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1

Sewage systems investment and operational costs in Poland and Europe in 1950-2024

Skoczko Iwona, Wysocka Katarzyna

Economics and Environment

|

2026

|

No. 1

art. no. 1077

EN

This paper presents a historical and contemporary analysis of investment and operational costs associated with sewer networks in Poland and selected European countries from 1950 to 2024. The primary aim of the study is to identify long-term trends and cost dynamics resulting from changing legal frameworks, technological advancements, environmental standards, and urban development pressures. The hypothesis assumes that the costs of sewer infrastructure are not linear over time and are significantly influenced by external regulatory and economic drivers. The methodological approach combines historical data analysis with the use of descriptive statistics and time series models, based on data from national and EU statistics, technical archives, and financial reports. The results indicate several distinct cost phases: post-war reconstruction, expansion during industrialisation, stagnation in the 1990s, and sharp increases after EU accession and implementation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. The study concludes with a comparative overview of the cost profiles in different European regions, showing convergence of expenditures after 2004. These findings may support future investment planning and policy-making in sewer infrastructure.

PL

Na obszarach wiejskich odpowiedni system kanalizacyjny ma kluczowe znaczenie dla ochrony środowiska i zdrowia publicznego. Systemy kanalizacyjne na obszarach wiejskich ewoluowały znacząco, dostosowując się do rosnących wymagań środowiskowych, technicznych i ekonomicznych. Przedstawiona w niniejszym artykule analiza kosztów inwestycyjnych w sektorze kanalizacyjnym w Polsce i Europie w latach 1950-2024 odzwierciedla wpływ zmian technologicznych, gospodarczych i społecznych na rozwój infrastruktury wodno-ściekowej. Na przestrzeni lat kształtowały się różne trendy w zakresie kosztów kanalizacji grawitacyjnej, ciśnieniowej i podciśnieniowej. Kluczowe okresy, takie jak przystąpienie Polski do Unii Europejskiej, globalny kryzys finansowy, pandemia COVID-19 czy wojna na Ukrainie, wpłynęły na zmienność kosztów i dynamikę rozwoju tej infrastruktury. Analiza danych porównawczych dla Europy i Polski pozwala zrozumieć, jak specyficzne uwarunkowania gospodarcze i polityczne wpływają na sektor kanalizacyjny.

2

Skuteczna renowacja w trudnych warunkach miejskich

Owczarek Grzegorz

Inżynieria Bezwykopowa

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2025

|

nr 2

70--72

PL

Z tekstu dowiesz się: jaka część zadania wykonywana była nocą, jakie firmy generalny wykonawca zaangażował do współpracy, co było kluczowym wyzwaniem.

3

Towards situation-dependent regulations for the prevention of ship-generated sewage pollution in specific areas

Čulin Jelena, Kopacz Piotr

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

|

Vol. 18 No. 3

613--619

EN

The objective of this paper is to present a background for a concept of situation-dependent adjustment of environmental regulations for the prevention of ship-generated sewage pollution. Unlike the standard rules based only on a constant distance from the nearest land that routinely disregard the effect of drift caused by local surface currents, tidal streams, or winds, we consider taking into account the situational dependence in addition. This includes the available hydrometeorological data on the seawater flow, the initial position and time of disposal, and ultimately, sea state, the physical and biochemical properties of the substances (sewage, wastewater) discharged overboard. Computing the approximate dynamics of drifted sewage yields estimated information on the prohibited (permitted) zones of discharge and the boundary subareas of the predicted distribution or the maximum (minimum) concentrations of contaminants, respectively. This can be further applied to the innovative decision support systems aimed at preventing local pollution, involving stakeholders on both sides: ship masters and shore services on marine environment protection, as well as to developing local legislation. In order to justify the proposed approach and to emphasize the relevance of situational dependence concerning the natural motions of sea water bodies, our study is illustrated with some examples based on real-world data including various drift effects.

