Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Wojska obrony przeciwlotniczej w konflikcie rosyjsko-ukraińskim : 2022-2024

Openko Pawło, Własenko Jewhen

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2025

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Nr 2

53--64

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad ewolucją i skutecznością systemu obrony powietrznej Ukrainy w czasie pełnoskalowej agresji Sił Zbrojnych Federacji Rosyjskiej. Omówiono bojowe wykorzystanie systemów ukraińskiej obrony przeciwlotniczej w pierwszych dniach inwazji, a także skuteczność jej działania w warunkach zmasowanych uderzeń powietrznych i rakietowych. Zwrócono uwagę na międzynarodową pomoc wojskową, która istotnie zmieniła stosunek sił walczących stron. Dostawy nowoczesnych systemów obrony powietrznej, takich jak NASAMS, IRIS-T, Patriot czy SAMP-T, znacznie zwiększyły skuteczność zwalczania pocisków manewrujących oraz bezzałogowych statków powietrznych. Omówiono wyzwania, jakie stoją przed obroną przestrzeni powietrznej Ukrainy, a także zalecenia dotyczące dalszego doskonalenia jej systemu obrony przeciwlotniczej.

EN

The article presents the results of research on the evolution and effectiveness of the air defense system of Ukraine during a full-scale aggression of the Russian Armed Forces. It presents the combat use of Ukrainian air defense system in the first days of aggression, as well as the effectiveness of its operation in the condition of massive air and missile strikes. Special attention was paid to international military assistance, which significantly changed the balance of power in the air. The supply of modern air defense systems, such as NASAMS, IRIS-T, Patriot, SAMP-T and others, significantly increased the effectiveness of combating missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. The challenges significant for the protection of Ukrainian airspace, as well as recommendations for further improvement of the air defense system, are discussed.

2

Powietrzny wymiar konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego : kontekst strategiczny, operacyjny i taktyczny

Dziubenko Jurij, Makarow Wołodymyr, Rieznik Wołodymyr

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2025

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Nr 2

31--52

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad strategicznym, operacyjnym i bojowym wykorzystaniem lotnictwa przez siły zbrojne Federacji Rosyjskiej i Ukrainy w konflikcie, który wywołała Rosja w lutym 2022 roku. Autorzy omówili formy i metody wykonywania zadań bojowych przez lotnictwo, takie jak zdobycie i utrzymanie przewagi w powietrzu, wsparcie powietrzne działań wojsk lądowych, uderzenia na obiekty infrastruktury krytycznej, prowadzenie rozpoznania, desantowanie oraz wykonywanie operacji transportowych. Wskazali, że lotnictwo prowadzi głównie ofensywne operacje powietrzne, systematyczne działania bojowe, walki powietrzne i loty specjalne. Zwrócili uwagę na specyfikę wykorzystania bezzałogowych statków powietrznych jako środka ogniowego rażenia przeciwnika. Podkreślili, że lotnictwo sił powietrznych Ukrainy jest zdolne do wykonywania zadań, jednak pod warunkiem zwiększenia swoich możliwości dzięki dostawom nowoczesnego uzbrojenia i sprzętu wojskowego z krajów partnerskich.

EN

The article discusses the research on the strategic, operational and combat use of aviation by the armed forces of Russia and Ukraine during the conflict that Russia started in February 2022. The authors present the balance of power between the parties and the main tasks performed by the aviation, such as gaining and maintaining air superiority, air support for land forces, striking critical infrastructure objects, conducting reconnaissance, landing airborne troops and carrying out transport operations. They indicate that aviation main tasks are offensive air operations, regular combat operations, air battles and special flights. They focus on the specificity of UAV use as a means of destroying enemy with fire. The authors emphasize that the Ukrainian Air Force is capable of carrying out assigned tasks on the condition that its capabilities are increased with deliveries of modern weapons and military equipment by partner countries.

3

Ochrona antydronowa baz morskich i lotniczych w świetle ewolucji współczesnego pola walki – analiza doswiadczeń firmy Advanced Protection Systems

Wichniarek Dariusz, Piesiewicz Radosław, Woyke Piotr

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2024

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R. XVIII

1015--1022

PL

Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań i wnioski dotyczące ochrony antydronowej baz morskich i lotniczych w świetle ewolucji współczesnego pola walki, zebrane przez pracowników spółki Advanced Protection Systems od momentu założenia firmy w 2015 r. Analiza zebranych danych i ekspertyz pozwoliła na sformułowanie wniosków w zakresie ochrony antydronowej baz morskich i lotniczych, wynikających z obserwacji konfliktów zbrojnych po 2015 r. Potwierdzono wysoką podatność obiektów infrastruktury wojskowej na ataki z użyciem bezzałogowych statków powietrznych oraz powstanie luki w systemie obronnym większości współczesnych państw, związanej z brakiem systemowego podejścia do przeciwdziałania tego typu operacjom.

