Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

New challenges in cartography – mapping in autonomous transport systems

Mika Monika, Martynowicz Julia

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2026

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no. 1

61--69

EN

The paper presents the results of research on the role of cartographic products and high-definition (HD) mapping in the autonomous vehicle industry. The research methodology includes a review of professional literature and a qualitative interview with an expert from the autonomous transport industry (Blees company). Blees, founded in 2019, specializes in autonomous minibuses, which aim to ensure safe and fast passenger transportation. The company implements advanced and broad transport implementations in cities and municipalities, including Gliwice, Jaworzno, and Sosnowiec. The analysis covers the characteristics of automation levels according to the SAE J3016 standard and technical specifications of sensors, such as LiDAR, RADAR, and GNSS-RTK. A synthetic review of industry applications (TomTom RoadDNA, HERE HD Live Map) and technological solutions was performed with particular emphasis on the SLAM algorithm and Digital Twin Cities concept. The study confirms that contemporary cartography has evolved from human-centred representations into a digital foundation for machine perception, providing a ‘virtual sensor’ for precise localization and safe driving. The results are presented in reference to the practical experiences of the Blees BB-1 autonomous minibus deployment. Cartography has become the digital foundation for perception of autonomous systems. HD maps serve as a virtual sensor with an unlimited field of view. The SLAM algorithm enables navigation in the absence of satellite signals. 128-beam LiDAR allows for mapping of road geometry with a precision down to once centimetre. Precise spatial data supports environmental sustainability and the smooth flow of urban traffic.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad rolą produktów kartograficznych i mapowania wysokiej rozdzielczości (HD) w branży pojazdów autonomicznych. Metodologia badań obejmuje przegląd literatury fachowej oraz wywiad jakościowy z ekspertem z branży transportu autonomicznego (firmą Blees). Firma Blees, założona w 2019 roku, specjalizuje się w autonomicznych minibusach, których celem jest zapewnienie bezpiecznego i szybkiego transportu pasażerów. Firma wdraża zaawansowane i szerokie wdrożenia transportowe w miastach i gminach, w tym w Gliwicach, Jaworznie i Sosnowcu. Analiza obejmuje charakterystykę poziomów automatyzacji zgodnie z normą SAE J3016 oraz specyfikacje techniczne czujników, takich jak LiDAR, RADAR i GNSS-RTK. Przeprowadzono syntetyczny przegląd aplikacji branżowych (TomTom RoadDNA, HERE HD Live Map) i rozwiązań technologicznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem algorytmu SLAM i koncepcji Digital Twin Cities. Badanie potwierdza, że współczesna kartografia ewoluowała od reprezentacji zorientowanych na człowieka do cyfrowej podstawy percepcji maszynowej, zapewniając „wirtualny czujnik” precyzyjnej lokalizacji i bezpiecznej jazdy. Wyniki przedstawiono w odniesieniu do praktycznych doświadczeń z wdrożenia autonomicznego minibusa Blees BB-1. Kartografia stała się cyfrową podstawą percepcji systemów autonomicznych. Mapy HD pełnią funkcję wirtualnego czujnika o nieograniczonym polu widzenia. Algorytm SLAM umożliwia nawigację w przypadku braku sygnałów satelitarnych. 128-wiązkowy LiDAR umożliwia mapowanie geometrii drogi z dokładnością do jednego centymetra. Precyzyjne dane przestrzenne wspierają zrównoważony rozwój środowiska i płynność ruchu miejskiego.

2

Numerically effective 10 degrees of freedom model in autonomous vehicle motion planning

Brzozowski Michał, Cieślar Kacper, Nowakowski Jacek

Combustion Engines

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2026

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R. 65, nr 1

13--19

EN

Simplified vehicle models dominate the literature on autonomous driving, with the 3 degrees of freedom (3 DoF). The model is the most frequently used due to its high computational efficiency. However, such models have significant limitations, particularly in their inability to account for detailed tire-road interactions. This study proposes an extended model with ten degrees of freedom (10 DoF), developed using the Newton-Euler formalism. Analytical derivation of the mass matrix and the vector of right-hand sides enables a significant reduction in computation time by eliminating matrix operations. For comparison, another 10 DoF model based on the homogeneous and joint coordinate transformation method is also considered. The aim is to assess how the choice of modeling formalism affects both computational efficiency and the fidelity of real-world motion representation. All three models (3 DoF and both 10 DoF variants) were tested in simulations of an overtaking maneuver under varying weather conditions. The analysis focused on differences in steering angle trajectories and tracking errors. Additional evaluations included a lane-change maneuver and a 736-meter driving scenario. Results show that extended models provide improved accuracy and better capture of dynamic vehicle behavior. In particular, the Newton-Euler-based 10 DoF model offers significant computational advantages. The maximum observed difference in steering angle between models reached 2 degrees, attributed to the 3 DoF model’s simplified treatment of tire forces and lack of friction coefficient consideration. The proposed models show strong potential for implementation in motion planning for autonomous vehicles.

