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EN
The application of hardfacing is one of the ways to restore the functional properties of worn elements. The possibility of using filler materials rich in chrome allows for better wear resistance than base materials used so far. The paper presents the results of research on the use of 3 different grades of covered electrodes for the regeneration of worn track staves. The content of the carbon in the covered electrodes was from 0,5% to 7% and the chromium from 5% to 33%. The microscopic and hardness tests revealed large differences in the structure and properties of the welds. The differences in the hardness of the welds between the materials used were up to 150 HV units. The difference in wear resistance, in the ASTM G65 test, between the best and worst materials was almost 12 times big.
EN
The article provides results of the microstructure examinations and mechanical properties (hardness and microhardness tests) of the welded joint T91 steel taken from the live steam pipeline. Examined joint has been exploited for about 45 000 hours in a temperature of 535°C and the steam pressure equals to 13.5 MPa. Examined joint was made as a double bead by the additional materials with a different chemical composition. It was proved that the joint was characterized by a differential microstructure on the cross-section of the weld. Moreover, decarburized zone in the lower alloyed material and carbides zone in the higher alloyed material were revealed in the weld line and on the boundary penetration of beads. Furthermore, it was shown that the main mechanism of a joint degradation is a privileged precipitation of carbides on the grain boundaries, and an increase of their size.
3
Content available remote Aspekty strukturalne różnorodnych złączy spawanych ze stali Super 304H i T91
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań makro- i mikroskopowych różnorodnych złączy spawanych ze stali Super 304H i T91, wykonane metodą 141 (TIG) w pozycji PF. Materiałem dodatkowym był pręt lity Metrode EPRI P87. Badaniom metalograficznym poddano złącze po spawaniu (S1) i po obróbce cieplnej (S2), która została dobrana pod kątem składu chemicznego stali T91 i polegała na wyżarzaniu odprężającym w temperaturze 760 °C w czasie wygrzewania 2 godziny. Proces spawania, jak i obróbka cieplna w obszarze strefy wpływu ciepła (SWC) w przypadku stali Super 304H przyczyniły się do powstania procesów wydzieleniowych głównie na granicach ziaren. W SWC stali T91 zabiegi te spowodowały powstanie gruboziarnistej i zdegradowanej struktury martenzytycznej z licznymi wydzieleniami o zróżnicowanej morfologii.
EN
The paper presents the results of macro- and microscopic tests of heterogeneous welded joints made of Super 304H steel and T91 steel. The examined welded joints were made with the 141 (TIG) method in the PF welding position, using a Metrode EPRI P87 wire as the additional material. The tests were performed on the joint after welding and after heat treatment which consisted in the stress relief annealing at the temperature of 760 °C and soaking time of 2 hours. The investigated joints were marked respectively: S1 (the joint without heat treatment) and S2 (the joint after heat treatment). The process of welding, as well as the heat treatment in the area of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in the case of Super 304H steel contributed to the precipitation processes mostlyon the boundaries of grains. In the HAZ of T91 steel these processes caused the development of a degraded martensitic structure with numerous precipitates of diverse morphology.
EN
The article presents the results of investigations performed on segregation of elements in the billets. The research were performed under standard industrial conditions, during high carbon steel production cycle. Probes (templates with the thickness of 20 mm) were taken from billets with square cross-section of 160 mm. Segregation of elements was determined based on the quantitative analysis of results performed by using spark spectrometry pursuant to PN-H-04045. Changes in concentrations of elements were analysed along two cross-sections. Element contents were performed at points distanced from each other by approx. 10 mm. The segregation of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus was determined for different billets.
5
Content available remote Analysis of the microstructure and properties of T92 steel after long-term service
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the investigation was to determine and analyse the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the T92 steel after service in creep conditions of the following parameters: temperature – 575°C, pressure – 28.2 MPa, service time – 41914 hrs. Design/methodology/approach: The tests were performed on the test samples taken from a pipe section of a steam superheater after long-term service. The range of the investigations included: microstructural investigation – the optical and SEM microscopy, the analysis of precipitation – carbide isolates, the investigation of mechanical properties: the Vickers hardness measurement, the impact test and static tensile test. Findings: The performed tests showed a slight degree of exhaustion of the structure of the analysed T92 steel. The relatively small changes in the microstructure of the examined steel were reflected in the still retained high mechanical properties. Research limitations/implications: he analysis of the microstructure of the examined steel using SEM was performed to determine the influence of the service on the processes of changes in the precipitate morphology. Practical implications: The metal science investigation of the sections taken from the elements of the power installations after long-term service is one of the basic elements of building the data base of materials and their joints used in the power industry. The results obtained from the performed research constitute a building block for the degradation characteristics of the microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic steels of the 9-12%Cr type. Originality/value: The results of investigation and analysis of the metallographic and mechanical properties of martensitic T92 steel after long-term service are presented.
