The water-filled caves are extremely detrimental to the stability of tunnel lining structure under the action of local high water pressures. In this paper, numerous tunnel models subjected to water pressures with different action conditions were established based on FLAC3D software. The influences of the magnitude, range, and action location of local water pressures on the internal force and deformation properties, and stability of tunnel lining structure were obtained by analyzing the bending moment and axial force, horizontal and vertical displacements, and safety factor. The results show that the bending moment and axial force, and displacement of tunnel lining structure are overall symmetrically distributed when water pressures act on tunnel vault. The maximum internal force and displacement basically occur on tunnel vault and increase significantly with the increase of water pressure and its action range; while the internal force and displacement values in other locations increase slightly with different amplitudes. The tunnel vault is the most unfavorable location of lining structure. When water pressures act on left arch waist, left wall, and left arch foot, the internal forces and displacements are generally in a biased state, with a distribution pattern of larger on left side and smaller on right side. The responses of internal force and displacement at action locations of water pressure are the most rapid and maximum, and the influence degree of water pressure gradually decreases with increasing distance. Overall, the farther away from the action locations of water pressure, the greater the safety factor of tunnel structure.
Identification of the reference base in deformation analysis is a key element in obtaining the correct deformations of the monitored object. As it cannot be assumed that all the reference points are stable, a stability check must be conducted as the initial stage of the deformation analysis. Most known methods used for the identification of stable reference points cover leveling or horizontal networks. This study presents an approach using a coordinate transformation for the comparison of coordinates corresponding to two measurement epochs in 3D deformation analysis. The proposed algorithm is aimed at selecting such coordinate transformation parameters that correspond to the acceptable transformation residuals for the points of the reference base. Three robust adjustment weight functions (Kadaj, Huber, and Danish) were selected as a basis for formulating the objective function. The six 3D transformation parameters create a 6D search space. The optimization algorithm (simulated annealing) was applied for the search through the search space for desirable transformation parameters. The simulated example 3D two-epoch network was used for testing the performance of particular objective functions. The necessary parameters of the objective functions and optimization procedure were selected empirically. The test results confirmed the correctness of the adopted solution and the ability of all objective functions to detect the groups of fitting points. The objective function based on the Danish weight function appeared to be most promising due to the wide possibilities of shaping its features, which enable tailoring the objective function to the specific need.
W artykule opisano trzy przypadki utraty stateczności zboczy i skarp wykopów, do których doszło w trakcie prowadzenia robót budowlanych – w Kołobrzegu (województwo zachodniopomorskie) oraz w miejscowościach Wojnicz (województwo małopolskie) i Bratian (województwo warmińsko-mazurskie). Kompleksowa analiza okoliczności, w których doszło do powstania ruchów masowych na omawianych skarpach, przeprowadzona na podstawie wyników wierceń badawczych, sondowań statycznych i analiz numerycznych stateczności skarp oraz weryfikacja literatury przedmiotu pozwala na podsumowanie najczęstszych przyczyn prowadzących do rozwijania się tego typu zjawisk podczas prac budowlanych prowadzonych w pobliżu skarp (u ich podnóża lub w koronie). Opisane przypadki utraty stateczności skarp wykopów, przy realizacji inwestycji budowlanych, świadczą o istotnych zaniedbaniach i niedociągnięciach podczas realizacji procesu inwestycyjnego. Podobnych przypadków, związanych z problemem utraty stateczności skarp wykopów i nasypów jest zapewne wiele w skali kraju i niewątpliwie wiążą się ze znacznym wzrostem kosztów danej inwestycji. Odpowiednie analizy i prace projektowe należy zawsze poprzedzić szczegółowymi badaniami geotechnicznymi, mającymi na celu rzetelne ustalenie budowy geologicznej, warunków hydrogeologicznych i wyznaczenie parametrów gruntu.
