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1

Analysis of benefits and drawbacks of using hybrid drive special purpose vehicles

Gallas Dawid, Michalak Piotr, Cichy Rafał

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2025

|

Nr 1-2

3--18

EN

The article aims to analyze and assess the economic and ecological advantages and disadvantages of switching from conventional drives to hybrid drives and hydrogen fuel cells in special purpose vehicles used in railway maintenance. The environmental regulations regarding exhaust emissions restrict the rolling stock options for rail operators. However, legislation alone is insufficient to further promote the use of more ecological vehicle drive solutions. Hence it is necessary that such new vehicles are also able to offer economic and operational benefits, that can encourage their adoption into the rolling stock. Such cost-benefit analysis was conducted to assess the likelihood and rate of adoption of this type of technology. This included a literature analysis, fuel, hydrogen and electricity cost projections and a SWOT analysis of the vehicles. The cost predictions of analyzed fuels varied significantly, in most cases electric energy being the cheapest, and the most expensive case of diesel fuel still remaining cheaper than hydrogen fuel.

2

Design and verification of the methodology for determining the hybrid drive architecture for groups of mobile working machines

Nagy Miroslav, Gulan Ladislav, Holub Peter, Mikušová Nikoleta

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 4

342--348

EN

In their quest for better economic and environmental parameters, manufacturers of mobile work machines are pioneering new machine propulsion principles, including hybrid drives. The potential of these hybrid drives to significantly reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions and to meet the stringent environmental requirements of EU legislative activities is a promising development. Current experience confirms that this approach in the drive concept is also relevant in this machine group. The paper delves into the possibilities of implementing hybrid drives in the construction of mobile work machines, the specification of their selection criteria, the appropriate drive architecture, and the creation of a comprehensive methodology for the design of the type of hybrid drive for a specific group and type of mobile work machine.

3

Electromyographic analysis of upper limb muscles for automatic wheelchair propulsion control

Wieczorek Bartosz, Warguła Łukasz, Gierz Lukasz, Zharkevich Olga, Nikonova Tatyana, Sydor Maciej

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 11

6--11

EN

Equipping hand-propelled wheelchairs with supplementary power assistance systems combining the advantages of manual and electric wheelchairs. The study aims to develop innovative automatic steering strategies for assistive drive systems. Our approach involves regulating the intensity of power assistance using one upper arm's electromyography (EMG) signals, significantly simplifying the control system. However, the inherent asymmetry between the actions of the right and left upper limbs (handedness) poses a challenge. To address this, we set out to identify the upper limb muscle group exhibiting the least propelling asymmetry between the left and right sides, thereby determining the most suitable candidate for controlling the assistive drive of a wheelchair. The study used a standard manual-powered wheelchair and a single non-disabled research partici pant. Muscle activity in each upper limb during wheelchair propulsion was measured using EMG equipment. Eight muscle examinations were per formed on each upper limb: biceps brachii (A), triceps brachii (B), medial epicondyle (C), extensor carpi radialis longus (D), anterior epicondyle (E), posterior epicondyle (F), trapezius, middle region (G), and subscapularis (H). The mean maximal muscle EMG signal was analyzed based on six cycles of wheelchair propulsion. The asymmetry of EMG values for the left and right limbs can vary from 15% to 53%, depending on the muscle studied. Our findings reveal that the D muscle displays the least muscular asymmetry during wheelchair propulsion, suggesting that the tension signals of this muscle can effectively regulate the intensity of assisted wheelchair propulsion.