EN
Since 1987 annual summer cruises to the Nordic Seas and Fram Strait have been conducted by the IO PAN research vessel Oceania under the long-term monitoring program AREX. Here we present a short description of measurements and preliminary results obtained during the open ocean part of the AREX 2016 cruise. Spatial distributions of Atlantic water temperature and salinity in 2016 are similar to their long-term mean fields except for warmer recirculation of Atlantic water in the northern Fram Strait. The longest observation record from the section N along 76°30′N reveals a steady increase of Atlantic water salinity, while temperature trend depends strongly on parametrization used to define the Atlantic water layer. However spatially averaged temperature at different depths indicate an increase of Atlantic water temperature in the whole layer from the surface down to 1000 m.
EN
The paper presents the results of research on the microstructure of martensitic X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) and X13CrMoCo- VNbNB9-2-1 (PB2) steel subject to long-term ageing at the temperature of 620°C and holding times up to 30 000 hours. The microstructural tests of the examined steel types were performed using a scanning microscope Joel JSM - 6610LV and a transmission electron microscope TITAN 80 - 300. The stability of the microstructure of the investigated steels was analyzed using a quantitative analysis of an image, including measurements of the following: the density of dislocations inside martensite/subgrain laths, the width of martensite laths, and the mean diameter of precipitates. It has been concluded that during long-term ageing, the microaddition of boron in PB2 steel significantly influenced the slowing of the process of degradation of the martensitic steel microstructure, as a result of slowing the process of coagulation of M23C6 carbides and Laves phase. It had a favorable effect on the stabilization of lath microstructure as a result of retardation of the processes of recovery and polygonization of the matrix.
EN
This article presents research results concerning designation of the scope of segregation of elements by analysing the ingot, designated for hot rolling of long products. The research tests were performed under industrial conditions, during continuous casting production cycle of high carbon steels. From cc ingots with square cross-section of 160 mm samples having the length of 400 mm were collected, out of which two samples were cut up, the so-called templates with the thickness of 20 mm. Segregation of elements was determined based on the quantitative analysis of results performed by using spark spectrometry pursuant to PN-H-04045. Changes in concentrations of elements were analysed along the line, which join the opposite sides of the sample in their half length and pass through the geometric centre of the square cross-section. In the further course of the research study, there was also determined the segregation along perpendicular line up to the surface connecting the core of the cross-section with lateral plane. Designations of element contents were performed at points distanced from each other by approx. 10 mm and situated on the lines. There was found segregation of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus.
PL
W artykule zostanie przedstawiona metodyka optymalizacji kosztów i skracania czasu trwania operacji lotniczych w średniej wielkości porcie lotniczym na przykładzie lotniska Okęcie. Zostaną omówione zagadnienia modelowania i optymalizacji ruchu samolotów na pasach startowych oraz drogach kołowania, czasu trwania operacji handlingowych oraz ich wpływ na koszty opóźnienia startów i ogólną przepustowość lotniska.
EN
The paper will prezent the modern computer based optimization methodology for minimum of operational costs and time of operations in a medium-sized airport. the paper will discuss the problems of modeling and optimization of aircraft traffic on runways and taxiways, duration ground handling operations and their impact on costs, delays and capacity of the airport.
EN
FSW (Friction Stir Welding) and RFSSW (Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding) joints have been increasingly used in industrial practice. They successfully replace fusion-welded, riveted or resistance-welded joints. In the last two decades, dynamic development of this method has stimulated investigations of the fast methods for joint diagnostics. These methods should be non-destructive and easy to be used in technological processes. The methods of assessment of joint quality are expected to detect discontinuities in the structures welded using FSW and FSSW methods. Reliable detection of flaws would substantially extend the range of applications of FSW joints across many sectors of industry, including aviation. The investigations carried out in this paper allowed for characterization of defects present in FSW and RFSSW joints. Causes of these defects were also stressed. An overview of the methodologies for assessment of joint quality was presented. Results of assessment of the quality of joints made of 2024T6 aluminium sheet metal using FSW and RFSSW method were presented.