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The article describes three cases of loss of stability of slopes and slopes of excavations, which occurred during construction works – in Kołobrzeg (West Pomeranian Voivodeship) and in the towns of Wojnicz (Lesser Poland Voivodeship) and Bratian (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). A comprehensive analysis of the circumstances in which mass movements occurred on the slopes in question, carried out on the basis of the results of research drilling, static soundings and numerical analyzes of slope stability, as well as verification of the literature on the subject, allows us to summarize the most common causes leading to the development of this type of phenomena during construction works carried out near the slopes (at their foot or in the crown). The described cases of loss of stability of excavation slopes during construction investments indicate significant negligence and shortcomings during the investment process. There are probably many similar cases related to the problem of loss of stability of excavation and embankment slopes throughout the country and they undoubtedly involve a significant increase in the costs of a given investment. Appropriate analyzes and design work should always be preceded by detailed geotechnical research aimed at reliably determining the geological structure, hydrogeological conditions and determining soil parameters.
The article presents the results of the study of the stability of the reinforced ash-storage embankment (ASE) of a functioning metallurgical plant. The purpose of the tests was to determine the numerical modelling correction factors based on the model test results. The model tests were performed at a scale of 1:30 to the full-scale embankment. The numerical modelling was a simulation of model testing in two tasks. The first task considered the simulation of model testing on a reduced scale (relative to ASE) of a real sheet, using the characteristics of an equivalent material. The second task considered the simulation of ash-and-slag mixtures on an in situ scale with real characteristics but under the conditions of the model tests. The quantitative assessment of each of the research methods, as well as the identified regularities of the stress-strain states of reinforced and unreinforced embankment, are presented in the article. Based on the results of the studies, a method of stability assessment by numerical modelling was obtained, the results of which reflect the most reliable condition of the stress-strain state of the reinforced embankment (since the results are subject to adjustment based on the regularities of the model, although still in situ tests).
The key to safe and efficient mining of pseudo-inclined working face of steeply dipping coal seam is the stability control of the ‘support–surrounding rock’ system. Based on the comprehensive determination of the load characteristics of the support in the working face, the overall stability and internal component load characteristics of the parallelogram hydraulic support under the influence of different factors are analyzed. The results show that: (1) The working resistance of the column gradually decreases with the increase of the angle of seam; the working resistance of the balance jack, and the force of the front and back link all increase with the increase of the angle of seam. (2) The working resistance of the column and the working resistance of the balance jack increase, and the inclined and strike components of the constraint force of the hinge point of the top beam–shield beam change greatly. The top beam of the support is affected by the eccentric load, which affects the stability of the support and is prone to falling and sliding. (3) The parallelogram support also reaches the maximum stress at the connection between the column and the top beam, and the stress of the shield beam is relatively small.
The integration of photovoltaic and the energy storage system into traction power supply systems under railway power conditioner (RPC) or voltage source converter (VSC) access structures changes the original pure AC system into a hybrid AC/DC system. At the same time, which access structure of photovoltaic and the energy storage system has higher system stability and which has better adaptability are rarely mentioned in the stability analysis of traction power supply systems with photovoltaic and the energy storage system. Firstly, in this paper, impedance models for the two types of access structures of photovoltaic and energy storage systems are established, and the port impedance characteristics and stability influencing factors are analyzed from the aspects of system parameters and controller parameters. Second, combining the two typical working conditions of PV and the ESS access traction power system, from the perspective of stability, the robustness of the two access structures under the influence of negative impedance characteristics and the adaptability of access are compared. Compared to traditional stability analysis methods, the GMPM (Gain Margin and Phase Margin) criterion employed in this paper integrates both the dynamic characteristics and frequency response of the system, making it particularly suitable for small-signal stability analysis. Keeping the rest of the conditions the same under two typical working conditions, the RPC access structure has higher system stability when the two access structures input and output 35kW of active power, respectively. Finally, the simulation results in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform also confirm the better adaptability of the RPC access structure.
