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Geostatystyka dla niematematyków. Przewodnik praktyczny – część I

Naworyta Wojciech

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 7

341--349

EN

Geostatistical tools are useful and even necessary in many fields, not only in geology. The obstacle to their widespread use is the seemingly difficult mathematical foundations with which the teaching of the subject usually begins. Many years of experience and observations allow me to claim that even if geostatistical methods are used, they are often incomplete and imperfect. In a series of three articles, I would like to introduce potential non-mathematicians to the most important methods and tools from the arsenal of spatial statistics and how to use them properly. I will indicate the areas where they can be used, explain whether they can always be used, showwhat decisions should be made during calculations and how to interpret the obtained results. It will not be a compendium, but rather a pocket guide facilitating the reader's first contact with geostatistics. In the first article, in the introduction, I will explain where the title comes from; I will show what geostatistics can be useful for; what is interpolation, is it always possible, when does it make sense and what does its accuracy depend on? I will show how imperfect the research material available to a geologist is and why we should use sophisticated software to solve seemingly simpleproblems. Using a non-obvious example, I will try to explain the phenomenon of autocorrelation, which is important in geostatistics. I will also ask a few questions, the answers to which will be in the next article in this series.

2

Geostatystyka dla niematematyków. Przewodnik praktyczny – część III

Naworyta Wojciech

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 9

451--459

EN

Geostatistical tools are useful and even necessary in many fields, not only in geology. The obstacle to their widespread use is the seemingly difficult mathematical foundations with which the teaching of the subject usually begins. Many years of experience and observations allow me to claim that even if geostatistical methods are used, they are often incomplete and imperfect. In a series of three articles, I would like to introduce potential non-mathematicians to the most important methods and tools from the arsenal of spatial statistics and how to use them properly. I will indicate the areas where they can be used, explain whether they can always be used, show what decisions should be made during calculations and how to interpret the obtained results. It will not be a compendium, but rather a pocket guide facilitating the reader ’s first contact with geostatistics. In the third article of my series, I will present the kriging procedure - an interpolation method based on geostatistical assumptions. I will list the most important activities and decisions that need to be made when using this method. Creating a model using the kriging method is the basic goal of using geostatistical methods, so in this article I will make extensive use of the content I presented earlier, from interpolation through autocorrelations to the variogram. The latter serves as an important tool in kriging. Using the example of a lignite deposit model, I will show how to interpret the model and the model credibility map.

3

Geostatystyka dla niematematyków. Przewodnik praktyczny – część II

Naworyta Wojciech

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

|

Vol. 72, nr 8

391--398

EN

Geostatistical tools are useful and even necessary in many fields, not only in geology. The obstacle to their widespread use is the seemingly difficult mathematical foundations with which the teaching of the subject usually begins. Many years of experience and observations allow me to claim that even if geostatistical methods are used, they are often incomplete and imperfect. In a series of three articles, I would like to introduce potential non-mathematicians to the most important methods and tools from the arsenal of spatial statistics and how to use them properly. I will indicate the areas where they can be used, explain whether they can always be used, show what decisions should be made during calculations, and how to interpret the obtained results. It will not be a compendium, but rather a pocket guide facilitating the reader ’s first contact with geostatistics. In this, the second article of a three-part series, I will focus on the variogram - the most important tool in geostatistics. I will show what is hidden behind the mathematical formula and what information about the analysed spatial phenomenon can be obtained only using a variogram. In the third article, I will present another useful function of the variogram. It will act as a tool in the process of geostatistical interpolation using the kriging method.