3

Autonomous car motion planning using path approximation and geometric control algorithms

Brzozowski Michał

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 129

61--73

EN

The paper presents control algorithms in the path following task. An important step in planning the motion of an autonomous vehicle is the initial definition and description of the route. In this study, the route has been approximated using the spline function B3. The paper presents a comparison of the effectiveness of the control algorithms that are applied to determine steering angle. Our own algorithm B3M is formulated, and its effectiveness is compared with classical ones. The proposed algorithm has been developed on the basis of a model with 3 degrees of freedom (3DoF) and it can be used in combination with more complex vehicle dynamic models, such as those with 5, 7 and 10 degrees of freedom. After implementing computer models of vehicle dynamics with 3, 5, 7 and 10 DoF, they were verified and validated. The computer simulation results presented in this paper confirmed the correctness of the models and the proposed B3M steering algorithm. This algorithm does not require the declaration of constants and is as effective as other geometrical algorithms such as Pure Pursuit.

4

W górę bez pilota: czy Polska gotowa na EVTOL?

Katunin Andrzej

Przegląd Techniczny : Gazeta Inżynierska

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2025

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nr 9

22--24

PL

Latające taksówki, jeszcze niedawno obecne głównie w filmach science fiction, coraz śmielej wkraczają do rzeczywistości. Rozwój technologii elektrycznych statków powietrznych pionowego startu i lądowania (eVTOL) napędzają postępy w elektromobilności, automatyzacji i rosnące potrzeby transportowe zatłoczonych metropolii. Najwięksi gracze lotniczego rynku inwestują w ten segment, a pierwsze wdrożenia odbywają się już w miastach, takich jak Dubaj, Paryż czy Guangzhou. Potencjalne korzyści są ogromne: od szybszego przemieszczania się ponad zakorkowanymi ulicami, po redukcję emisji i hałasu. Jednak wraz z nimi pojawiają się poważne wyzwania: energochłonne akumulatory i ich utylizacja, konieczność budowy kosztownej infrastruktury – vertiportów, systemów ładowania i korytarzy powietrznych. W Polsce pojawiają się pierwsze inicjatywy, od prototypów ratowniczych po plany stworzenia powietrznych taksówek, jednak droga do powszechnej mobilności powietrznej jest długa i wymaga kompleksowej strategii.

EN

Flying taxis, until recently seen mainly in science fiction films, are increasingly entering reality. The development of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft is driven by advances in electromobility, automation, and the growing transportation needs of congested metropolises. Major players in the aviation market are investing in this segment, and the first implementations are already taking place in cities such as Dubai, Paris, and Guangzhou. The potential benefits are significant: faster travel over crowded streets, as well as reductions in emissions and noise. However, these advantages come with serious challenges: energy-intensive batteries and their disposal, the need to build costly infrastructure – vertiports, charging systems, and aerial corridors. In Poland, initial initiatives are emerging, from rescue prototypes to plans for air taxis, but the path to widespread urban air mobility is long and requires a comprehensive strategy.

5

The model-based algorithm for autonomous vehicle path following

Brzozowski Michał

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2025

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Vol. 63 nr 4

769--780

EN

This paper presents a proprietary steering algorithm for path following, whose advantage lies in its ability to be applied with vehicle dynamic models of varying complexity. The proposed algorithm was implemented using models with 3 and 10 degrees of freedom, which had been previously verified. The results were compared with those obtained using the geometric pure pursuit (PP) algorithm. Both algorithms require path approximation. In this study, path approximation was conducted using B3 functions. The presented computer simulation results indicate that the proposed steering angle selection algorithm demonstrates greater accuracy than the PP algorithm.

6

Development of a mapping system on an autonomous vehicle using a Fully Convolutional Neural Network and Fast SLAM Algorithm

Suprapto Bhakti Yudho, Yogta Abeng, Dwijayanti Suci

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2025

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Vol. 71, No. 1

277-284

EN

There are many challenges when it comes to autonomous vehicle movement, one of which is developing an accurate and precise internal mapping system. Autonomous vehicles use internal maps to move from a starting point to destination point. Many methods are used in creating these maps, but because they still display weaknesses, further development is required. This research combines the FastSLAM 2.0 algorithm with a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN) model using the road features recognized by the FCNN algorithm as the object of observation of the FastSLAM 2.0 algorithm. This method was tested to form a map of the environment around the Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya Campus. In the training, the Adam optimizer and Adam combined with batch normalization (BN) model showed good accuracy: 82.07% and 78.08%, respectively. The application of this method succeeded in forming a map similar to Google Maps using the FCNN observation model. The map that was successfully formed had an IoU of 0.159 against the Google Maps map obtained with the Adam + BN model.