EN

The article summarizes effects of internal research with regards to the antidrone protection of air and sea bases, conducted by the Advanced Protection Systems company, after its establishment in 2015. The analysis of the aggregated data and expertise from the open sources led to the formulation of key insights. It confirmed the high level of vulnerability of the military infrastructure to drone attacks and gap in the defence system of most modern states, linked with the lack of systemic approach to counter unmanned aerial systems protection.

4

Defense and deterrence as the foundation of the a2/ad system in smart city air defense

Kopczewski Marian, Grobelny Zbigniew, Świętochowski Norbert

Safety & Defense

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2023

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1

14--23

EN

The extreme concentration of tangible and non-tangible resources in the environment of the Smart City calls for their securing and protection. In the case of threat emergence, the military would have to enter areas where local authorities cannot guarantee the security of Smart City assets. Thus, the question arises whether or not Smart Cities could potentially assist the military forces in performing their tasks better on the battlefield. Some military agencies are currently exploring the possibility of using the military in Smart Cities. For instance, the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is studying whether smart city communications and infrastructure could be of use on the future battlefield. This paper aims to indicate the potential for expansion and integration of the anti-aircraft defense systems to serve the needs of urban defense, thereby allowing the achievement of air superiority and implementing the assumptions of A2/AD systems. In reference to the research objective formulated in such a way, discovering the answers to the following questions was deemed crucial: What is the state of the current Anti-Aircraft Defense (AAD) system of urban centers, in particular Smart Cities? What are the possibilities of expanding and improving this system? How can the SMART CITY system be integrated and serve as an element of strengthening the AAD system? In order to answer the indicated questions, this article was written with the use of qualitative method consisting of text and literature exploratory research and analysis, and comparative analyzes of Smart Cities and Air Defense in contemporary military operations. To achieve the assumed aim, the authors have also conducted the evaluation of Air Defense combat capabilities, as well as the changes that have occurred in the environment of Smart Cities. The authors used thematic analysis methods to interpret patterns and meanings in the data.

5

Countering Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in Military Operations

Dobija Konrad

Safety & Defense

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2023

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1

74--82

EN

Although contemporary unmanned systems are used in every environment, they overwhelmingly dominate the airspace. They are commonly called aerial drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), while the systems supporting and controlling UAVs are called unmanned aerial systems (UASs). The widespread adoption of aerial drone technology has led to their increasing use on the battlefield. Therefore, finding an effective counter-drone (counter - UAS) weapon has become a serious challenge. This task is particularly difficult because we are dealing with a huge variety of unmanned aerial systems while their numbers are increasing at a record-breaking pace. At this point, there are also no fully proven counter-drone solutions, with most existing systems still in the research phase or newly introduced prototypes. The emerging problems and the set of uncertainties associated with them have become the fundamental basis for addressing and presenting this issue in this publication. This article discusses the crucial subject of defense against unmanned aerial systems from the perspective of modern warfare. The author addresses the question of how to plan and implement counter-drone defense in military operations, as well as what technical solutions could be useful for this purpose. Throughout this study, the author employed various methods, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, and case studies, primarily by examining available open-source information on recent armed conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. These methods enabled the author to validate his main hypothesis: there are currently no effective drone countermeasures systems, particularly against drones that can operate autonomously, utilize artificial intelligence algorithms for guidance and decision-making, or engage in large-scale attacks, known as swarms. Simultaneously, the author points out what new technical solutions should be developed to enable effective countermeasures and what tactics should be incorporated into military training to address this threat. Additionally, the article discusses to what extent existing air defense systems can be adapted for counter-drone defense and whether there are effective methods of force protection against such threats.