PL

Wyposażenie wózków inwalidzkich z napędem ręcznym w dodatkowe napędy wspomagające łączy zalety wózków ręcznych i elektrycz nych. Wymaga to jednak opracowania nowatorskich strategii automatycznego sterowania dla takich systemów napędu wspomagającego. Nasze podejście polega na regulowaniu intensywności wspomagania za pomocą sygnałów elektromiograficznych (EMG) jednego kończyny górnej, co znacznie upraszcza system sterowania. Wyzwaniem jest jednak asymetria pomiędzy działaniami prawej i lewej kończyny. Aby rozwiązać ten pro blem, postanowiliśmy zidentyfikować grupę mięśni kończyny górnej wykazującą najmniejszą asymetrię napędową pomiędzy lewą i prawą stroną, określając w ten sposób najbardziej odpowiedniego kandydata do kontrolowania napędu wspomagającego wózka inwalidzkiego. Badanie obejmo wało standardowy wózek inwalidzki z napędem ręcznym i jednego pełnosprawnego uczestnika. Aktywność mięśni każdej kończyny górnej podczas poruszania się wózkiem inwalidzkim mierzono za pomocą aparatury EMG. Na każdej kończynie górnej wykonano pomiary dla ośmiu mięśni: dwu głowego ramienia (A), trójgłowego ramienia (B), nadkłykcia przyśrodkowego (C), prostownika promieniowego długiego nadgarstka (D), nadkłykcia przedniego (E), nadkłykcia tylnego (F), mięśnia czworobocznego (region środkowy) (G) i podłopatkowego (H). Analizowano średni maksymalny sygnał EMG każdego mięśnia na podstawie sześciu cykli napędu wózka inwalidzkiego. Badania wykazały, że asymetria wartości sygnału EMG dla kończyny lewej i prawej może wahać się od 15% do 53%, w zależności od badanego mięśnia. Grupy mięśni charakteryzujące się małą wartością różnicy EMG najlepiej nadają się do sterowania napędem w oparciu o sygnał EMG z pojedynczej kończyny. Mięsień D wykazywał najmniejszą asymetrię mięśniową. Wyniki te sugerują, że sygnały tego mięśnia mogą skutecznie regulować intensywność wspomaganego napędu wózka inwa lidzkiego.

4

Development and research of a hybrid power unit for ultralight aircraft: an innovative approach to energy efficiency and operational flexibility

Wróblewski Piotr, Świątek Piotr, Kachel Stanisław, Zyska Tomasz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

83--96

EN

This scientific article presents an innovative concept of a hybrid power unit designed for ultralight aircraft, with the aim of improving energy efficiency and operational flexibility. As part of the development of the system, the construction of the combustion unit and the electric motor / generator, which are the key elements of this solution, was described. The advanced internal combustion engine controller and the bi-directional energy conversion converter have been developed and built to enable optimal cooperation of both energy sources. In order to carry out experimental research on the developed system, a special test stand was built on which a prototype drive unit was mounted. The results of the research include preliminary performance characteristics of the prototype drive unit and an analysis of the achievements that indicate the potential benefits of using such a hybrid drive unit. The article also summarizes the conclusions and recommendations for further work on improving this innovative solution.

5

Analysis of the influence of substitute fuels on properties operating conditions of military hybrid drive systems

Chojnowski Janusz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

22--31

EN

Despite the undoubted advantages of electric drives, the mass and volume energy density of chemical batteries makes it difficult to rely solely on cheap and green electricity in many applications such as airplanes, long-distance trains, ocean-going vessels and heavy equipment. The answer combining the advantages of EV and ICE are hybrid drives. Hybrid electric drives have also found their use in military applications thanks to, among others, the quiet operation of the system in EV mode, which may be a key advantage in some combat applications, e.g. urban areas. The range of a small hybrid vehicle extended by the use of ICE increases its operational capabilities. Hybrid systems can also use alternative hydrocarbon fuels. The aim of the work was to determine the impact of alternative fuels, potentially the most available on the modern battlefield, on the performance of the hybrid drive system of a wheeled military platform intended for operation in urban areas. The experiment showed that alternative fuels such as F-34 and Jet A-1 are compatible, but may result in increased fuel consumption, reduced energy efficiency and negative environmental impact due to higher exhaust emissions.