4

Wpływ inwentaryzacji budowlanej na koszty inwestycyjne i eksploatacyjne przedsięwzięcia budowlanego. Inwentaryzacja sieci oraz instalacji

Knapik Maciej

Rynek Instalacyjny

|

2024

|

Nr 10

30--34

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano wybrane przykłady inwentaryzacji budowlanej, bazując na doświadczeniach autora w branży projektowej i wykonawczej. Analizę przeprowadzono w aspekcie ekonomicznym oraz ekologicznym na podstawie sporządzonych projektów. Wyniki analiz pozwalają ocenić, czy inwentaryzacja budowlana wpływa na koszty inwestycyjne oraz eksploatacyjne działań budowlanych, a także czy wymiernie przekłada się na uzyskanie efektów ekologicznych.

EN

The article presents an analysis of selected cases of building inventory based on the author’s experience in the design and construction industry. The analysis was conducted in economic and ecological aspects. The research included analyses based on the prepared projects. The results of the analyses allow for assessing whether the performance of building inventory has an impact on the investment and operating costs of the construction activities carried out, and whether they have measurable ecological effects.

5

Wpływ inwentaryzacji budowlanej na koszty inwestycyjne i eksploatacyjne przedsięwzięcia budowlanego. Audyt energetyczny

Knapik Maciej

Rynek Instalacyjny

|

2024

|

Nr 11

34--37

PL

W artykule opisano proces inwentaryzacji budowlanej z punktu widzenia audytora energetycznego. Analizy przeprowadzono w aspekcie ekonomicznym oraz ekologicznym, bazując na audytach energetycznych budynków jednorodzinnych oraz obliczeniach wykonanych w programie Audytor OZC 7.0 Pro. Wyniki tych analiz pozwalają ocenić, czy wykonanie inwentaryzacji ma wpływ na koszty inwestycyjne i eksploatacyjne prowadzonych działań budowlanych, a także na wymierne efekty ekologiczne.

EN

The article presents an analysis of the building inventory based on the author’s experience from the point of view of an energy auditor. The analysis was conducted in economic and ecological aspects. The research included analyses conducted in the Audytor OZC 7.0 Pro program and on the basis of energy audits conducted in single-family buildings. The results of the analyses allow for assessing whether the execution of the building inventory has an impact on the investment and operating costs of the construction activities carried out, and whether they have measurable ecological effects.

6

Radiation impact of ashes from the combustion of bottom sediments in a municipal sewage treatment plant, Czajka, located in Warsaw, Poland

Neffe Sławomir, Lemańska Joanna, Fliszkiewicz Bartłomiej, Jednorog Slawomir

Nukleonika

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2024

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Vol. 69, No. 2

107--111

EN

The aim of the present research was to assess the radiological importance of the fly ashes generated from the incineration of sludge from the “Czajka” sewage treatment plant located in Warsaw, Poland. The γ-spectrometry technique was employed for their radiometry. The high purity germanium (HPGe) detector was mathematically energy-efficiency calibrated. The ash samples were measured two times, i.e., after 24 days and after 3 months of storage. Storage was supposed to provide a radioactive equilibrium. Radionuclides from three natural decay series, i.e., uranium–radium, uranium–actinium, and thorium, were detected in the ash samples. Apart from these, 40K, 137Cs, and 7 Be were also detected. The indicated levels of radionuclides do not produce radioactive hazards, regardless of the method used for further management.

7

The changes of nitrogen content during sewage treatment : A study of a two-stages wastewater treatment plant

Młyńska Anna, Chmielowski Krzysztof

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

|

no. 61

106--114

EN

The paper relates to the changes in the content of various nitrogen forms, i.e. total nitrogen (TN), Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and organic nitrogen (ON) at the subsequent operation stages of a mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The obtained results indicate the correctness of nitrogen compounds transformations at the subsequent stages of sewage treatment; they are considered as typical for two-stages WWTPs, operating in the activated sludge technology. The analysis of multi-year data and the analysis for particular months show that nitrogen compounds in the form of NO3-N and NO2-N, were characterised by the greatest variability. Both the classical analysis of the nitrogen compounds content in each month of the year and the analysis using control cards prove that in the months characterised by a low temperature or by the impact of meltwater or rainwater, disturbances in the nitrification and denitrification processes can be expected, and thus, lower efficiency of nitrogen removal (winter months, the period between winter and spring, summer months). Knowledge on the transformation of nitrogen compounds at the subsequent stages of treatment can be useful both to improve the efficiency of the currently used processes and to model new solutions, which is particularly important in the case of biogenic compounds reduction.