4

Geostatystyka dla niematematyków. Przewodnik praktyczny – appendix

Naworyta Wojciech

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2024

|

Vol. 72, nr 12-1

685--691

EN

Geostatistical tools are useful and even necessary in many fields, not only in geology. The obstacle to their widespread use is the seemingly difficult mathematical foundations with which the teaching of the subject usually begins. Many years of experience and observations allow me to claim that even if geostatistical methods are used, they are often incomplete and imperfect. In a series of three articles, I tried to familiarize potential non-mathematicians with the most important methods and tools from the arsenal of spatial statistics and how to use them properly. I indicated the areas where these methods can be used, explained whether they can always be used, showed what decisions should be made during calculations and how the results obtained should be interpreted. It is not a compendium, but rather a pocket guide facilitating the reader's first contact with geostatistics. After publishing my triptych under the common title "Geostatistics for non-mathematicians", I decided to add a supplement in which I will discuss several important issues. These include the condition of stationarity, the problem of the presence of a trend in the variability of the analysed phenomenon, and the situation where there are observations that differ significantly from the others, called outliers.

5

Skala projektów elektrowni fotowoltaicznych w Polsce – wstępne badanie geostatystyczne na podstawie bazy OOŚ

Pelczar Szymon

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2024

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T. 28, nr 2

53--62

PL

Moc zainstalowana systemów fotowoltaicznych w Polsce systematycznie wzrasta. Choć w strukturze rodzajów jednostek wytwórczych tego typu dominują mikroinstalacje, to swój udział ustawicznie zwiększają także instalacje wielkoskalowe – elektrownie fotowoltaiczne. Systemy te nie pozostają bez wpływu na środowisko, a ich realizacja niejednokrotnie napotyka konflikty społeczne. Praca miała na celu oszacowanie skali elektrowni fotowoltaicznych w Polsce przy zastosowaniu danych dostępnych w bazie ocen oddziaływania na środowisko (z wykorzystaniem analizy geostatystycznej). Wyniki badania potwierdzają znacząca liczbę planowanych do realizacji elektrowni fotowoltaicznych, przy czym widoczne jest ich zróżnicowanie przestrzenne w skali regionalnej. Ponadto wynik analizy geostatystycznej dowodzi, że najliczniejszą grupę projektów stanowią te o mocy poniżej 20 MW. Pomimo stosunkowo małej liczby projektów o mocy powyżej 50 MW, mogą mieć one istotny wkład pod względem mocy zainstalowanej systemów fotowoltaicznych.

EN

The installed capacity of photovoltaic systems in Poland is steadily increasing. Although micro-installations dominate in the structure of the types of generating units of this type, large-scale installations - photovoltaic power plants - are also steadily increasing their share. These systems are not without environmental impact, and their implementation often encounters social conflicts. The work aimed to estimate the scale of photovoltaic power plants in Poland using data available in the environmental impact assessment database (using geostatistical analysis). The results of the study confirm a significant number of photovoltaic power plants planned to be built, with apparent spatial variation on a regional scale. In addition, the result of the geostatistical analysis proves that the most numerous group of projects are those with a capacity of less than 20 MW. Despite the relatively small number of projects with a capacity of more than 50 MW, they can make a significant contribution in terms of the installed capacity of photovoltaic systems.

6

A grade control method without sampling preparation based on spectrometric techniques and the use of electronic detonators in an open pit tungsten deposit

Martín Ruben Alcalde, Diego Isidro, Castañón César, Alonso Teresa

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 68, no. 4

587--601

EN

Grade control is crucial for ensuring that the quality of extracted ore aligns with the geological model and mining plan. This process optimises production, reduces dilution, and maximises profits. It involves geological modelling, sampling, assaying, and data analysis. However, adhering to short-term planning in mining operations can be challenging due to operational bottlenecks that arise during the grade control process and blast design, along with their associated costs. Industry standards for grade control require acquiring extensive information and knowledge to achieve a high level of certainty, which takes time. Despite that, time constraints may necessitate making decisions under risk with incomplete information. In such cases, it is important to consider the opportunities, risks, likelihood, consequences, and potential success associated with each alternative. This study presents the testing results of alternative quantitative analytical methods on samples from the Barruecopardo tungsten deposit in Spain. Spectrometric techniques, including Delayed Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (DGNAA), Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), and Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence (FPXRF), were employed to determine the tungsten content. Based on the findings of this investigation, a real-time decision-making tool for grade control in open-pit mining has been developed. This tool utilises representative samples directly from the blasting debris, considering the inherent risks and uncertainties associated with the process.