PL
Złącza FSW i RFSSW są coraz częściej stosowane w praktyce przemysłowej. Dobrze zastępują złącza spawane, nitowane czy zgrzewane oporowo. Dynamiczny rozwój metod w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu skutkuje poszukiwaniem szybkich metod diagnostyki złączy. Metody te powinny być nieniszczące oraz dać się zastosować podczas procesu technologicznego. Od sposobu oceny jakości złączy oczekuje się wykrycia nieciągłości struktur zgrzewanych metodą FSW i FSSW. Możliwość skutecznego wykrywania wad pozwoliłaby na znacznie szerszy zakres zastosowań złączy FSW w wielu sektorach przemysłu w tym w przemyśle lotniczym. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań w pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę defektów występujących w złączach FSW i RFSSW, wskazano na przyczyny ich występowania oraz przedstawiono przegląd metod badań umożliwiających ocenę jakości złączy. Zaprezentowano przykładowe wyniki oceny jakości złączy wykonanych z blach aluminiowych 2024T6 metodą FSW i RFSSW.
EN
The paper presents test of the surface topography carried out on samples made of CMnAlSi steel after austenitizing treatment at 850°C, and then intercritical annealing at 500°C for 600 s and 300 s and cooling down from 800°C with cooling rate of 5°C/s. The analysis of surface topography was performed by the half-contact method which gave details of height, amplitude and phase imaging. The results of the measurements showed that, after etching in nital, the ferrite is stronger etched than other structural components, and is visible as the undermost dark areas (Figures 2, 3 a÷c). Conducted linear analysis and determination of the average surface roughness parameters Ra of the steel for the sample cooled with V = 5°C/s revealed the presence of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite (Fig. 6).
PL
W pracy przedstawiono badania topografii powierzchni przeprowadzone na próbkach ze stali CMnAlSi poddanej austenityzowaniu w 850°C, a następnie: wytrzymaniu izotermicznemu w temperaturze 500°C przez 600 s, 300 s oraz chłodzeniu z temperatury 800°C z szybkością 5°C/s. Analizę topografii powierzchni przeprowadzono metodą półkontaktu, uzyskując dane z wysokości, amplitudy drgań oraz obrazowania fazowego. W wyniku pomiarów wykazano, że trawienie w nitalu powoduje, iż ferryt trawi się najmocniej w porównaniu z pozostałymi składnikami strukturalnymi i jest widoczny jako ciemne obszary najniżej położone (rys. 2, 3a÷c). Przeprowadzona analiza liniowa oraz wyznaczenie parametru chropowatości Ra i średniej wysokości w stali dla próbki chłodzonej z V = 5°C/s wykazała występowanie ferrytu, bainitu oraz austenitu szczątkowego (rys. 6).
EN
This work presents the results of research into microstructure and chemical composition of joint made by FSW technology. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining technique and has been extensively developed for aluminium alloys, as well as for magnesium, copper, titanium and steel. In the performed study it was found that for the FSW aluminium alloys, three distinct zones – the stirred zone (SZ), the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) – are identified on the basis of microstructural characterization of grains and precipitates. Microhardness profiles for joint were created. Joint non homogeneity and large granularity of grains were found. The precipitates were granular, too. Segregation of elements was no detected using EDS spectra in SEM method.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań mikrostruktury oraz składu chemicznego złoączy doczołowych uzyskanych w technologii FSW. Technologia zgrzewania tarciowego z mieszaniem materiału zgrzeiny jest stosunkowo nową techniką łączenia. Jest ona intensywnie wykorzystywana głównie dla stopów aluminium, jak również magnezu, miedzi, tytanu oraz stali. W prezentowanej pracy badano stop aluminium i wykazano istnienie w zgrzeinie trzech obszarów: strefy wpływu ciepła (SWC), strefy uplastycznienie termomechanicznego (SUTM) oraz jądra zgrzeiny (JZ). Sporządzono również profile twardości zgrzeiny. Stwierdzono, że w obrębie zgrzeiny występują niejednorodności struktury i jej znaczne rozdrobnienie w odniesieniu do ziaren osnowy, jak również występujących wydzieleń. Korzystając z mikroanalizatora składu chemicznego EDS nie stwierdzono segregacji pierwiastków w obrębie zgrzeiny.