8

An Innovative Three-layer Membrane System Intended for the Renovation of Water and Sewage Infrastructure Facilities Exposed to Aggressive Sulfate Environment

Pawlak Tomasz

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 2

art. no. 10

EN

Progress in the repair and protection of water and sewage infrastructure currently focuses on the use of a modern and innovative material in the form of polyurea, distinguished by its fast hardening properties and versatility of use, applied with a spraygun using high-pressure pumps. The development of new building materials is part of an ongoing effort to meet stringent environmental, health and performance standards, with polyurea offering significant improvements by eliminating solvents and volatile compounds (VOCs). The application process includes a detailed protocol (technological regime), starting from inspection and cleaning, through drying, to the application of three layers: a base layer to block moisture, a middle layer of rigid polyurethane to strengthen the structure, and a final sealing and anti-corrosion layer. This method guarantees a monolithic structure without joints, increases strength thanks to the rigid polyurethane and speeds up the repair process, allowing immediate return to service after application. Specifically designed for use in aggressive wastewater environments, this system provides excellent corrosion resistance, making it an ideal solution for wastewater infrastructure components such as reinforced concrete wells, sewage pumping stations and tanks. The ability to adjust the properties of polyurea allows for personalization in terms of environmental aggressiveness, size of the protected structure and abrasion resistance, marking a significant advance in infrastructure maintenance technology.

9

Warunki beztlenowe w zbiorniku uśredniającym, a odwadnianie osadów ściekowych

Hyrycz Michał, Ochowiak Marek, Krupińska Andżelika, Włodarczak Sylwia

Instal

|

2024

|

nr 5

35--37

PL

W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty badań wpływu czasu przetrzymania osadów nadmiernych i przefermentowanych na ich odwadnialność oraz jakość uzyskiwanego odcieku. Do badań wykorzystano próbki osadów pobrane z lokalnej oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych. Próbki przetrzymywane były w modelowym zbiorniku uśredniającym. W określonych odstępach czasu w próbkach oznaczano stężenie fosforu ogólnego, ChZT, azotu amonowego oraz czas ssania kapilarnego. Uzyskane wyniki dla osadu nadmiernego wykazały, że wraz ze wzrostem czasu przetrzymania dochodzi do wzrostu ładunku zanieczyszczeń w odciekach oraz pogorszenia odwadnialności osadu. W przypadku osadów przefermentowanych, dłuży czas przetrzymania powoduje spadek czasu ssania kapilarnego oraz ChZT w odciekach. Odpowiednie sterowanie czasem przetrzymania osadu stanowi więc łatwy sposób na obniżenie zawracanego ładunku i ilości produkowanych osadów, a przez to zmniejszenie kosztów eksploatacyjnych oczyszczalni.

EN

The paper presents the results of research on the influence of the retention time of waste activated sludge and digested sludge on their dewaterability and the quality of the obtained centrate. Sludge samples taken from a local municipal wastewater treatment plant were used for the study. The samples were kept in a model holding tank. At specific time intervals, the concentration of total phosphorus, COD, ammonium nitrogen and capillary suction time were determined in the samples. The results obtained for waste activated sludge showed that as the retention time increases, the load of pollutants in the centrate increases and dewaterability deteriorates. In the case of digested sludge, a longer retention time causes a decrease in capillary suction time and COD in the centrate. Appropriate control of the sludge retention time is therefore an easy way to reduce the recycled load and the amount of sludge produced, and thus reduce the operating costs of the treatment plant.