In response to the challenges of environmental protection and the need to be close to nature and to reconnect with it, an unusual motor yacht design is developed with an abstract architectural form modeled on an armadillo. Due to the innovative form of the hull, a specific approach to pre-design is used, with the research objective of verifying that for the organic form of the hull, it would be possible to meet all the design criteria and regulations required for the design of a yacht. This article first characterizes the initial assumptions and then presents the process of determining the main dimensions with simultaneous modification of the hull shape. In order to maintain the basic dimensional proportions, based on the classic motor yacht, the recommended values of design factors are controlled. Moreover, the hydrostatic parameters of the unconventional hull shape are calculated. As a result of preliminary resistance and propulsion analyses, a propulsion system in the form of electric motors is selected, and, to meet emission requirements, the use of photovoltaic panels is additionally proposed. A stability and equilibrium analysis is carried out for one of the load cases and checked with the requirements of the Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) rules. The design of the hull of the yacht, covered in an interesting form of scales, together with the layout of the yacht’s interior, is presented in three-dimensional form, bringing the conceptual idea to life. The result of the design work and analysis is an inspiring hull shape based on nature, complying with the design guidelines and regulations that apply to yacht design.
Artykuł dotyczy miasta San Leo, znanego z atrakcyjnych zabytków historycznych, zwłaszcza twierdzy Rocca Fortezza stanowiącej architektoniczne arcydzieło. Jest ona położona na wysokiej skale, której zbocza od setek lat ulegały procesom osuwiskowym. Najpoważniejsze osuwisko miało miejsce w 2014. Aby uniknąć potencjalnej katastrofy i zapewnić bezpieczeństwo miastu, w pracy przeprowadzono analizę proaktywną, polegającą na przewidywaniu problemu i podejmowaniu działań w celu zminimalizowania możliwych trudności związanych ze statecznością obiektów. Parametry geomechaniczne określono metodą analizy wstecznej dla przekroju, w którym wystąpiło ostatnie rozległe osuwisko. Obliczenia numeryczne wykonano przy użyciu metody elementów oddzielnych (DEM). Dla wyznaczonych parametrów przeprowadzono analizę stateczności i deformacji w przekroju potencjalnie niekorzystnym. Ponadto przeanalizowano przekrój klifu znajdujący się bezpośrednio pod twierdzą, dla którego zaproponowano środki stabilizujące.
EN
The paper is about the town of San Leo, known for its attractive historical monuments, especially the Rocca Fortezza fortress, which is an architectural masterpiece. It is situated on a high rock, the slopes of which have been subject to landslide processes for hundreds of years. The most serious one occurred in 2014. In order to avoid a potential catastrophe and ensure the safety of the city, the study conducted a proactive analysis, which consists of anticipating the problem and taking appropriate measures to minimize unforeseen difficulties. Geomechanical parameters were determined using the back analysis method for a cross-section located in the vicinity of the city, where the last extensive landslide occurred. Numerical calculations were performed using the distinct element method (DEM). A stability and deformation analysis was carried out for the determined parameters in a potentially unfavorable cross-section located nearby. In addition, a crosssection of the cliff directly below the fortress was analyzed, for which countermeasures were proposed.
In this paper, our objective is to design a robust control system for an exoskeleton (orthosis) intended for rehabilitation assistance, which could potentially extend to addressing mobility issues. It is important to note that, within the scope of our work, rehabilitation assistance is specifically focused on the lower limbs (legs), as the knee is a crucial joint in the human body and, consequently, requires both significant stability and mobility. The primary goal is to develop a control system for the exoskeleton at the knee level. To achieve this, several factors must be taken into account the disturbances and the nature of human muscle movements: Human movement is facilitated by muscle contractions and relaxations.
PL
W tym artykule naszym celem jest zaprojektowanie solidnego systemu sterowania egzoszkieletem (ortezą) przeznaczonym do celów rehabilitacyjnych, który mógłby potencjalnie rozszerzyć się na rozwiązywanie problemów z poruszaniem się. Warto zaznaczyć, że w zakresie naszej pracy pomoc rehabilitacyjna koncentruje się w szczególności na kończynach dolnych (nóżkach), gdyż kolano jest kluczowym stawem w organizmie człowieka i co za tym idzie wymaga dużej stabilności i mobilności. Podstawowym celem jest opracowanie systemu kontroli egzoszkieletu na poziomie kolan. Aby to osiągnąć, należy wziąć pod uwagę kilka czynników, zaburzenia i naturę ruchów mięśni człowieka: Ruch człowieka jest ułatwiony przez skurcze i rozluźnienia mięśni.