6

The use of the tax on means of transport as an instrument affecting the number of electric and hybrid vehicles - a case study

Witkowski Jacek

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 175

597--610

EN

Purpose: The aim of the work is to determine whether and how the local government authorities of the largest cities in Poland apply reliefs and exemptions in the tax on means of transport to support owners of hybrid and electric trucks. In addition, an answer was sought to the question whether the amount of the aforementioned preferences was correlated with the dynamics of the number of vehicles powered in whole or in part by electricity in the analyzed period. Methodology: The study covered all 63 cities in Poland with poviat rights. The resolutions adopted by the local government authorities of these centers in 2018-2020 regarding the rates of tax on means of transport were reviewed. Based on the texts of legal acts, the criteria used for granting tax preferences were defined, the amount of reliefs was calculated, and the statistical tool in the form of the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to check whether there is a relationship between the scale of tax benefits and the growth rate of the number of hybrid and electric vehicles. Findings: It was found that only half of the municipalities used reduced tax rates in the analyzed period, while different requirements regarding the level of exhaust gas emissions were adopted in different local government units, so that owners of hybrid and electric trucks in individual cities could usually benefit from the reduction on an equal footing with owners of similar vehicles with lower but also different emission standards from Euro 1 to Euro 6. Practical implications: The results of the research can be used by local governments. They show, among other things, that the mere reduction of tax rates is insufficient for the promotion of environmentally friendly means of transport and that these activities should also be supported by other solutions. Originality/value: In the literature, the subject of differentiation of tax rates on means of transport to stimulate the increase in the number of rolling stock powered by electricity has not been generally taken up so far or has been the subject of research very rarely.

7

Sterowanie obwodem głównym hybrydowego pojazdu szynowego

Cierniewski Maksymilian, Jakuszko Wojciech, Stobnicki Paweł

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 9

265--268

PL

Artykuł omawia koncepcję obwodu głównego dla pojazdu szynowego zasilanego z trzech niezależnych źródeł energii – zespołu prądotwórczego, trakcji elektrycznej oraz bateryjnego zasobnika energii. Przedstawione zostały szczegółowo poszczególne tryby pracy pojazdu, z uwzględnieniem sposobu sterowania poszczególnymi komponentami obwodu w celu maksymalizacji możliwości odzysku i magazynowania energii w zasobniku bateryjnym.

EN

The article discusses the concept of the main circuit for a rail vehicle powered by three independent energy sources - generator set, electric traction and battery energy storage. The various modes of operation of the vehicle are presented in detail, taking into account the method of controlling the individual components of the circuit in order to maximize the possibility of energy recovery and storage in the battery energy storage.

8

Projekt i wykonanie bezzałogowego pojazdu podwodnego o napędzie hybrydowym - REBA

Łarzewski Bartosz, Hałas Jakub, Powarzyński Daniel, Lewandowski Jarosław, Piskur Paweł

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2022

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R. 26, nr 4

61--67

PL

W artykule przedstawiono projekt i realizację bezzałogowego pojazdu podwodnego o napędzie hybrydowym. Pojazd może być sterowany zdalnie w pozycji nawodnej, jak również posiada możliwość przemieszczenia podwodnego do wskazanego rejonu w celu przeprowadzenia rozpoznania oraz ataku poprzez detonację przenoszonego ładunku lub autodestrukcję. W artykule przedstawiono projekt i wykonanie konstrukcji mechanicznej, warstwy sprzętowej, programowej oraz wnioski wynikające ze wstępnych badań w basenie laboratoryjnym i w środowisku morskim.

EN

The article presents the design and implementation of an unmanned underwater vehicle with hybrid propulsion system. The vehicle can be controlled remotely as well as it has the ability to reach the indicated area in order to carry out reconnaissance and attack by detonating the carried load or self-destructing. The article presents both the hardware and software layers as well as the results of preliminary tests.