6

A Preliminary Assessment of the Effectiveness of Training Using a Virtual Reality Simulator of the Anti-aircraft Missile Launcher

Kulik Tomasz, Konopacki Mikołaj Marek, Rodzik Dariusz

Safety & Defense

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2023

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1

58--68

EN

Training an anti-aircraft soldier is expensive, complicated, and time-consuming. As a result, many countries, weighing the cost-effectiveness, opt to introduce solutions aimed at minimizing this trend. One of them is incorporating modern training devices such as simulators and trainers into the training. However, to make this happen, it is worth analyzing the effectiveness of training with their use by comparing it to that conducted in a traditional way. With this in mind, the purpose of this article is to present the results of research on the effectiveness of using a Virtual Reality (VR) simulator developed at the Military University of Technology in teaching the construction and basic activities of combat work in the area of conducting a selected check of the functioning of the SA6 Gainful missile launcher system. The theoretical foundation for the empirical research was provided by a method of analyzing literary content. By using the method of comparison and generalization, knowledge was obtained about the general construction and use of training devices in the training of the anti-aircraft defense forces of the Polish Armed Forces, and the features of the VR simulator were described. As regards the empirical methods, a study was conducted using a research sample which was conducted using a parallel triangulation strategy scheme involving the simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative methods. The synthesis served in formulating the final conclusions and in determining the relationships between theoretical and empirical studies. The results obtained in this way can provide valuable information about the effectiveness of using training devices in training anti-aircraft defense forces and serve as a basis for further work on their development and application.

7

Wielozadaniowe samoloty bojowe - wyzwanie dla obrony powietrznej (przeciwlotniczej)

Kulik Tomasz, Rodzik Dariusz, Michalska Anna

Aviation and Security Issues

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2023

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No. 2

181--197

PL

Doświadczenia minionych lat pokazują, że operacje w przestrzeni powietrznej często stanowią przyczynek do rozpoczęcia i prowadzenia działań zbrojnych. Należy się zatem spodziewać, że na współczesnym polu walki to właśnie zagrożenia powietrzne będą stanowić gros zagrożeń militarnych ze strony przeciwnej. Jednym z istotnych tego typu zagrożeń dla obrony powietrznej (przeciwlotniczej) są samoloty wielozadaniowe. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ konstrukcje te są nieustannie rozwijane, unowocześniane i wyposażane w rozmaite środki rozpoznania i rażenia. Taki stan rzeczy powoduje, że mogą skutecznie realizować różnorakie zadania, między innymi te mające na celu wywalczenie i utrzymanie przewagi w powietrzu. Mając to na uwadze, za cel niniejszych badań autorzy postawili sobie pogłębienie wiedzy na temat wielozadaniowych samolotów bojowych, a co za tym idzie omówienie wyzwań stojących przed obroną powietrzną (przeciwlotniczą). Stąd też w pierwszej kolejności w artykule wyjaśniono istotę terminu wielozadaniowy samolot bojowy. Następnie scharakteryzowano wybrane współczesne wielozadaniowe samoloty bojowe. W dalszej części skupiono się na opisaniu wybranych wielozadaniowych samolotów przyszłości, a także ich cech mających wpływ na obronę powietrzną (przeciwlotniczą). Zebrany w ten sposób materiał badawczy pozwolił sformułować wnioski końcowe mające na celu identyfikację wyzwań, jakie stoją przed obroną powietrzną (przeciwlotniczą) w teraźniejszości i przyszłości. W artykule posłużono się takimi metodami badawczymi, jak analiza, synteza, uogólnienie oraz porównanie.

EN

The experience of recent years shows that operations in airspace often contribute to the initiation and conduct of military operations. It is therefore expected that on the modern battlefield, air threats will constitute the bulk of the military threats from the opposing side. One of the significant threats of this type to air defense (anti-aircraft) are multi-role combat aircraft. This is because these structures are constantly being developed, modernized and equipped with various means of reconnaissance and destruction. This state of affairs means that they can effectively perform various tasks, including those aimed at gaining and maintaining air superiority. With this in mind, the aim of this research was to deepen the knowledge about multi-role combat aircraft and, consequently, to discuss the challenges facing air defense (anti- -aircraft). Hence, first of all, the article explains the essence of the term multi-role combat aircraft. Then, selected modern multi-role combat aircraft were characterized. The following part focuses on describing selected multi-role combat aircraft of the future, as well as their features affecting air defense (anti-aircraft). The research material collected in this way made it possible to formulate final conclusions aimed at identifying the challenges facing air defense (anti-aircraft) in the present and the future. The article uses research methods such as analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparison.