7

An optimal control method for trajectory tracking error detection of autonomous vehicles

Feng Peng-fei, Jia Bingyi, Jin Hui-qing, Wang Guang

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2025

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Vol. 35, no. 4

563--575

EN

This paper presents a trajectory tracking error detection method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) via an optimal control scheme, where two online learning algorithms are designed: (i) an adaptive learning algorithm (ALA) and (ii) a finite-time adaptive learning algorithm (FTALA). We first construct an error dynamic system by combining the kinematic equation of AVs and an ideal tracking trajectory. To realize the adaptive optimal control for AVs, the ALA is designed, which provides us with an online solution by resolving the derived Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. Then, the FTALA is presented, which further relaxes the requirement of the system dynamics, i.e., the system drift is not required. The adaptive critic and control action in both online learning algorithms continuously and simultaneously interact, eliminating the need for iterative steps. This approach also avoids the use of an actor neural network (NN) and an initial stabilizing control policy. Moreover, the finite-time convergence can be ensured via adopting a sliding mode technique in the FTALA. Finally, both online learning algorithms are applied to control AVs, and the simulations show their effectiveness and practicality feasibility. The FTALA reduces the time-accumulated tracking error and the cumulative control effort by about 39% and 57% in lane-keeping, and by about 38% and 57% in the S-curve, respectively.

8

Cybersecurity of autonomous vehicles – threats and mitigation

Szymonik Artur

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2024

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Vol. 56, No. 1(211)

77--96

EN

The aim of this article is to draw attention to the growing problem of cybersecurity in the field of autonomous vehicles. A notable aspect is the use of autonomous vehicles to enhance the quality of decision-making processes as well as flexibility and efficiency. The implementation of new solutions will lead to improvements not just in transportation and delivery, but also in warehouse management. The growing demand for autonomous solutions, both in the industry and in the daily life of an average consumer, necessitates efforts to ensure their safe operation and use. The present literature review synthetically describes the history of the development of autonomous vehicles and machines. The standards and norms that should be met by products allowed for use as well as threats to cybersecurity, along with examples, are presented herein. The analysis of the collected materials leads to the conclusion that with the development of new technologies and the growth in the importance of autonomous solutions, the number of threats and the importance of systems securing the functioning of devices in cyberspace are increasing. Research on the problem also leads to the conclusion that legal systems do not fully keep up with technological developments, resulting in a lack of normative acts regulating this matter.

PL

Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na rosnący problem cyberbezpieczeństwa w dziedzinie pojazdów autonomicznych. Istotnym aspektem jest wykorzystanie pojazdów autonomicznych do poprawy jakości procesów decyzyjnych oraz zwiększenia ich elastyczności i efektywności. Wdrożenie nowych technologii poprawi nie tylko procesy transportowe i dostawy, ale także zarządzanie magazynami. Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na rozwiązania autonomiczne, zarówno w przemyśle, jak i w codziennym życiu przeciętnego konsumenta, prowadzi do konieczności zwiększenia wysiłków na rzecz zapewnienia ich bezpiecznej pracy i użytkowania. W przeglądzie literatury przedstawiono syntetycznie historię rozwoju pojazdów i maszyn autonomicznych, a także normy i standardy, jakie powinny spełniać produkty dopuszczone do użytku, a ponadto zagrożenia dla cyberbezpieczeństwa wraz z przykładami. Analiza zebranego materiału prowadzi do wniosku, że wraz z rozwojem nowych technologii i wzrostem znaczenia rozwiązań autonomicznych liczba zagrożeń oraz znaczenie systemów zabezpieczających funkcjonowanie urządzeń w cyberprzestrzeni wzrasta. Badania nad problemem prowadzą również do konkluzji, że systemy prawne nie nadążają za postępem technologicznym, co skutkuje brakiem aktów normatywnych regulujących przedmiotową kwestię.

9

Effect of the share of autonomous vehicles in road traffic on traffic conditions and fuel consumption in the vicinity of mid-block pedestrian crossings

Kieć Mariusz, Bąk Radosław, Kamiński Tomasz

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2024

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Vol. 23, no. 2

119 --137

EN

Introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in road traffic is commonly presented as an opportunity to improve safety and traffic performance through elimination of human factor from the decisive process, including its replacement with vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. However, AVs must take into account interactions with vulnerable road users (including pedestrians and cyclists), which is problematic due to the need for prediction of their behavior and adequate reaction thereto. The article presents the results of microsimulation analyses of AV traffic in the vicinity of a mid-block pedestrian crossing. With the assumed gradual increase in the share of AVs in traffic, the results suggest that pedestrian crossings are among locations where smoothness of traffic flow may considerably deteriorate. The results of the performed analyses and literature studies indicate that AVs will have to brake more rapidly (or brake earlier) and come to a complete stop more frequently than conventional vehicles. The article also presents the effect of the share of AVs in road traffic on fuel consumption, which indirectly affects the environment.