7

On the influence of the nugget effect on the efficiency of magnetometric soil surface screening

Zawadzki Jarosław, Fabijańczyk Piotr

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 4

525--535

EN

The paper presents selected aspects of calculations and modelling of variograms from measurements of soil surface magnetic susceptibility for rapid screening of surface soil contamination with Technogenic Magnetic Particles (TMP). In particular, the methodology of variogram analysis in the case of multiple magnetometric measurements in one measurement location with the use of the MS2D Bartington sensor was discussed. A new approach to analysing such measurements was proposed that allows determining and using the nugget effect from standard, already existing measurements. This is of key importance for the quality of spatial analyses, and thus the screening results obtained by means of field magnetometry. In the paper, it was shown, step by step, that averaging the measurements performed at one measurement point during the calculation of the empirical variograms does not result in the loss of information on spatial variability in the microscale. As it was calculated non-averaged measurements were characterised by the nugget-to-sill ratio of about 96 % which was much higher than in the case of averaged measurements (close to 0 %). A range of correlation was similar in both cases and was equal to about 300 m - 400 m. The local variogram revealed a range of correlation of about 80 cm. As a result, the screening results are more reliable than is the case with the traditional procedure. An additional advantage of the work was the performance of all calculations in free R software.

8

Zmienność parametrów fizykochemicznych torfów w strefie przypowierzchniowej torfowiska w dolinie Strugi Wodnej (Wysoczyzna Lubartowska)

Rydelek Paweł

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 12

867--872

EN

The paper presents the results of research on variability of basic physical and chemical parameters of peats from a small fen in the Struga Wodna valley on the Lubartów Plateau. The variability of organic matter content, moisture content, pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) was analysed. Apart from descriptive statistics, geostatistical methods were also used, including the analysis of semivariograms. All determined parameters showed high variability, including spatial variability. The analysis of the semivariograms showed that for each of the parameters there is a nugget effect, indicating high local variability. The statistically highest variability, expressed by the coefficient of variation, was shown by peat moisture content, while the moisture content showed the highest spatial autocorrelation. The use of geostatistical methods allowed identifying zones with different properties within the fen, and describing the spatial autocorrelation of individual parameters.

9

Kriging – od górniczej praktyki poprzez teorię do zastosowań środowiskowych

Zawadzki Jarosław

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2020

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Vol.9, iss. 2

182--193

PL

W artykule w przystępny sposób przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia związane z metodą krigingu zwyczajnego, szeroko wykorzystywaną do estymacji zasobów górniczych. W szczególności opisano te jej właściwości, które choć zazwyczaj mniej znane to decydują o przydatności tej metody i umożliwiają kontrolę dokładności uzyskanych wyników. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono zastosowaniom roli wariancji krigingu, będącej miarą dokładności wyników otrzymanych za pomocą metody krigingu, oraz możliwości jej zastosowania do planowania sieci pomiarowych.

EN

The article presents, in an approachable way, selected issues related to the method of the ordinary kriging, which is widely used for the estimation of mining resources. In particular, such properties of the ordinary kriging were described, which are usually less known but determine its usefulness and accuracy. Particular attention was paid to the role of kriging variance, which is a measure of the accuracy of results obtained using the ordinary kriging. The possibility of using the kriging variance for planning measurement networks was also discussed.

10

Geostatistical Methods as a Tool Supporting Revitalization of Industrially Degraded and Post-Mining Areas

Zawadzki Jarosław, Fabijańczyk Piotr, Przeździecki Karol

New Trends in Production Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 3, Iss. 1