8

Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Challenges to Air Defense

Cieślak Eugeniusz

Safety & Defense

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2021

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1

72--83

EN

The 2019 attacks on the oil processing facilities in Saudi Arabia and the effectiveness of combating Armenian long-range anti-aircraft systems have highlighted the nature and scale of the challenges for air defense posed by unmanned aircraft systems. The aim of this article is to summarize the lessons learned from the use of unmanned systems in recent conflicts, to assess the development of trends in such systems, and to discuss the implications of those developments for air defense. This article discusses the impact of the development of unmanned aircraft systems on air defense concepts, their organization, and the effectiveness of this defense for the defended assets. It also tries to highlight how unmanned aircraft systems may reduce the survivability of air defense systems. This research is based on publicly available documents related to air defense and unmanned aircraft systems as well as selected analytical studies on the implications of the development and use of unmanned aircraft systems for air defense. As such, this research identifies the possible challenges related to ensuring effective air defense against attacks by unmanned aircraft systems, resulting from the costs of defense despite the availability of technological solutions. It also raises the issue of survivability of air defense systems if attacked by unmanned aircraft systems.

9

The Tactical and Technical Functioning Conditions of the S-200C Vega Missile System on the Modern Battlefield

Pietrasieński Jan, Rodzik Dariusz, Bużantowicz Witold

Safety & Defense

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2021

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2

80--89

EN

The Polish armed forces have used the S-200 Vega surface-to-air missile (SAM) system since the middle of the 1980s. In the early 21st century, it was upgraded to a digital version and adapted to the reality of air combat at the time. After almost twenty years of service since its upgrade, it remains the only long-range SAM in the armament of the Polish Air Force. Today, this SAM system is undergoing a major modification, again, to maintain its long-range anti-air attack potential and the required combat functionalities. The objective of this paper is to identify the technical and tactical functioning conditions of the S-200 family of SAM system on the modern battlefield. In order to achieve this goal, the authors used theoretical methods of research. As a result of the conducted analyzes, this paper presents the operational experience gained so far and a justification for the continued service of the Vega SAM system.

10

The Political and Military Aspects of Creating Anti-Access/Area-Denial Systems (A2/Ad): The Example of China and Russia

Dobija Konrad

Safety & Defense

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2021

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2

22--39

EN

Over the last two decades, China and Russia have been developing Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems Mainly based on long range Air Defense, ballistic and cruise missiles, supported by Electronic Warfare and cyberattack capabilities. Initially, these systems were used for defense purposes, but over time it was recognized they could be also applied for imposing military situation in the specific regions and create effective response to NATO countries and their concept of conducting military operations. The main aim of the article is to asses and present the impact of Chinese and Russian Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD) systems on changes in global political relations and balance of military power. In the course of this study, the author used numerous analyzes, synthesis, comparisons and case studies methods mainly concentrated on presently operating A2/AD systems. This article undertakes the analysis of the Chinese bases located in the South China Sea and Djibouti, Russian A2/AD systems within Russia's borders with particular emphasis on Kaliningrad Oblast, and A2/AD systems in Crimea and Syria created as part of Russian military operations. This research allowed us to conclude that some of the A2/AD systems serve to defend borders, while the rest are created to influence the geopolitical and military situation or to gain an advantage in the area of military operations. It can be also evaluate that the use of these systems allow dominate future conflicts because they enable to establish a full control zones which are completely closed for opponents forces operations.

11

The Multi-Criteria Method for the Evaluation of Combat Capabilities of Surface to Air Missile Systems for the NAREW Program

Kulik Tomasz

Safety & Defense

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2021

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2

90--104

EN

The selection of weapon systems involves a number of activities to choose the best system in relation to the predefined operational requirements and other vital criteria. In the case of surface to air missile systems competing for the NAREW program, attempts are being made to obtain an asset that will be capable of engaging a spectrum of air threats, under specified conditions, with a predefined high degree of probability. In order to make the right choice, it is necessary to an alyze information on performance and combat capabilities. Thus, the aim of this article is to develop a preliminary method of evaluating the capabilities of surface to air missile systems offered under the NAREW program. The theoretical foundation of the empirical study was provided by the method of literature content analysis. Using the methods of comparison and generalization, the author obtained data on the combat capabilities of surface to air missile systems expressed through their tactical and technical parameters. Among the empirical methods, the author applied the algorithm of a multi-criteria analysis and an assessment of the capabilities of surface to air missile systems based on the use of matrix calculus. The diagnostic survey, conducted by means of the questionnaire technique, made it possible to prioritize the adopted evaluation criteria and, consequently, to conduct proper research. The formulation of the final conclusions and establishing the links between the theoretical and empirical part of the study was achieved by means of a synthesis. The results obtained in such a manner may constitute a valuable information database, showing the directions that should be considered when selecting a short-range surface to air missile (SAM) System for Poland. The evaluations and suggestions included in this study can be used for prospective solutions and research conducted in a similar area.