9

Modern combustion-electric PowerPack drive system design solutions for a hybrid two-unit rail vehicle

Far Mariusz, Gallas Dawid, Urbański Patryk, Woch Aleksandra, Mieżowiec Kuba

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

80--87

EN

The article presents an innovative solution of a two-unit rail vehicle system for passanger transport with a dual-drive, diesel engine and electric motor. The vehicle was designed as a combination of two units, one dedicated to each of the two drive systems, where one unit provides electric drive while the other a combustion engine. The selection of engine and drive components was presented along with the aftertreatment systems used in the design. The provided solution was created in response to the dynamic needs of rail vehicle operators in the European Union who aim to reduce exhaust emissions without compomising the reach of the existing rail networks.

10

Cooperation of a PEM fuel cell and a NiMH battery at various states of its charge in a FCHEV drive

Pielecha Ireneusz, Szwajca Filip

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 3

468--475

EN

The development of electromobility is focused on the design and implementation of increasingly more effective electric drives. In such a system, apart from energy recovery, it is not possible to recharge the batteries while driving. Electric vehicles equipped with fuel cells and a battery (FCHEV – fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle) in a parallel configuration boast increased energy transfer capabilities. The article presents an energy flow analysis in a parallel hybrid drive system with fuel cells and a battery. The research was carried out on a 30 W vehicle made in 1:10 scale with a NiMH battery and a fuel cell with a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Increasing driving dynamics causes a 29% increase in energy consumption, 43.6% reduction of energy transfer from a fuel cell and a 23% increase of in the energy share intended for battery charging. Continuous operation of the system in full power mode ensures a much greater efficiency of energy transmission to the drive train (95%) compared to the system operating in dynamic driving conditions – 64–75%.

11

Selected issues of hybrid outboard motors

Leśniewski Wojciech

Polish Maritime Research

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2019

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nr 4

56--60

EN

The aim of the research reported in the article was designing a hybrid drive system based on an outboard internal combustion engine offered by a selected producer and testing its operating characteristics. The article presents different designs of this type of drive which can be found in the literature and are available in the market. The designed hybrid outboard drive system was tested both on the laboratory test rig and in real operating conditions. The results of these tests are included.

12

Application of hybrid drives in diesel locomotives

Rasiński Tymoteusz, Michnej Maciej

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2019

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Nr 1

18--25

EN

Limitation of the toxic substances emission into the atmosphere in transport is one of the main priorities of the European Commission. The transport is increasingly contributing to air pollution. The alternative sources of energy and popularization of the sustainable ways of traveling and freight transport are the solution to this problem. This will allow not only to limit the pollutant emissions and reduce the fuel consumption, but also to reduce the operating costs of rail vehicles. In this article the authors analysed the structural solutions of hybrid drives in the rail vehicles and carried out an assessment of these solutions in terms of functionality and operation. As a result of the carried out analysis, the concept of hybrid drives for the basic series of diesel locomotives operated in Poland was presented.

PL

Ograniczenie emisji toksycznych substancji do atmosfery w transporcie jest jednym z głównych priorytetów Komisji Europejskiej. Coraz większy udział w zanieczyszczeniu powietrza ma transport. Rozwiązaniem tego problemu są alternatywne źródła energii oraz popularyzacja zrównoważonych sposobów podróżowania i transportu ładunków. Pozwoli to nie tylko na ograniczenie emisji zanieczyszczeń i zmniejszenie zużycia paliwa, ale również na obniżenie kosztów eksploatacji pojazdów szynowych. W niniejszym artykule autorzy dokonali analizy rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych napędów hybrydowych w pojazdach szynowych oraz przeprowadzili ocenę tych rozwiązań pod względem funkcjonalności i eksploatacji. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy przedstawiono koncepcję napędów hybrydowych dla podstawowych serii lokomotyw spalinowych eksploatowanych w Polsce.

13

Zastosowanie falowników Danfoss w napędach hybrydowych statków

Ptaszyński L.