10

Treść pozwoleń wodnoprawnych a ich wykonywanie

Faron Mateusz

Forum Eksploatatora

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2024

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Nr 3 (128)

67-70

PL

Pozwolenia wodnoprawne to jeden z podstawowych elementów prawnego krajobrazu branży wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnej. Obserwacja praktyki organów i przedsiębiorstw z sektora związanej z nimi w ostatnich latach budzi jednak sporo zastrzeżeń.

11

Carbon emission reduction effects of heterogeneous environmental regulation: evidence from the firm level

Zhao Yi

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

|

2024

|

Vol. 31, nr 2

243--252

EN

The paper investigates the capacity of environmental regulatory policies to effectuate carbon emission reduction (CER) at the enterprise micro-level. It delves into the intrinsic correlation between these policies through theoretical analysis and empirical assessments, scrutinising the varied effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations (ERs) such as sewage charges and environmental protection subsidies. Findings reveal that diverse ERs can bolster CER, with sewage charging ERs manifesting a more conspicuous emission reduction effect. Rigorous robustness tests validate these initial conclusions. Moreover, distinct ERs exhibit temporal lags in their impact on CER; sewage charging ERs display a diminishing trend in emission reduction efficacy, while environmental subsidies ERs exhibit dynamic superposition traits. Importantly, incentives for green innovation and enhancements in total factor productivity emerge as pivotal mechanisms by which diverse ERs propel CER within enterprises.

12

The Impact of Electric Current for Sewage Sludge Characteristics from Anaerobic Sequencing Bio-Electrochemical Treatment of Sewage Generated During Soilless Tomato Cultivation

Bryszewski Kamil Łukasz, Rodziewicz Joanna, Mielcarek Artur, Janczukowicz Wojciech, Kłobukowska Karolina, Nowosad Joanna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 11

294--302

EN

The aim of the present study was to determine: the impact of electric current density on the quantity and quality of sewage sludge produced in anaerobic sequencing bio-electrochemical reactor (AnSBBER) with an iron electrode during the treatment of drainage from soilless cultivation of tomatoes. Direct electric current (DC) effect was determined at its following densities (J): 0.63 A/m2 (R1), 1.25 A/m2 (R2), 2.5 A/m2 (R3), and 5 A/m2 (R4). Sodium acetate in (C:N) ratio of 1.0 was supplied to the reactors to ensure the proper biofilm development. Contents of elements (K, P, S, Na, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Mg, C, N and Ca) in the biofilm were determined. Additionally, the content of total suspended solids and the percentage share of volatile suspensions (VSS) in the sludge were determined. The study showed that the organic matter content in the sludge corresponded to the values typical of the stabilized sludge (up to 28.8% d.m. in R2).The increase in electric current density caused an increase in the concentration of phosphorus in the formed sludge (from 6.34 to 8.00% d.m. in 0.63 and 5.00 A/m2, respectively). The analyzed sludge, compared to municipal sludge from wastewater treatment plants with biological reactors and activated sludge chambers, is richer in such elements as phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and iron.

13

Investigation of the Efficiency of the Ozonator in the Process of Water Purification Based on the Corona Discharge

Abdykadyrov Askar, Marxuly Sunggat, Mamadiyarov Maxat, Smailov Nunzhigit, Zhunusov Kanat, Kuttybaeva Ainur, Amanzholov Arnay, Orazbekov Asset