12

Polish Public Opinion on the United States Missile Defense Complex in Poland

Lipińska Justyna

Safety & Defense

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2021

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3

32--41

EN

The ongoing cooperation between the United States and Poland on ballistic missile defense has been centered for a long time solely around the construction of the U.S. missile defense complex in Redzikowo, Poland. Although the complex is going to operate as an element of the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defense System, its origins were tied to bilateral security and defense cooperation between the U.S. and Poland. As the presence of the U.S. military forces in Poland will remain crucial for Polish security and defense, and the societal support will be vital for its sustainment, it is worth exploring how Polish society reacted to concepts and plans for fielding the U.S. missile defense complex several years ago. The aim of this article was to explore the evolution of societal support and public opinion in Poland related to the construction of the U.S. missile defense complex in Redzikowo, Poland. The following research problem was posed: how has Polish public opinion about the missile defense complex construction changed over time? The research relied on methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and the primary research technique was the analysis of public opinion polls in Poland between 2004 and 2019.Public opinion has remained interested in the developments related to hosting the U.S. missile defense complex in Poland since early negotiations to the project implementation phase. The project was seen in a broader context of security and defense cooperation with the U.S. and within the NATO.

13

Landmarks in Romanian History of Anti-Aircraft Artillery: The Anti-Aircraft Gun Director Computer, “Ion Bungescu”

Gherman Laurian, Roman Cosmina, Żmigrodzka Małgorzata

Safety & Defense

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2021

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2

144--157

EN

The main purpose of this article is to present the decisive contribution that Brigadier General Ion Bungescu had to the development of anti-aircraft artillery in Romania. To achieve this objective we describe in the paper the evolution of the anti-aircraft gun director computer he invented, as well as its modus operandi.The adopted methods include quantitative and qualitative analyses of documents, manuals and albums published during the considered period, and some published by Brigadier General Ion Bungescu.The results of the article are presented in the context of the accelerated development of military aviation between the two world wars. This development put terrible pressure on the development of anti-aircraft artillery that started with land guns adapted for anti-aircraft firing in 1916 and reached anti-aircraft guns controlled by Gun Director Computer in 1945. We can compare the development of military aviation during that time with the development of information technology over the last 30 years, from connecting computers in the network to the use of artificial intelligence.

14

Air Defense of the Baltic States: Looking toward the Future

Cieślak Eugeniusz

Safety & Defense

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2021

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2

12--21

EN

The article offers a discussion of the origins, current state, and the future of air defence for the Baltic states. It relates developments in the field of air defense to changes in the security environment and the defence policies of the Baltic states. The article starts with a retrospective on the origins and development of air defence in the Baltic states before they joined NATO. Then, it focuses on the early years of integration with NATO Integrated Air Defense System and implications for air defence related to changes in the security of the Euro-Atlantic region stemming from aggressive Russian actions. An assessment of the current posture of air defence in the Baltic states serves as a starting point for a discussion on requirements for future developments and predicting possible outcomes. The research uses unclassified, publicly available documents and analytical reports to provide background information for a discussion on the future of air defense for the Baltic states. The Baltic states are aware of the limitations of their air defense and try to develop this capability within available resources. Changes to security environment after 2014 gave a new impetus to develop the air defense of the Baltic states, both through efforts undertaken by NATO and for national capability development.

15

Air security of NATO’s eastern flank: threats and challenges

Michalski Daniel, Bernat Paweł

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2020

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Vol. 52, No. 2(196)

352--365

EN

The focal point of the paper is to assess the air security on the NATO’s eastern flank in the context of the dynamic changes that have occurred in its immediate vicinity. The authors, beginning with an overview of the current framework of the air security situation in the region, have analysed the developments that have taken place in that regard. The modernisation of missile systems, as well as air and space forces by the Russian Federation, both in qualitative and quantitative terms, have been the subject of thorough scrutiny. The challenges generated by the new situation have been weighed against the current and future NATO’s defence capabilities against air threats.