30--40

EN

Post-industrial and post-mining areas have often been under strong anthropogenic pressure for a long time. As a result, such areas, after the ending of industrial activity require taking steps to revitalize them. It may cover many elements of the natural or urban environment, such as water, soil, vegetated areas, urban development etc. To carry out revitalization, it is necessary to determine the initial state of such areas, often using selected chemical, geophysical or ecological. After that it is also important to properly monitor the state of such areas to assess the progress of the revitalization process. For this purpose a variety of change detection technics were developed. Post-industrial areas are very often characterized by a large extent, are difficult to access, have complicated land cover. For this reason, it is particularly important to choose appropriate methods to assess the degree of pollution of such areas. Such methods should be as economical as possible and time-effective. A very desirable feature of such methods is that they should allow a quick assessment of the entire area. Geostatistics supplemented by modern remote sensing can be effective for this purpose. Nowadays, using remote sensing, it is possible to gather information simultaneously from the entire, even vast area, with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. Geostatistics in turn provides many tools that are able to enable rapid analysis and inference based on even very complicated often scarce spatial data sets obtained from ground measurement and satellite observations. The goal of the article was to present selected results obtained using geostatistical methods also related to remote sensing, which may be helpful for decision makers in revitalizing post-industrial and post-mining areas. The results described in this paper were based mostly on the previous studies, carried out by authors.

11

Awaryjność sieci wodociągowych w województwach dolnośląskim i opolskim

Świętochowski Kamil

Instal

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2020

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nr 10

42--47

PL

Liczba awarii sieci wodociągowej na bezpośredni wpływ na wielkość strat rzeczywistych wody. Jedna z miar niezawodności systemu dystrybucji wody jest wskaźnik intensywności uszkodzeń. Wskaźnik intensywności uszkodzeń można stosować zarówno dla obiektów punktowych, jak i liniowych. Wskaźnik intensywności uszkodzeń stosuje się również do oceny grupy obiektów lub całych systemów. Celem niniejszego artykułu było sprawdzenie i przedstawienie oceny stopnia awaryjności systemów dystrybucji wody w jednostkach administracyjnych w województwie dolnośląskim i województwie opolskim w Polsce w latach 2015-2019, w oparciu o obliczone wartości wskaźnika intensywności uszkodzeń. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki analiz i klasyfikację powiatów obszaru badawczego pod względem klasy awaryjności. W dalszej części artykułu zaprezentowano uzyskane wyniki wskaźnika intensywności uszkodzeń w województwie dolnośląskim i województwie opolskim dla każdego roku oddzielnie. Uzyskane wyniki porównano ze średnią wartością wskaźnika intensywności uszkodzeń odnalezionego w literaturze.

EN

The number of failures and their frequency in the water supply system have a direct impact on the amount of actual water losses. The measure of the failure frequency of the water distribution system is the rate of damage intensity. The failure intensity index can be used for both point and line features. The failure intensity index is also used visually for groups of objects or entire systems. The aim of this article was to check and present the assessment of the failure rate of water distribution systems in administrative units in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship and the Opolskie Voivodeship in Poland in 2015-2019 based on the calculated values of the failure intensity index. The article presents the results of analyses and the classification of counties of the research area in terms of the failure rate class. The next part of the article presents the results of the failure intensity index for each year separately for the Dolnośląskie and Opolskie Voivodeships. The obtained results were compared with the average value or the failure intensity index found in the literature.

12

A new trend function based regression kriging for spatial modeling of groundwater hydraulic heads under the sparse distribution of measurement sites

Mohanasundaram S., Udmale Parmeshwar, Shrestha Sangam, Baghel Triambak, Doshi Smit Chetan, Narasimhan Balaji, Suresh Kumar G.

Acta Geophysica

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2020

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Vol. 68, no. 3

751--772

EN

Discrete groundwater level datasets are interpolated often using kriging group of models to produce a spatially continuous groundwater level map. There is always some level of uncertainty associated with diferent interpolation methods. Therefore, we developed a new trend function with the mean groundwater level as a drift variable in the regression kriging approach to predict the groundwater levels at the unvisited locations. Groundwater level data for 29 observation wells in Adyar River Basin were used to assess the performance of the developed regression kriging models. The cross-validation results shows that the proposed regression kriging method in the spatial domain outperforms other physical and kriging-based methods with R2 values of 0.96 and 0.98 during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively.