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 2

140--151

EN

In this research paper, the problem of studying the effectiveness of ozone in the process of water treatment was considered. In the course of the scientific work, a review of domestic and foreign literature was conducted; its advantages and disadvantages were considered. The research paper presented the theoretical and practical methods of water purification with ozone. The main factors influencing the efficiency of the technology in the process of water purification were also considered. It was established that as a technological method of water purification, the efficiency of the ozonation process includes not only the cost of electricity, but also the efficiency of its mixing, ozone dissolution in treated water. In addition, special attention is paid to the final stage of mixing the ozone-air mixture with treated water. From the results obtained, it can be seen that after primary ozonation, the concentrations of chromium, oxidation of permanganate, iron, petroleum products, metal ions and other pollutants significantly decreased. During further water purification, organic and inorganic pollutants are removed in the future (completely or up to the requirements of the standard). However, calcium, magnesium, sulfates, chlorides, pH value, alkalinity and hardness practically do not change. The water quality after primary ozonation according to bacteriological indicators met the requirements of the standard.

14

Wielopoziomowa walka z zanieczyszczeniem wód - nowa odsłona dyrektywy ściekowej

Dawidowicz Magdalena, Kowalczyk Jakub, Pietrzak Dominik

Gospodarka Wodna

|

2023

|

Nr 3

24--27

PL

Za zanieczyszczenie wód substancjami biogennymi - azotem i fosforem - w dużej mierze odpowiadają rolnictwo i gospodarka ściekowa. By ograniczyć wpływ tych sektorów na stan wód, regularnie prowadzone są przeglądy i aktualizacje programów i polityk w tym zakresie, zarówno na poziomie Unii Europejskiej, jak i krajowym, oraz realizowany jest szereg działań i inwestycji. Z uwagi na dynamiczny rozwój przemysłu i produkcji w ostatnich dekadach problemem dla wód stały się nowe rodzaje zanieczyszczeń. Do walki z ich ograniczeniem służyć ma szeroki wachlarz nowych rozwiązań proponowanych w projekcie znowelizowanej dyrektywy ściekowej.

EN

Agriculture and wastewater management are among the main sources of pollution of waters with biogenic substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus. In order to reduce the impact of these sectors on the status of waters, regular revisions and updates of related programmes and policies are carried out, both on EU and national levels, followed by a series of actions and investments. Due to the dynamic development of industry and production over recent decades, waters now face new types of pollutions. The draft revision of the wastewater directive - the so-called transformation - includes a wide range of new solutions to reduce them.

15

Ocena efektywności Komunalnej Oczyszczalni Ścieków w Ciechanowie

Świtkowska Małgorzata, Dalecka Weronika

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2023

|

Nr 7-8

38--43

PL

W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę jednej z Komunalnej Oczyszczalni Ścieków w województwie mazowieckim - Komunalną Oczyszczalnię Ścieków w Ciechanowie. W ramach części badawczej wykonano pomiary jakościowe ścieków surowych i oczyszczonych na zawartość biogenów między innymi: fosforu ogólnego, azotu ogólnego oraz materii organicznych wyrażonych wskaźnikami: ChZTCr, oraz BZT5. Przeanalizowano ocenę jej efektywności, w której uwzględniono zależność między Równoważną Liczbą Mieszkańców (RLM), a ilością wytworzonych komunalnych osadów ściekowych.

EN

The article presents the characterization of one of the Communal Sewage Treatment Plants in the Masovian Voivodeship - the Communal Sewage Treatment Plant in Ciechanów. As part of the research section, qualitative measurements of raw and treated sewage were conducted to assess the content of biogens, including total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic matter ex-pressed by indicators such as CODCr and BOD5. The evaluation of its effectiveness was analyzed, taking into account the relationship between the Equivalent Number of Inhabitants (ENI) and the quantity of generated municipal sewage sludge.

16

Redukcja kosztów oczyszczania ścieków

Bohosiewicz Grzegorz

Forum Eksploatatora

|

2023

|

Nr 2 (123)

58-61

PL

Gwałtowny wzrost cen energii elektrycznej w dużej mierze przełożył się na budżety zakładów komunalnych. Wiele oczyszczalni ścieków szuka możliwości zredukowania lub optymalizacji zużycia prądu niezbędnego do procesów, jednocześnie zabezpieczając się przed potencjalnymi karami, związanymi z przekroczeniami parametrów ścieków oczyszczonych.