A very common reason for the loss of stability of slopes is water pressure resulting from weather conditions or changes in water filtration in the ground. The force resulting from these pressures is usually one of the main factors initiating the loss of stability. Stability is also influenced by changes in the water level in the slope after heavy rains. Stability taking into account the impact of water can be simulated using the finite element method using the c – φ reduction method.
PL
Bardzo częstym powodem utraty stateczności skarp i zboczy jest ciśnienie wody pojawiające się wskutek warunków atmosferycznych lub zmiany filtracji wody w podłożu. Siła będąca skutkiem tego ciśnienia przeważnie stanowi jeden z głównych czynników inicjujących utratę stateczności, na którą ma wpływ również zmiana poziomu wody w zboczu po wystąpieniu ulewnych deszczy. Stateczność z uwzględnieniem oddziaływania wody można symulować metodą elementów skończonych, stosując metodę redukcji c – φ.
In this work, a higher-order nonstandard implicit compact finite difference technique is used to study a two-dimensional nonlinear distributed order Cable problem. The distributed fractional order is defined in the Atangana-Baleanu sense. The key advantage of this strategy is the large stability areas it implicitly has. A particular focus is on examining the stability analysis of the proposed scheme through the application of the Jon Von Neumann approach. We show the effectiveness of the numerical scheme using two numerical examples, and we compare our results with the published literature to check the accuracy of the approach we have presented. The technique is a helpful tool for modeling this model, as demonstrated by the results.
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Developing a model of fractional differential systems and studying the existence and stability of a solution is considebly one of the most important topics in the field of analysis. Therefore, this manuscript was dedicated to deriving a new type of fractional system that arises from the combination of three sequential fractional derivatives with fractional pantograph equations. Also, the fixed-point technique was used to evaluate the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the supposed hybrid model. Furthermore, stability results for the intended system in the sense of the Mittag-Leffler-Ulam have been investigated. Ultimately, an illustrative example has been highlighted in order to reinforce the theoretical results and suggest applications for this article.
The stagnation point flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid impacting orthogonally on a heated rotating disk is studied with internal volumetric heat generation/absorption in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. A uniform suction or injection is applied through the surface of the disk. Appropriate similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing differential equations of the problem into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and then solved numerically using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. In the second step, the work is oriented towards linear stability analysis by considering infinitesimally small disturbances within the boundary layer. Using normal mode decomposition in the Görtler-Hammerlin framework, the resulting eigenvalue problem is then solved numerically by means of the pseudo-spectral method using Laguerre’s polynomials. As a result, the critical conditions for the onset of thermal instability are described and discussed in detail using multiple configurations. It is found that the presence of a magnetic field and suction/injection act to increase the stability of the basic flow. However, the rotation parameter and the internal heat generation/absorption contribute significantly to destabilizing the basic flow.
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The goal of the competition is to predict stock positions for holding, selling or buying stocks of companies from the S&P 500. Firstly the data is read in and the missing values are imputed with the median. Categorical data is one-hot encoded. A classification approach with mainly tree based methods is used. The models used are HistGradientBoosting, XGBoost, MLP and SVC whose parameters are chosen and modified through a grid search. For the stacking the models' prediction results are summed up and the result is mapped to the three positions. It is found that the result is a bit overfitted to the competition's test data which makes sense in regard to it being a competition. The stacking improves the score drastically. Concluding it can be said that machine learning models can hint in the right direction when it comes to handling stocks but fail at giving good financial advice.
Purpose: The aim of this article is to perform a multivariate statistical analysis of package filling process results for predictive production and quality management. The article presents a case study from the food industry that demonstrates the feasibility of using an appropriate set of control charts for ongoing and predictive production and quality management. Design/methodology/approach: The objectives of the article were achieved through the use of Statistical Process Control (SPC) tools, in particular control charts. The control charts used include both traditional numerical chart such as Xbar and S and special charts such as MA, EWMA, CUSUM and GCC. Findings: SPC tools such as control charts have proven to be extremely useful in monitoring the filling process and predicting future performance. By carefully monitoring the process using traditional and special control charts, it is possible to quickly identify small, gradual or sudden changes that may occur in the production process before the process gets out of control. Research limitations/implications: The research will continue by identifying additional factors that affect the quality of the product, particularly as regards precision and accuracy of dosing, and by evaluating the process studied in terms of its ability to meet customer requirements. Other statistical techniques will also be used to identify patterns and relationships between the various parameters of the process under study. This approach will provide more comprehensive information about the quality and ability of the dosing process to meet customer requirements.. Practical implications: By implementing the right SPC toolkit and using dedicated software that significantly speeds up data analysis, companies can effectively control the quality of the production process. By monitoring the behaviour of the process over time and detecting small changes and trends, it is possible to respond to potential problems in advance. Originality/value: This article is intended for production process managers who want to learn how to use the right SPC toolkit to obtain information about the process behaviour and the moments when intervention actions should be taken.