EN
The results of a microstructure examination and mechanical properties of 15HM (13CrMo4-5) steel are presented in the article. The examined elements are the samples taken from the live steam pipeline serviced for about 420 000 hours at the temperature of about 510°C, and pressure of 11 MPa. It has been shown that after long-term operation the examined steel has a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure with a dominant content of quasipolygonal ferrite. The processes of fragmentation of lamellar precipitates and their spheroidization were observed in pearlite. On the grain boundaries, single lamellar precipitations were observed. Moreover, numerous precipitations at the interface of three grain boundaries were revealed. The examined steel, despite its long-term service time, was characterized by the strength properties (YS, TS) slightly lower than the required minimum, the impact energy value KV equal to 20 J, and the transition temperature shifted to a temperature above zero. Relatively low level of degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the investigated steel can result from high stability of the ferritic-pearlitic microstructure.
EN
The article contains studies of micro- and domain structures obtained using atomic/magnetic force microscopy (AFM/MFM) of melt-spun Sm12.5Fe8Co65.5Zr1Cu13 thin ribbons in the as-cast state. In order to obtain the SmCo8.5 type of structure in the Sm–Fe–Co–Zr–Cu alloy, thin ribbons were manufactured using the melt-spinning method with large linear velocity of a copper wheel and proper selection of alloying elements. The obtained samples in the as-cast state were magnetized. The microscopic results were also supported by magnetic measurements performed on a vibrating sample magnetometer as well as by a quantitative analysis of phase composition obtained using the Rietveld refinement method.
EN
In this paper, the nanocrystalline (Nd0.85Dy0.15)10Fe83Zr1B6 ribbons produced by melt-spinning have been investigated by the X-ray diffraction method (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The XRD studies showed that material investigated was mainly composed of Re2Fe14B and α-Fe phases with fine grain sizes of 25 and 9 nm, respectively. The magnetic parameters determined from the hysteresis loop measurements are as follows: μ0HC = 0.96 T, μ0MR = 0.76 T, μ0MS = 1.09 T, (BH)max = 88 kJ/m3. The large remanence ratio (μ0MR/μ0MS) of 0.7 results from the exchange coupling between the soft and hard magnetic grains. The large surface interaction domains revealed by MFM confirmed the existence of strong exchange coupling between nanosize grains.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę topografii powierzchni tytanu Grade 2 po obróbce mechanicznej (szlifowanie i piaskowanie) oraz wpływ aktywacji powierzchni na właściwości warstwy po procesie utleniania w złożu w temperaturze 610°C i czasie 6, 8 i 12 godzin. Do badań topografii powierzchni oraz analizy adhezji zastosowano metodę AFM i scratch test, natomiast strukturę i zmiany składu fazowego badano z zastosowaniem metody SEM-EDS i XRD. Badania topografii powierzchni tytanu Grade 2 przed procesem utleniania potwierdziły, że przeprowadzona aktywacja powierzchni z wykorzystaniem medium piaskującego w postaci Al2O3 korzystnie wpływa na zwiększenie chropowatości oraz poprawę stanu powierzchni tytanu po procesie utleniania szczególnie w czasie 8 godzin. Stwierdzono również, że zastosowanie złoża fluidalnego do procesów utleniania tytanu pozwala na otrzymanie jednorodnych powłok tlenkowych o dobrej adhezji z podłożem, a tym samym poprawę właściwości powierzchni tytanu w aspekcie zastosowań biomedycznych.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of titanium grade 2 surface topography after surface treatment (grinding and sandblasting) and the influence of surface activating on the properties of the surface layer after the oxidation process in a Al2O3 fluidized bed, at 610°C and for 6, 8 and 12 hours. AFM and scratch test methods were used for surface topography and layer adhesion analysis, while SEM-EDX and XRD methods were used to examine the microstructure and changes in phase composition. Studies of Grade 2 titanium surface topography before oxidation confirmed that the surface activation carried out using the Al2O3 blasting medium increases the roughness and improves the state of titanium surface after oxidation, especially after 8 h. The results also showed that using of a fluidized bed for titanium oxidation allows to obtain uniform oxide layers for biomedical applications.
EN
The research was conducted on the basis of four different types of hard coal and one type of brown coal. There are typical coals commonly used as fuel in Polish CFB boilers. The combustion process was conducted at a temperature of 850°C and the atmosphere of ambient air as well as in the mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide in different proportions. The research was carried out using specially prepared cubical coal particles with measurements of 15×15mm and also 10×10 mm. The change of the mechanical properties was analyzed based on three parameters, i.e. compression strength, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness. The analysis was supplemented by microscopic images of the surface of the particles using an atomic force microscope. The results obtained clearly indicated the mechanical changes of the coal during its combustion, particularly at the moment of ignition of the char. Moreover, the results correlate very well with the processes of coal comminution that have been described by other authors (Basu, 1999; Chirone et al., 1991) during combustion in the circulating fluidized bed and also explain the sudden change of susceptibility to erosion in the conditions with and without combustion. The measured values can be used as strength parameters in the modelling of the mass loss of coal particles in conditions of circulating fluidized bed combustor that are hard to describe.