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2018

|

R. 20, nr 2

20--21

PL

W artykule przygotowanym przez firmę Schulz Infoprod, która od wielu lat współpracuje z Danfoss jako Autoryzowany Dystrybutor, przedstawiono rozwiązanie przemysłowego napędu hybrydowego spalinowo-elektrycznego z silnikiem elektrycznym zasilanym z akumulatorów z falownikiem DC/AC.

14

Napęd serwokrokowy Ezi-SERVO-II-Plus-E z pozycjonerem sterowany przez EtherNET

Haliniak T.

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2018

|

R. 20, nr 9

83--84

PL

Ezi-SERVO-II-Plus-E to napędy serwokrokowe (zwane również hybrydowymi) pracujące w zamkniętej pętli sprzężenia zwrotnego, która zapewnia doskonałą powtarzalność pozycjonowania. Daje ona jednocześnie gwarancję niezgubienia kroku przez silnik nawet przy nagłych zmianach obciążenia. Algorytm programowego tłumienia wibracji gwarantuje natomiast bardzo wysoką kulturę pracy silnika. Producentem opisywanych napędów jest koreańska firma Fastech.

15

Studies of electric drive with hydrostatic support

Grzesikiewicz W., Makowski M., Knap L., Pokorski J.

Journal of KONES

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2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

265--274

EN

In this article, results of experimental studies concerning the relief of a city car electric drive by means of hydrostatic drive support are presented. Experimental studies were performed using a laboratory station built for this particular purpose. Studies of basic properties of elements of hydraulic system and resistances in the mechanical system were performed. The results of experimental studies of a chosen sub-assembly of hydrostatic drive (i.e. hydro-pneumatic battery) are given. The resistances within mechanical system (flywheel) were determined. In the considered hybrid drive, electric drive is cyclically supported by hydrostatic drive during acceleration or regenerative braking of the vehicle. The results of experimental studies presented in this article were obtained on a designed and built laboratory station representing a model of a lightweight delivery van for city traffic and equipped with the studied hybrid drive. The obtained results suggest that there is a possibility considerably to increase the effectiveness of energy conversion in the electric drive of the vehicle by means of hydrostatic support. By applying the hydrostatic support in the electric drive, the load on the electric battery decreased, which positively influences the length of operation time.

16

Conversion of energy in electric drive supported by the hydrostatic drive

Grzesikiewicz W., Makowski M., Knap L., Pokorski J.

Journal of KONES

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2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

143--150

EN

In the article, a study of conversion of energy in a hybrid (electro-hydrostatic) drive of a utility van intended for city traffic is described. In this hybrid drive, the electric drive is periodically accompanied by hydrostatic drive, especially during acceleration and regenerative braking of the vehicle. We present a mathematical model of the hybrid drive as a set of dynamics and regulation equations of the van traveling at a given speed. On this basis, we construct a computer program, which we use to simulate the processes of energy conversion in electro-hydrostatic hybrid drive. The main goal of the numerical simulation is to assess the possibility of reducing energy intensity of the electric drive through such a support of the hydrostatic drive. Our results indicate that it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency of energy conversion in the electric drive by support of the hydrostatic drive. In the article, chosen results of simulation studies for multiple starting and braking the car are given, and they show a 30% decrease for energy drawn by the hybrid drive, compared to solely electric drive.

17

Concept and model of terrain wheeled tractor with hybrid drive

Deda J., Mirosław T., Żebrowski Z.

Journal of KONES

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2018

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

59--65

EN

The article presents construction concept of a tractor with hybrid, diesel-hydraulic and diesel-electric drive meant for the use in livestock holdings. The tractor is enabled to cover short distances with the combustion engine switched off. This solution uses independent engines to propel front and rear axles. This article presents a computer model and simulation results for the project of a hybrid, diesel-electric tractor based on a benchmark machine Fendt 516. Aside from the ability to drive with diesel engine switched off, the proposed solution has additional positive features allowing smooth transition of relation of peripheral speed of the front and rear wheels. It enables to obtain higher tractive powers for various conditions in a broader range than for a traditional solution (with propelling both axles with one engine through different transmission systems and specific difference of peripheral speed of the wheels). The computer model was built on the basis of the benchmark machine.