PL

Artykuł skupia się na ocenie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego wschodniej flanki NATO w kontekście dynamicznych zmian w jego bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie. Autorzy rozpoczynając od przeglądu obecnej sytuacji w zakresie bezpieczeństwa powietrznego w regionie, dokonali analizy rozwoju tego środowiska. Szczególną uwagę zwracając przy tym na proces modernizacji systemów rakietowych, sił powietrznych i kosmicznych Federacji Rosyjskiej, zarówno pod względem jakościowym jak i ilościowym. Wyzwania wynikające z nowej sytuacji zostały porównane z obecnymi i przyszłymi zdolnościami obronnymi NATO przed zagrożeniami lotniczymi.

16

The Development of Poland’s Air Defense System: The Operational Context

Cieślak Eugeniusz

Safety & Defense

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2020

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1

1--10

EN

This article discusses the operational context for the development of Poland's air defense system. This assessment focuses on air defense operations in high intensity conflict. Recommendations include setting a realistic level of ambition in the field of air defense and increasing operational capabilities through the modernization of its combat assets. The priority proposed for Poland’s air defense system is to introduce a new generation of short range surface to air missile systems and then develop medium range air and missile defense capabilities.

17

Counting the Uncountable: Introduction to the New Method of Evaluation of the Efficiency of Air Defense

Michalski Daniel, Radomyski Adam

Safety & Defense

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2020

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2

100-112

EN

The aim of the research was to create such a calculation model for the air defense efficiency that will enable to determine the degree of implementation of the task by anti-aircraft defense forces in combat conditions. The innovative approach to the efficiency of air defense presented in the article focuses on the methods and algorithms enabling the assessment of the feasibility of the air defense task. In its general form, it is based on the determination of the probable number of air assault assets intended for the implementation of an air task (destruction, incapacitation, disorganization of the cover object) and the possibility of air defense sets (means) to repel an air attack. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative methods – when determining the elements of protection or tactical and technical data. The results of the presented research can be implemented in the command process in air defense.

18

PILICA Anti-Aircraft Rocket-Artillery System : a V-SHROAD System

Domoń Dariusz, Duda Stanisław, Łabno Maciej

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2020

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Vol. 11, Nr 1 (39)

103--112

EN

The PILICA Anti-Aircraft Rocket-Artillery System has been developed for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland. The PILICA Anti-Aircraft Rocket Artillery System is composed of: The Command and Control station, the Radiolocating station, six Firing Units along with Artillery Tractors, two Transport Vehicles, and two Ammunition Vehicles. PILICA's task is that of detecting, recognising, and identifying objects, then automatically dividing the tasks and commands for efficient elimination. PILICA’s Firing Unit has autonomous-mode target detection, identification and elimination capabilities (without cooperating with Command and Control) using equipment such as its optoelectronic head and IFF system. In the system operation mode and in cooperation with Command and Control, the Firing Unit and its subsystems ensure the reception of commands/combat tasks in its fire responsibility zone, as well as reporting statuses and the completion of the given combat tasks. Reporting and command reception from the Command and Control station is automated. The Firing Unit can fire using its automatic tracking system, or when operated in manual mode. The Firing unit has been equipped with a portable remote control console, providing the ability to use it remotely. In case of a power supply malfunction in the Firing Unit, it is possible to use it entirely manually, with the use of artillery weapons. The Firing Unit is equipped with a stabilised, optoelectronic day-night head that enables it to work independently of the weapons when it comes to observation and detecting, as well as identifying, objects. The head constitutes not only an element of the guidance system, but also a source of information for the entire System, as the data on the detected and observed objects is exchanged within the entire command network. PILICA is equipped with a unique formation and training system, providing capabilities for training teams on real equipment, with the use of a virtual simulation management system employing the DIS protocol.