13

Prognozowanie powierzchniowo-czasowe jako podstawa w podejmowaniu decyzji rozwojowych i operacyjnych organizacji

Namysłowska-Wilczyńska Barbara, Wilczyński Artur

Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Jana Wyżykowskiego. Studia z Nauk Technicznych

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2019

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Nr 8

117--144

PL

Ważnym elementem zarządzania organizacją jest planowanie jej rozwoju i działań operacyjnych. W procesie podejmowania decyzji związanych z tymi działaniami w przypadku wielu przedsiębiorstw niezbędne jest wykonywanie prognoz obszarowo-czasowych, z krótszym lub dłuższym wyprzedzeniem czasowym. Dotyczy to przede wszystkim tych przedsiębiorstw, których działalność obejmuje duże obszary lub zjawiska stanowiące podstawę do podejmowania racjonalnych decyzji, w odniesieniu do rozwiązywanych zagadnień, rozwijających się w układzie powierzchniowym, powierzchniowo-czasowym, a także przestrzennym. Przykładem mogą tutaj być kopalnie surowców mineralnych, instytucje zajmujące się badaniem i ochroną środowiska naturalnego, przedsiębiorstwa sieciowe, np. telekomunikacyjne czy energetyczne. Przedstawiono metodykę badawczą wykorzystującą metody geostatystyki liniowej i nieliniowej, zastosowanej do modelowania, szacowania i prognozowania (2D, 3D) wartości parametrów opisujących różnorodne zmienne zregionalizowane. Dane wejściowe do analiz przestrzennych stanowiły wartości parametrów geologicznych, pochodzące z opróbowania wyrobisk górniczych w kopalniach rud miedzi, tj. zawartość Cu, miąższość i zasobność złoża (bilansowego), oraz wartości mocy elektrycznej w węzłach sieciowych najwyższych napięć 220 i 400 kV dla obszaru Polski. Zastosowane techniki pozwoliły na szczegółowe odwzorowanie zróżnicowania wartości badanych parametrów, wydzielenie anomalnych stref, określenie przedziałów ufności na odpowiednim poziomie ryzyka, oszacowanie niepewności i analizę zmienności tego ryzyka.

EN

A major element of managing an organization is the planning of its development and operations. As part of the relevant decision making process it is necessary for many enterprises to make areal-temporal forecasts more or less ahead of time. This particularly applies to enterprises whose activity covers large areas or phenomena, which constitute the basis for making rational decisions concerning the problems being solved, developing in the areal system, the areal-temporal system as well as in the spatial system. Industrial mineral mines, institutions studying and protecting the natural environment and network (telecommunications or power) companies are examples here. A research methodology using methods of linear and non-linear geostatistics applied to the (2D, 3D), modelling, estimating and forecasting of the values of parameters describing various regionalized variables is presented. The input data for the spatial analysis were the values of the geological parameters: Cu content, (recoverable) deposit thickness and endowment coming from the sampling of mine workings in copper ore mines and electric power values in the nodes of 220 and 400 kV ultra-high voltage distribution networks for area of Poland. Thanks to the above techniques the variation in the values of the investigated parameters was mapped in detail, anomalous zones were distinguished, confidence levels at an appropriate risk level were determined, uncertainty estimated and the variation of the risk was analysed.

14

Geostatistical analysis of hydrochemical variations and nitrate pollution causes of groundwater in an alluvial fan plain

Yin Shiyang, Xiao Yong, Gu Xiaomin, Hao Qichen, Liu Honglu, Hao Zhongyong, Meng Geping, Pan Xingyao, Pei Qiuming

