w symulacjach zawsze powoduje zmniejszenie całkowitego poziomu emisji.

16

Carbon footprint of a sports hall building – discrepancies between reference buildings and the actual

Zima Krzysztof, Grącka Apolonia

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

|

nr 9

50--57

EN

The aim of the article is to analyze changes in the global warming potential coefficient depending on design solutions during the building's life cycle. Replacing silicate blocks insulated with mineral wool with sandwich panels reduced CO2e/m2 emissions by 14% compared to the base model. The model taking into account actual material transport distances showed the lowest emission reduction. The article emphasizes the need to use ecological building materials and the differences depending on the advancement of the project.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano analizę zmian współczynnika potencjału globalnego ocieplenia w zależności od rozwiązań projektowych w cyklu życia budynku. Zamiana silikatowych bloczków docieplonych wełną mineralną na płyty warstwowe zmniejszyła emisję CO2e/m2 o 14% w porównaniu z modelem bazowym. Model uwzględniający rzeczywiste odległości transportu materiałów wykazał najmniejszą redukcję emisji. W artykule podkreślono konieczność stosowania ekologicznych materiałów budowlanych i różnice zależne od zaawansowania projektu.

17

Comprehensive review of life cycle assessment methodologies for passenger vehicles

Szumska Emilia M.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2024

|

Vol. 9, No. 1

53--71

EN

Purpose: This paper aims to advance knowledge in the methodology of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) for vehicles and to discern potential environmental and health burdens associated with combustion and electric vehicles. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted using the Scopus database, with a focus on papers published between 2005 and November 2023. The search was refined to include only English-language publications investigating passenger vehicles, resulting in a final corpus of 75 studies. Results: The review revealed that LCA conclusions for automotive vehicles can vary widely depending on the specific study's scope, methodology, and goals. Many studies emphasize the need for a holistic approach considering various drive technologies, production aspects, and local geographical conditions. Theoretical contribution: This paper contributes to the field of environmental science and sustainability by synthesizing the current state of knowledge on the environmental impact of vehicles across their entire life cycle. The findings highlight the importance of a nuanced and comprehensive approach to understanding and mitigating the environmental externalities of transportation. Practical implications: The insights from this review can inform policymakers, manufacturers, and consumers in their decisions regarding sustainable transportation solutions. By understanding the key areas of concern and improvement opportunities across the entire life cycle of vehicles, stakeholders can work towards a more environmentally responsible and sustainable transportation system.

18

Integration of life cycle sustainability assessment indicators in different energy sectors

Marcinkowski Andrzej, Haręża Paweł

Economics and Environment

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2024

|

No. 4

art. no. 799

EN

Despite the increasing number of studies analysing sustainability performance in energy-related field, most of the existing papers present the results of particular dimensions separately. A number of methods have been identified to integrate individual LCSA indicators and determine one final sustainability score which could be a relevant support for decision-makers to rank scenarios being compared at the interpretation phase. In the current stage, none of the proposed methods seem to be in a leading position. The integration of sustainability indicators still suffers from the lack of harmonisation concerning the selection and definition of impact categories to be analysed, as well as specific procedures that would allow the results to be reliably compared. The procedures often assume arbitrarily determined weights of importance for aggregating environmental, economic and social scores, which can raise controversy. The development of noncontroversial methods to integrate LCSA indicators is also recommended from the perspective of future standardisation.