PL

Przeciwlotniczy System Rakietowo Artyleryjski PILICA opracowany został na potrzeby Sił Zbrojnych RP. W skład PSR-A PILICA wchodzą: Stanowisko Dowodzenia, Stacja Radiolokacyjna, sześć Jednostek Ogniowych wraz z Ciągnikami Artyleryjskimi, dwa Pojazdy Transportowe, dwa Pojazdy Amunicyjne. PSR-A PILICA ma za zadanie wykrywać, rozpoznawać i identyfikować obiekty, a następnie rozdzielać zadania i komendy w sposób zautomatyzowany w celu skutecznego zwalczania. Jednostka Ogniowa PSR-A PILICA posiada możliwości wykrywania, identyfikacji oraz zwalczania celów w trybie autonomicznym (bez współpracy ze Stanowiskiem Dowodzenia) poprzez posiadane wyposażenie takie jak głowica optoelektroniczna oraz system IFF. W trybie pracy systemowej, przy współpracy ze Stanowiskiem Dowodzenia, Jednostka Ogniowa oraz jej podsystemy zapewniają odbiór komend/zadań bojowych w swojej strefie odpowiedzialności ogniowej, raportowanie statusów oraz wykonania postawionych zadań bojowych. Raportowanie oraz odbiór komend i zadań ze Stanowiska Dowodzenia odbywa się w sposób zautomatyzowany. Jednostka ogniowa posiada możliwości prowadzenia ognia z wykorzystaniem układu automatycznego śledzenia jak również w trybie ręcznym przez operatora. Jednostka ogniowa wyposażona została w przenośną konsolę zdalnego sterowania, zapewniającą możliwość obsługi zdalnej. W przypadku awarii zasilania w Jednostce Ogniowej możliwe jest jej wykorzystanie w trybie całkowicie manualnym, z zastosowaniem uzbrojenia artyleryjskiego. Jednostka ogniowa wyposażona jest w stabilizowaną optoelektroniczną głowicę dzienno-nocną, umożliwiającą pracę niezależnie od uzbrojenia w zakresie obserwacji oraz wykrywania i identyfikacji obiektów. Głowica stanowi nie tylko element układu naprowadzania, ale również źródło informacji dla całego Systemu, gdyż dane o wykrytych i obserwowanych obiektach wymienianie są w całej sieci dowodzenia. PSR-A PILICA wyposażona jest w unikalny system szkolenia i treningu, który zapewni możliwości szkolenia załóg na sprzęcie rzeczywistym z wykorzystaniem wirtualnego system zarządzania symulacją z zastosowaniem protokołu DIS.

19

Wybrane, historyczne aspekty dowodzenia polskim lotnictwem myśliwskim

Nowak Jacek, Matraszek-Bujek Małgorzata

Zeszyty Naukowe / Lotnicza Akademia Wojskowa

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2018

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nr 1-2

329--341

PL

Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka rozwiązań zastosowanych w systemie dowodzenia polskim lotnictwem myśliwskim w okresie po II wojnie światowej do końca lat osiemdziesiątych XX w. Niniejsze opracowanie zostało podzielone na dwie części. Pierwsza dotyczy dowodzenia lotnictwem myśliwskim w okresie funkcjonowania Dowództwa Lotnictwa Operacyjnego i Dowództwa Wojsk Lotniczych. Część druga opisuje dowodzenie lotnictwem myśliwskim działającym w systemie obrony powietrznej kraju.

EN

The purpose of the article is to characterize solutions used in the command system of Polish fighter aviation in the period after World War II until the end of the 1980s. This article has been divided into two parts. The first one refers to the command of fighter aviation during the operation of the Operational Aviation Command and the Air Force HQ. The second part discusses the command of fighter aviation operating within the air defence system of the state.

20

Concept of a Marine Remote Controlled Artillery-Missile System

Koruba Z., Szmidt P., Gapiński D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2017

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R. 58 nr 2 (209)

97--107

EN

This paper presents general assumptions and concept, block diagram of the operation principle as well as control algorithm of a short range Marine Remote Controlled Artillery-Missile System (MZSSAR). Its main purpose is to combat low-flying manoeuvring air targets. In relation to existing set ‘Wróbel II’, an additional opportunity of autonomous search, detection, identification, tracking and effective target combat will appear. An increase of combat capabilities of a modified set, including in particular operation speed and range of target detection, will be possible.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia ogólne założenia, koncepcję, schemat blokowy i algorytm sterowania morskiego zdalnie sterowanego systemu artyleryjsko-rakietowego średniego zasięgu (MZSSAR). Głównym zadaniem tego systemu jest zwalczanie nisko lecących celów manewrujących. W obecnym zestawie „Wróbel II” pojawią się dodatkowe opcje: autonomicznego poszukiwania, wykrywania, identyfikacji, śledzenia i skutecznego zwalczania celu, możliwy będzie też wzrost zdolności bojowych, w szczególności prędkości operacyjnej i zasięgu wykrywania celu.