18

Operation of electric hybrid drive systems in varied driving conditions

Pielecha I., Cieślik W., Szałek A.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2018

|

Vol. 20, no. 1

16--23

EN

Hybrid vehicles allow an increase in the powertrain efficiency thanks to their design. One such factor is the use of increased voltage supplying electric motors to the voltage supplying the high voltage battery. The battery voltage is increased several times in the inverter (boost) system to increase the final electric power supplied to the electric motor. The article presents the possibilities of using such a voltage boost in urban and non-urban driving conditions. The tests were performed on the latest generations of parallel hybrid drive systems in Lexus NX 300h and Toyota RAV4 hybrid vehicles. It has been shown that the boost system is used in about 30–40% of the urban drive distance (up to 20% of the driving time). The power supply voltage boost of the electric motors of both vehicles is used throughout the entire engine speed range of these machines at high torque values. Research has shown that the maximum voltage gain – approximately three times (up to 650 V) – is within the maximum torque range of the electric motors and allows for doubling the torque generated by the drive.

PL

Pojazdy z napędem hybrydowym dzięki swojej konstrukcji, pozwalają na zwiększenie sprawności układu napędowego. Jednym z takich czynników jest stosowanie zwiększonego napięcia zasilającego silniki elektryczne w stosunku do napięcia zasilającego akumulator wysokonapięciowy. Napięcie akumulatora zostaje zwiększone kilkukrotnie w układzie inwertera (boost) w celu zwiększenia końcowej mocy elektrycznej doprowadzonej do silnika elektrycznego. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania takiego wzmocnienia napięcia w warunkach jazdy miejskiej i pozamiejskiej. W badaniach wykorzystano najnowsze generacje układów napędu hybrydowego równoległego w pojazdach Lexus NX 300h oraz Toyota RAV4 hybrid. Wykazano, że układ wzmocnienia napięcia w warunkach miejskich wykorzystany jest w około 30–40% dystansu (do 20% czasu jazdy). Wzmocnienie napięcia zasilającego maszyny elektryczne obu pojazdów wykorzystane jest w całym zakresie prędkości obrotowej tych maszyn przy dużych wartościach momentu obrotowego. Badania wykazały, że maksymalne wzmocnienie napięcia – około trzykrotne (do wartości 650 V) – występuje w zakresie maksymalnego momentu obrotowego silników elektrycznych i pozwala na ponad 2-krotne zwiększenie generowanego momentu obrotowego układu napędowego.

19

Algorytm adaptacyjnego układu sterującego wspomagającego ręczny napęd wózka inwalidzkiego

Wieczorek B., Kukla M., Warguła M.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2018

|

R. 19, nr 12

820--824

PL

W artykule omówiona została koncepcja adaptacyjnego algorytmu sterującego elektrycznym układem wspomagającym ręczny napęd wózka inwalidzkiego. Algorytm ten znajduje zastosowane w hybrydowych wózkach inwalidzkich. Według założonej koncepcji układ wyposażony jest w trzy tryby wspomagania w których elektryczny układ napędowy reaguje na zmieniające się warunki otoczenia.

EN

The article discusses the concept of an adaptive algorithm controlling the electric system supporting the manual wheelchair drive. This algorithm is used in hybrid wheelchairs. According to the assumed concept, the system is equipped with three support modes in which the electric drive system reacts to changing environmental conditions.

20

Oszacowanie strat energii, masy i kosztów wybranych wariantów połączeń układów przeniesienia napędu w pojeździe hybrydowym

Winiarczyk P.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Mechanika / Politechnika Opolska

|

2017

|

z. 108

135--138

EN

The article presents conceptions of coupling and building of hybrid drive unit which consists of internal combustion engine and hydraulic pneumatic system. This paper shows the current state of knowledge in that field, the assumptions, factors, and grounds, which were taken into consideration when choosing methods of coupling powertrains.