Along with de-carbonisation, the penetration of power electronic converters has increased, and the power system has become a power electronic-based power system. In such a situation, the stability of the power system faces great challenges. In the event of a large disturbance, the power grid will lack the ability to maintain a stable voltage and frequency. In order to improve the stability of the power grid, the traditional grid-following (GFL) control is needed to be converted to the grid-forming (GFM) control. This paper analyses the control schemes of the GFL and GFM converters by investigating their state-space models, and the eigenvalue trajectories of both control schemes are shown to analyse the stability of the systems. Moreover, a case study is exemplified to compare the performance of the two control strategies while responding to frequency disturbances. Finally, a time-domain simulation model of a 15 kW grid-connected converter is built in Matlab/Simulink to benchmark the performance of the GFL and GFM converters under different working conditions. The result reveals that the GFL converter may encounter some instabilities when applied in power electronic-based systems, while the GFM converter is more suitable for the weak power grid.
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The mathematical modelling of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) transmission using fractional-order calculus, especially the Atangana-Baleanu derivative, is investigated in this paper. HFMD is a viral illness that usually affects premature children and can have serious consequences. Conventional models based on integer-order derivatives have limitations in capturing the intricate dynamics of HFMD transmission accurately. Fractional-order calculus is employed in this study to enhance the modelling precision by incorporating memory and hereditary effects into the system. The Atangana-Baleanu derivative is used to explain fractional differentiation, allowing for a more accurate representation of disease processes. The proposed model is analyzed using analytical techniques to evaluate its stability, existence, and uniqueness. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of HFMD transmission dynamics and provide insights into effective control strategies for disease mitigation. In this work, the use of Atangana-Baleanu derivative indicates their potential for improving the accuracy as well as validity of mathematical models.
W artykule przedstawiono doświadczenia ze stabilizacji zbocza w trudnodostępnym terenie na wzgórzu. Zabezpieczenie stateczności zbocza polegało na formowaniu w gruncie metodą wgłębnego mieszania specjalnie ukształtowanych paneli. Panele miały określony kształt i lokalizację dobieraną na podstawie danych z monitoringu przemieszczeń i badań geotechnicznych podłoża. Rozwiązanie konstrukcyjne paneli oparto na analizach obliczeniowych prowadzonych na modelach numerycznych podłoża gruntowego.
EN
The article describes the experience of stabilization work on the Rotunda Hill landslide. The stabilization method consisted in the construction of soil-cement blocks, used as rigid supports. A computational analysis of stability was carried out and the optimal method of slope protection was applied using Deep Soil Mixing technology. The arrangement and design of the DSM panels were adopted in accordance to the numerical analysis. After the stabilization work was completed, the Rotunda Hill area did not change its form and shape.
In the formulation, the existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions and parameter perturbation analysis to Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations with integro-differential boundary conditions are discussed by the properties of Green’s function and cone theory. First, some theorems have been established from standard fixed point theorems in a proper Banach space to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of positive solution. Moreover, we discuss the Hyers-Ulam stability and parameter perturbation analysis, which examines the stability of solutions in the presence of small changes in the equation main parameters, that is, the derivative order η, the integral order β of the boundary condition, the boundary parameter ξ , and the boundary value τ. As an application, we present a concrete example to demonstrate the accuracy and usefulness of the proposed work. By using numerical simulation, we obtain the figure of unique solution and change trend figure of the unique solution with small disturbances to occur in different kinds of parameters.
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