PL
Badania przeprowadzono na podstawie czterech węgli kamiennych różnego typu oraz jednego węgla brunatnego. Są to typowe węgle energetyczne wykorzystywane powszechnie jako paliwo w kotłach fluidyzacyjnych w Polsce. Proces spalania był prowadzony w temperaturze 850°C w atmosferze powietrza atmosferycznego oraz w atmosferze mieszaniny tlenu oraz dwutlenku węgla w różnych proporcjach. Badania przeprowadzono na spreparowanych do tego celu sześciennych próbkach węgla o wymiarach 15×15 mm oraz 10×10 mm. Zmianę własności mechanicznych przeanalizowano w oparciu o trzy parametry: wytrzymałość na ściskanie, twardości Vickersa oraz współczynnik kruchości. Analizę uzupełniono zdjęciami mikroskopowymi powierzchni ziaren wykonanymi za pomocą mikroskopu sił atomowych. Otrzymane rezultaty wskazują na bardzo wyraźne zmiany wytrzymałościowe węgla podczas jego spalania, szczególnie w chwili zapłonu karbonizatu. Uzyskane wyniki bardzo dobrze korelują z opisywanymi przez innych autorów procesami rozdrabniania węgla (Basu, 1999; Chirone et al., 1991) podczas spalania w warunkach cyrkulacyjnej warstwy fluidalnej. Tłumaczą gwałtowną zmianę podatności na erozję w warunkach bez spalania oraz z towarzyszącym spalaniem. Rezultaty badań mogą posłużyć jako parametry wytrzymałościowe w modelowaniu ubytku masy ziaren węgla w trudnych do opisania warunkach cyrkulacyjnej warstwy fluidalnej.
EN
Changes in the basic physical properties of selected areas of the Baltic Proper were analysed on the basis of the results of a 12-year series of high-resolution measurements collected during cruises of r/v "Oceania". The high-resolution CTD sections covered three main basins: the Bornholm Basin, Słupsk Furrow and Gdańsk Basin. Positive temperature trends of 0.11 and 0.16C year-1 were observed in the surface and deep layers respectively. The salinity trend was also positive. The rise in the air temperature has probably caused the increase in surface water temperature, while advection has been of greater significance in the deep layer. The increase in salinity coincides with the more frequent occurrence of small and medium-size inflows through the Danish Straits, even though large inflows are evidently less frequent than used to be the case. The seasonal variability of temperature in the water column was analysed. The phase shift in the seasonal evolution with depth is described. The maximum temperature shift in the waters investigated varies from 32 to 38 days.
PL
Membrany trekowe (MT) są nowoczesnymi materiałami filtracyjnymi, które dzięki swoim właściwościom znalazły zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach, między innymi w medycynie, biotechnologii, ochronie środowiska oraz w laboratoriach i przemyśle precyzyjnym. Ponadto membrany stosuje się w technice filtracji. Do wytwarzania MT używa się akceleratorów ciężkich jonów i wykorzystuje degradujący wpływ promieniowania jonizującego na folię polimerową. Folię z PET naświetla się wiązką przyśpieszonych ciężkich jonów. Powoduje to powstanie w materiale śladów – treków. Po wykonaniu obróbki fotochemicznej otrzymuje się membrany o unikatowych własnościach, takich jak gładka powierzchnia filtracyjna, niewielka adsorpcja powierzchniowa, nieaktywność biologiczna, stabilność chemiczna i termiczna. Do przeprowadzenia badań wykorzystano folię z politereftalanu etylenu (PET) – polimeru o dużej wytrzymałości, ciągliwości i skrawalności, odpornego na niską i podwyższoną temperaturę, kwasy, zasady, tłuszcze i oleje, obojętnego fizjologicznie i odpornego na zabrudzenia. Wykorzystując membrany o różnych rozmiarach porów (0,2; 0,4; 1,3; 2,3 μm) przeprowadzono filtrację wody z wodociągów warszawskich, częstochowskich oraz z Zalewu Zegrzyńskiego. Strukturę czystych membran oraz membran po filtracji wody obserwowano za pomocą mikroskopu sił atomowych (AFM). Powierzchnię obrazowano w trybie kontaktowym sondą wykonaną z azotku krzemu. Otrzymane obrazy poddano obróbce programem Nanoscope v720 w celu eliminacji zakłóceń i błędów, przedstawiono je również w widoku trójwymiarowym (rys. 8÷13). Następnie przeanalizowano sposób rozmieszczenia porów, zmierzono ich średnice i porównano z deklarowanymi (tab. 1). Obserwacje rozłożenia zanieczyszczeń oraz pomiar ich średnicy pozwoliły określić własności filtracyjne MT. Zaobserwowano również i omówiono wady membran (np. pory wielokrotne czy też nieregularność rozmieszczenia treków) oraz przeanalizowano przyczyny ich powstania. Zaproponowano rozwiązanie, które wydaje się najwłaściwszą metodą do odseparowania cząstek stałych z cieczy.