PL

Pomimo rosnącej liczby badań dotyczących oceny zrównoważoności w obszarze energii, większość istniejących publikacji przedstawia wyniki poszczególnych wymiarów LCSA osobno. Zidentyfikowano szereg metod integracji poszczególnych wskaźników i określenia jednego końcowego wyniku zrównoważoności, które mogą być istotnym wsparciem dla decydentów w priorytetyzacji porównywanych scenariuszy w fazie interpretacji. Na obecnym etapie żadna z proponowanych metod nie wydaje się mieć wiodącej pozycji. Integracja wskaźników zrównoważoności nadal wymaga harmonizacji w zakresie wyboru i definicji kategorii wpływu, które mają być analizowane, jak również konkretnych procedur, które pozwoliłyby na wiary-godne porównanie wyników. Istniejące procedury często zakładają arbitralne określenie współczynników wagowych dla agregowania wyników środowiskowych, ekonomicznych i społecznych, co może budzić kontrowersje. Rozwój bezkontrowersyjnych metod integracji wskaźników LCSA jest rekomendowany również z uwagi na wymogi przyszłej standaryzacji.

19

Environmental Impact Analysis in 3×10 MW Coal Fired Power Plant Through Life Cycle Assessment

Triatmojo Pramudita, Hadinata Febrian, Sari Tuti Indah

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 7

308--321

EN

The primary energy source in developing countries, including Indonesia, is fossil energy. Therefore, evaluating the environmental impact of coal-fired steam power plants is crucial, but limited. Comprehensive scientific analysis is required to develop appropriate alternative measures. This research aims to analyze the life cycle impact of the coal power plant at the gate, including the coal yard, coal crusher, boiler, turbine, and generator, with the functional unit of 1 kWh of electricity produced. This research provides clear recommendations for mitigating emissions from the main contributing units. The analysis reveals the highest impact in the climate change potential category (1.40 × 10-1 kg CO2 eq/kWh), while the smallest impact was recorded in the Eutrophication potential category (7.55 × 10-4 kg PO4 eq/kWh), with no impact on ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The operation of boiler and generator units (gate hotspots) are the main contributors to climate change impacts, including carbon dioxide (9.25 × 10-2 kg CO2 ), sulfur dioxide (8.21 × 10-3 kg SO2 ), and nitrogen dioxide (7.55 × 10-4 kg PO4). Alternative programs that may be implemented to reduce emissions include co-firing and installation of flue gas desulfurization and low NOx burner. The findings of this research provide guidance for developing a policy framework to promote more environmentally friendly coal power plants, thereby achieving greater energy sustainability.

20

Application of Life Cycle Assessment on Processing of Beef Rendang Products Using Steam Cauldron Technology

Ridwan Muhammad Fachri, Aziz Rizki, Regia Rinda Andhita

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 9

298--310

EN

The beef rendang production process at the Payakumbuh Rendang small and medium industry can cause environmental impacts due to the use of energy that produces various emissions, such as using boilers. This research aims to analyze the life cycle of the rendang production process in the form of inventory data, including raw materials, energy, and emissions produced in the production process, and analyze the environmental impact of 250 g packaged rendang, which includes the transportation, storage, washing, cutting, milling, grating, pressing processes, cooking and packaging using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, and providing recommendations for improvements at stages of the production process. This research uses a gate-to-gate approach on SimaPro 9.4 software with the CML-IA Baseline method and refers to the 2016 ISO 14040 standard. The results of this research show the impact of 250 g of packaged rendang for the global warming potential (GWP100a) category of 1.41E-13 kg CO₂ eq, ozone layer depletion 1.45E-16 kg CFC-11 eq, human toxicity 1.06E-14 kg 1.4-DB eq, photochemical oxidation 1.12E-14 kg C2H4 eq, acidification 1.07E-13 kg·SO2·eq, and eutrophication 4.98E-14 kg PO4 eq. Using electrical energy during storage, packaging, and cooking impacts the environment. Recommendations for improvements given to reduce environmental impacts are that the use of Beef freezers for storing spices can reduce electricity usage in the storage process by 17.9%, optimizing the retort usage time from 1.5 hours to 10 minutes reduces electricity usage in the packaging process by 24%, and the addition of hybrid solar panels for boilers can reduce electricity usage from Coal-Fired Power Plant (PLTU) by 63%. The improvement scenario shows a reduction in electricity use during the production process by 79.1% and a 9–68.4% reduction for all impact categories.