17

Study on the treatment of fluorine-containing wastewater by precipitation-adsorption process

Li Xiaochang, Lyu Xianjun

Environment Protection Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 49, nr 2

55--73

EN

Fluorine-containing wastewater from the Yuncheng Sewage Treatment Plant in Heze City, Shan-dong Province was treated by coagulation and precipitation with poly aluminum sulfate, and CaO chemical precipitation-activated carbon adsorption, with a view to reducing fluoride ions concentration in the wastewater to below the discharge standard. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the coagulation-sedimentation test of poly aluminum sulfate were as follows: the dosage of poly aluminum sulfate 0.3 g/dm3, initial pH value 4.0, the removal rate of fluoride ion in the fluorine-containing wastewater reached 98.46%, and the concentration of fluoride ion was 0.462 mg/ dm3, which reached the discharge standard (1.5 mg/ dm3); The optimum conditions for the CaO chemical precipitation, and lanthanum loaded activated carbon adsorption method were as follows: the amount of CaO 20 g/ dm3, initial pH of the chemical precipitation test 8.0, the dosage of lanthanum loaded activated carbon 10 g/ dm3, and the initial pH of the adsorption test 6.0. At this time, the removal rate of fluoride ions in the fluorine-containing wastewater reached 95.81%, and the concentration of fluoride ions was 1.26 mg/ dm3, which also met the discharge standard.

18

Przyszłość pól irygacyjnych Wrocławia

Gierko Aleksandra

Zieleń Miejska

|

2022

|

Nr 3

36--38

PL

Kiedy w 1881 r. uruchomiono pola irygacyjne we Wrocławiu, zapewne nie spodziewano się korzyści dla środowiska przyrodniczego, jakich w przyszłości będzie dostarczał ten zalewany ściekami teren.

19

Analysis of the cost of leaks from the water supply system, including methods to reduce water consumption

Knapik Maciej

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

|

2022

|

Nr 84

73--92

EN

The article presents an economic analysis of water leaks from the water suply system on the example of a single-family house, taking into account methods aimed at preventing uncontrolled water losses, including also water consumption reducing methods. The analysis was conducted for selected variants in the economic aspect. The research included measurements of water consumption on the main water meter and specially prepared containers for measuring water leaks. Simple leaks that are not easily visible can generate over 1700 PLN additional costs per year for the household budget. The results of the analyses carried out make it possible to assess which variant of the analysis is the most favourable in economic terms, making it possible to reduce water consumption by up to 60% of the standard consumption. The payback time for the analyzed variants varies from 5 to about 310 days.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę ekonomiczną wycieków wody z sieci wodociągowej na przykładzie domu jednorodzinnego, z uwzględnieniem metod mających na celu zapobieganie niekontrolowanym stratom wody, w tym również metod ograniczających zużycie wody. Analizę przeprowadzono dla wybranych wariantów w aspekcie ekonomicznym. Badania obejmowały pomiary zużycia wody na wodomierzu głównym oraz specjalnie przygotowane pojemniki do pomiaru wycieków wody. Proste wycieki, które nie są łatwo widoczne, mogą narazić budżet domowy na dodatkowe koszty w wysokości ponad 1700 zł rocznie. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz pozwalają ocenić, który wariant jest najkorzystniejszy pod względem ekonomicznym, umożliwiając zmniejszenie zużycia wody nawet o 60% zużycia standardowego. Czas zwrotu nakładów dla analizowanych wariantów waha się od 5 do około 310 dni.

20

Modelling process of municipal wastewater quality - backgrounds and preliminary application

Bogalecka Magdalena, Dereszewska Alina

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

|

2022

|

Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2022

17--34

EN

The probabilistic model of municipal wastewater quality process is proposed in the chapter. The methods of its characteristics and parameters statistical identification and prediction are presented. Next the proposed model is practically applied to examine and characterized the quality of the municipal wastewater collected in the exemplary sewage treatment plant.