EN
Track membranes (MT) are new filter materials which due to their properties have been applied in many fields: medicine, biotechnology, environment protection, in laboratories and precision industries. These membranes are also used in filtration. A heavy ion accelerator is used to produce MT and the production technology includes the degrading effects of radiation on polymer films. PET film is irradiated by a heavy ion beam which causes the formation of tracks in the material. After physical and chemical treatment, the obtained membranes with unique properties such as smooth surface of the filter, low surface adsorption, biological inactivity, chemical and thermal stability. To carry out the research, polyethylene terephthalate film (PET) was used – a polymer with high strength, ductility and machinability, resistant to low and high temperatures, acids, alkalis, fats and oils, physiologically indifferent and resistant to dirt. Using membranes with different pore sizes (0.2, 0.4, 1.3, 2.3 μm), the filtration of water from the Warsaw and Częstochowa waterworks and from Lake Zegrzyński was carried out. A structure of clean membranes and membranes after the filtration of water were observed with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The surface was imaged in the contact mode using a probe made of silicon nitride. The obtained images were processed in Nanoscope v720 to eliminate distortion and errors, and they are also presented in three dimensions (Fig. 8÷13). Then the arrangement of pores was analyzed, the diameters were measured and compared with the declared values (Tab. 1). Observations of the distribution of pollutants and measurements of the diameters allowed the determination of the track membranes properties. Defects of MT were also observed (for example multiple pores or irregular arrangement of tracks) and their causes were analyzed. After the analysis, a solution was proposed that seems to be the best method for separating particles from liquids.
EN
The paper presents results of the influence of long term ageing at times up to 12 000 hours and the temperature of 580°C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of T24 steel. The research has been carried out on samples taken from a thin-walled pipe and included: microstructural investigations by means of TEM as well as the examination of mechanical properties (static tension test, measurements of hardness and impact strength). The examined steel in the as-received condition was characterized by a bainitic microstructure with properties meeting the standard requirements. Ageing of T24 steel at the temperature of 580°C and times up to 12 000 hours most of all contributed to: gradual disappearance of the lath bainite structure, the fall of dislocation density as well as the privileged precipitation of M6C carbides on grain boundaries, usually nearby the M23C6 carbides (Fig. 3, 4). Changes in the investigated steel microstructure contributed to a slight decrease in the strength properties (TS, YS, HV30) by 8÷12% and impact strength KV300/5 by around 20% (Fig. 4, 5).
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu długotrwałego starzenia, do 12 000 godzin w temperaturze 580°C, na mikrostrukturę i własności mechaniczne stali T24. Badania przeprowadzono na próbkach pobranych z cienkościennej rury. Wykonano badania mikrostrukturalne za pomocą TEM oraz badania własności mechanicznych (statyczna próba rozciągania, pomiar twardości i udarności). Wykazano, że badana stal T24 w stanie wyjściowym charakteryzowała się mikrostrukturą bainityczną o wymaganych przez normę własnościach. Starzenie stali T24 w temperaturze 580°C i czasie do 12 000 godzin przyczyniło się do stopniowego zaniku listwowej struktury bainitycznej, spadku gęstości dyslokacji oraz uprzywilejowanego wydzielania węglików M6C po granicach ziaren, zazwyczaj w pobliżu węglików M23C6 (rys. 3, 4). Zmiany mikrostruktury badanej stali spowodowały niewielkie obniżenie własności wytrzymałościowych (TS, YS, HV30) o 8÷12% i udarności KV300/5 o około 20% (rys. 4, 5).
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