Acta Geophysica

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2019

|

Vol. 67, no. 4

1191--1203

EN

Geostatistics was used in a typical alluvial fan to reveal its applicability to spatial distribution analysis and controlling mechanisms of groundwater chemistry. Normal distribution test and optimal geostatistical interpolation models for various groundwater quality indicators were discussed in this study. The optimal variogram model of each indicator was determined using prediction error analysis. The infuences of human activities and structural factors on the groundwater chemistry were also determined by variability intensity and the sill ratio. The results showed that nitrate content can be served as groundwater quality indicator, which was most sensitive to human activities. The nitrate concentration of both shallow and deep groundwater showed a decreasing trend from the northwest to the southeast. In addition, the spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate was associated with the land-use type and the lithological properties of aquifer. Rapid urbanization in the northwestern part intensifed groundwater extraction and aggravated the pollutant input. The central area showed little increase in nitrate content in the shallow and deep groundwater, and the efect of lateral recharge from the upstream water on the deep groundwater in the central area was greater than that of the vertical recharge from shallow groundwater. The present study suggests that geostatistics is helpful for analyzing the spatial distribution and distinguishing the infuences of anthropogenic and natural factors on groundwater chemistry.

15

Spatio-temporal analysis of annual rainfall in Crete, Greece

Varouchakis E. A., Corzo G. A., Karatzas G. P., Kotsopoulou A.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

|

Vol. 66, no. 3

319--328

EN

Analysis of rainfall data from the island of Crete, Greece was performed to identify key hydrological years and return periods as well as to analyze the inter-annual behavior of the rainfall variability during the period 1981–2014. The rainfall spatial distribution was also examined in detail to identify vulnerable areas of the island. Data analysis using statistical tools and spectral analysis were applied to investigate and interpret the temporal course of the available rainfall data set. In addition, spatial analysis techniques were applied and compared to determine the rainfall spatial distribution on the island of Crete. The analysis presented that in contrast to Regional Climate Model estimations, rainfall rates have not decreased, while return periods vary depending on seasonality and geographic location. A small but statistical significant increasing trend was detected in the inter-annual rainfall variations as well as a significant rainfall cycle almost every 8 years. In addition, statistically significant correlation of the island’s rainfall variability with the North Atlantic Oscillation is identified for the examined period. On the other hand, regression kriging method combining surface elevation as secondary information improved the estimation of the annual rainfall spatial variability on the island of Crete by 70% compared to ordinary kriging. The rainfall spatial and temporal trends on the island of Crete have variable characteristics that depend on the geographical area and on the hydrological period.

16

Compiling and verifying 3D models of 2D induced polarization and resistivity data by geostatistical methods

Mostafaei K., Ramazi H.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 5

959--971

EN

A 3D model of collected time-domain induced polarization (IP) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data is compiled by geostatistical methods as well as studying spatial correlation among the database. Mesgaran copper deposit, located in Birjand eastern Iran, was chosen to compile and verify the model, leading to five parallel surveyed IP and ERT profiles with dipole–dipole arrays. The collected data were inverted, and then 2D models of IP and ER were prepared; also 3D inversion was done. Afterward, the 3D model has been built by geostatistical methods. Correspondingly, the anomalies threshold was detected by fractal methods and the estimation variance and Kriging efficiency were calculated to validate the modeling. The mineralization zones were determined according to the classified anomalies and those with the lowest error. Results indicated a high correlation between anomalies identified from the model and mineralization. The results made it possible to construct 3D models from surveyed 2D data with acceptable error level.

17

Selected problems of emission inventories – geostatistical perspective

Zasina D., Zawadzki J.

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2017

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Vol. 6, iss. 7

296--309

EN

This paper presents approach that develops currently applied methodology for obtaining spatial surrogates for spatial disaggregation of air emission inventories. Considered sector was small residential combustion in the Katowice Urban Zone, situated in the southern part of Poland, due to its importance in emission budget, also potential health threatening of the ‘low emission’ sector. Results presented in this paper use geostatistical techniques: ordinary and indicator kriging to show dependence between spatial distribution of the urban density development (described by the built areas) and distribution of the district heating infrastructure. Obtained results should be useful for emission inventory compilers, for air quality modelers as well as policymakers.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wkład do rozwoju metodyki stosowanej do przestrzennego podziału inwentaryzacji emisji z udziałem tzw. surogatów. Zastosowanie krigingu zwykłego oraz wskaźnikowego jest zaprezentowane dla rozkładu przestrzennego obszarów zabudowanych, który jest surogatem emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza z gospodarstw domowych. Gospodarstwa domowe są ważnym źródłem sprzyjającym powstawaniu zjawiska tzw. „niskiej emisji” w Polsce. Wyniki przedstawiające zależność przestrzenną pomiędzy rozkładem przestrzennym obszarów zabudowanych, a rozkładem infrastruktury Śląskiego Systemu Ciepłowniczego. Mogą być wykorzystane do przygotowania lokalnych inwentaryzacji emisji na potrzeby modelowania jakości powietrza, a także dla rozwoju lokalnych polityk jakości powietrza.

18

Przestrzenne zmienności parametrów wytrzymałościowych gruntów organicznych i ich szacowanie na podstawie sondowań geotechnicznych : przykład zapory w Nieliszu (województwo lubelskie)

Rabarijoely S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

|

Vol. 65, nr 3

183--192

EN

This paper presents the problem ofparameter selection in geotechnical engineering design. The statistical methods with a literature review to estimate the characteristic parameter value are described. The literature review includes the description of the geotechnical parameters used for statistical analysis. In addition, the field tests (CPT and DMT) are presented together with the interpretation of the obtained results. The empirical relationships serving to calculate the parameter values were analyzed. Then, the Nielisz embankment was characterized, where the objectfor which studies were subjected to the CPT and DMT tests. Finally, the selected parameters using the statistical method ofclassical and bayesian approach were determined.

19

Selection of a semivariogram model in the study of spatial distribution of soil moisture

Obroślak R., Dorozhynskyy O.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 35

161--166

EN

The paper presents a selection of a semivariogram model in the study of spatial variability of soil moisture in a loess agricultural catchment. Soil moisture tests were carried out in the Moszenki village, 15 km northwest of Lublin. Soil moisture measurements were performed at two dates at 104 points, located on a rectangular surface measuring 700 × 1200 m. These points were laid out in the corners of a grid of squares with sides 100 m. In addition, 6 measurements were made at a distance of less than 100 m from the nearest points. Soil moisture was measured in the soil surface (0–5 cm). ArcGis software with Geostatistical Analyst extension was used for modelling semivariograms. In both terms, five models of semivariograms were used: stable, circular, spherical, exponential and Gaussian. Kriging was used for the estimation of soil moisture values. Among the semivariogram models analyzed in this study, the largest errors in the determined values of soil moisture relative to the empirical data were observed for the exponential model, and the smallest for the Gaussian model. However, it should be emphasized that the values of the analysed errors for the individual semivariogram models were similar. Application of the ordinary kriging method for interpolation of spatial distribution of soil moisture yields good results, but it has to be kept in mind that the final shape of the spatial distribution is influenced by the choice of the semivariance function model.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano dobór modelu semiwariogramu w badaniach przestrzennej zmienności wilgotności gleby w lessowej zlewni rolniczej. Badania wilgotności gleb przeprowadzono na terenie wsi Moszenki, 15 km na północny zachód od Lublina. Pomiary wilgotności gleby przeprowadzono w dwóch terminach w 104 punktach, rozmieszczonych na powierzchni w kształcie prostokąta o wymiarach 700 × 1200 m. Punkty te wytyczono w narożnikach siatki kwadratów o bokach 100 m. Dodatkowo wykonano 6 pomiarów zlokalizowanych w odległości mniejszej niż 100 m od najbliższych punktów. Wilgotność mierzono w powierzchniowej warstwie gleby (0–5 cm). Do modelowania semiwariogramów wykorzystano program ArcGis z rozszerzeniem Geostatistical Analyst. W obu terminach do analiz wykorzystano pięć modeli semiwariogramów: stały, kołowy, sferyczny, wykładniczy, Gaussa. Do estymowania wartości wilgotności na analizowanym obszarze wykorzystano kryging zwyczajny. Spośród analizowanych modeli semiwariogramów największe błędy wyznaczonych wartości wilgotności gleby w stosunku do danych empirycznych zanotowano dla modelu wykładniczego, natomiast najmniejsze dla modelu Gaussa. Wykorzystanie krygingu zwykłego do interpolacji rozkładu przestrzennego wilgotności gleb daje dobre rezultaty, jednak na efekt końcowy rozkładu przestrzennego wpływ miał dobór modelu funkcji semiwariancji.

20

Terenowy pomiar opadu deszczu pod koroną pojedynczego drzewa

Klamerus-Iwan A., Szymański W.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

|

2017

|

nr I/1

71--83

PL

Proces przenikania wody opadowej z atmosfery do pedosfery składa się z wielu przejściowych elementów. Jednym z nich jest ekosystem leśny. Zróżnicowanie ilości wody docierającej do dna lasu zależy przede wszystkim od wielkości i budowy koron drzew ale także od odległości od pnia. Zdolność do czasowego zatrzymania wody opadowej to proces intercepcji. W warunkach polowych pomiar intercepcji jest ze względu na trudności metodyczne i techniczno - organizacyjne, zadaniem trudnym do wykonania. Celem prezentowanych badań było skonstruowanie aparatury do pomiaru ilości wody docierającej pod korony drzew, precyzyjna kalibracja i testowanie przyjętej metodyki. Szesnaście urządzeń pomiarowych ustawiono pod koroną każdego analizowanego drzewa, siedemnaste urządzenie zostało zmodyfikowane do badania spływu wody opadowej po pniu a osiemnaste mierzyło opad poza drzewostanem. Przyrosty opadu zapisywano w określonych krokach czasowych co w rezultacie dawało przestrzenno czasowy obraz pojemności wodnej koron drzew. Do realizacji tego etapu wykonano deszczomierze zawierające zbiorniczek przelewowy. Rejestrator zliczał liczbę przechyleń skalibrowanego zbiorniczka i na tej podstawie określono objętości (wysokość) opadu w czasie. Jednorazowo doświadczenie celowo przeprowadzono pod koroną pojedynczego drzewa. Taki zabieg będzie pozwalał w przyszłości na komputerowe modelowanie wyników w zależności od zadanego zwarcia. Efektem wykonanych pomiarów jest graficzna interpolacja danych przestrzennych. Badania zrealizowano na terenie Leśnego Zakładu Doświadczalnego w Krynicy Zdroju (Południowa Polska). Do badań wybrano drzewo z prawidłowo rozwiniętą koroną. W przyszłości planowane jest wykorzystanie wytworzonej aparatury i rozszerzenie badań na powierzchnie zawierające zbiorowiska leśne.

EN

The process of penetration of rainwater from the atmosphere into the pedosphere consists of a multitude of transitional elements. One of them is the forest ecosystem. Variation in the amounts of water reaching the forest floor depends primarily on the size and construction of tree crowns (canopies), but also on the distance from the trunk. The ability to temporarily catch the rainwater is called interception. In the field, measurement of the interception, due to the methodological and technical complication is a difficult task to perform. The aim of the present study was to construct an apparatus for measuring the amount of water reaching under the crowns of trees, precise calibration and testing accuracy of methodology. 16 measuring devices were set under the crown of each of the trees included in the study, the 1th apparatus was modified to test the rainwater runoff on the trunk, while the 18th measured rainfall outside the beech stand. Increases in precipitation were recorded at certain intervals, which in turn provided a spatial-temporal image of the water storage capacity of tree canopies. For the realization of this stage, rain gauges containing overflow cylinders were prepared. The counter counted the number of tilts of the calibrated cylinder, and on this basis the volume (amount) of precipitation during a given time interval was determined. Once, the test was intentionally carried out under the canopy of a single tree. This treatment will allow in the future for computer modeling of the results, depending on the desired leaf canopy size. The result of measurement work carried out is a graphical interpolation of the spatial data. The study was carried out in Experimental Forests of University of Agriculture in Krynica Zdrój (southern Poland). For the study, the tree with well-developed canopy were selected. In the future, it is planned to use the equipment manufactured as part of the present study and extend the study to cover other forest tree species.