PL

Pojawienie się pojazdów autonomicznych (AV) w ruchu drogowym jest powszechnie przedstawiane jako szansa na poprawę bezpieczeństwa i warunków ruchu poprzez wykluczenie człowieka z procesu decyzyjnego, w tym zastąpienie go komunikacją pojazdów z pojazdami i z infrastrukturą. AV muszą uwzględniać między innymi interakcje z niechronionymi uczestnikami ruchu (m.in. pieszymi i rowerzystami), co jest problematyczne ze względu na konieczność przewidywania ich zachowań i odpowiedniego reagowania na nie. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analiz mikrosymulacyjnych ruchu AV w rejonie wydzielonego przejścia dla pieszych. Założenie stopniowego wzrostu udziału AV wskazuje, że przejścia dla pieszych są miejscem, w którym płynność ruchu może się wówczas znacząco pogorszyć. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz oraz studiów literatury wskazują, że AV będą musiały gwałtowniej lub wcześniej hamować oraz częściej zatrzymywać się niż pojazdy konwencjonalne. W artykule przedstawiono również wpływ różnych poziomów udziału AV w ruchu na zużycie paliwa, mające pośredni wpływ na środowisko.

10

Sygnały i systemy wizyjne w modelu automatyzacji pojazdów

Balcerek Julian, Dąbrowski Adam, Pawłowski Paweł

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 10

208--211

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane przykłady wykorzystania sygnałów i systemów wizyjnych w odniesieniu do zaproponowanego modelu grupującego zagadnienia związane z pojazdami autonomicznymi. Model ten uwzględnia wzajemne interakcje pomiędzy pojazdem, użytkow nikiem i otoczeniem. Dodatkowo, systematyzuje on stan wiedzy dotyczący automatyzacji pojazdów na wszystkich poziomach. W niniejszej pracy model został doprecyzowany, mając na uwadze najnowocześniejsze rozwiązania z dziedziny przetwarzania obrazów i systemów wizyjnych.

EN

The article presents selected examples of the use of vision signals and systems in relation to the proposed model grouping issues related to autonomous vehicles. This model takes into account mutual interactions between the vehicle, the user, and the environment. Additionally, it sys tematizes the state of knowledge regarding vehicle automation at all levels. In this work, the model was refined, taking into account the latest solu tions in the field of image processing and vision systems.

11

Driving protocols: the possibility of using routing protocols in autonomous transport

Wróbel Radosław, Sroka Zbigniew, Sierzputowski Gustaw, Dimitrov Radostin, Mihaylov Veselin, Ivanov Daniel

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

3--9

EN

Removing the human factor from transport (in the direct sense) is still a plan, reaching into the future. However, this plan does not require so much imagination - autonomous vehicles can already be found on the roads. Currently, they are not only autonomous but also independent, i.e. decisions about traffic parameters are made in the vehicle. In the future, with more autonomous vehicles, there will be a need to connect them with a communication network, which will eliminate a number of telematic problems. It remains an open question how to make this network? Is it based on the modern Internet network? What and which data will be necessary to achieve the “right relations” between autonomous vehicles (hosts of network)? The article presents one aspect of the mentioned problem; the amount of data generated by an autonomous vehicle is presented in light of the processing capabilities of modern ICT systems.

12

Method of Autonomous Vehicle Control Using Simplified Reference Models and Regulators

Faryński Jakub, Żardecki Dariusz, Dębowski Andrzej

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2023

|

Vol. 14, Nr 4 (54)

37--58

EN

This study contains a conceptual solution of the control method for an autonomous vehicle based on a simplified reference model and controllers. The whole issue is considered on the example of the execution phase of the lane change manoeuvre, in which the well-known 4WS (Four-Wheel-Steering) bicycle model and Kalman regulators based on the LQR (Linear-Quadratic Regulator) technique were used. The overall developed control mechatronic system was subjected to simulation studies in Matlab&Simulink. The simulation results showed correct functioning of the entire mechatronic control system and allowed us to determine further research directions. The developed control method can also find application in military vehicles.

PL

Niniejsze opracowanie zawiera rozwiązanie koncepcyjne metody sterowania pojazdem autonomicznym w oparciu o uproszczony model referencyjny oraz regulatory. Całe zagadnienie jest rozważane na przykładzie fazy wykonawczej manewru zmiany pasa ruchu, w którym to wykorzystano powszechnie znany model rowerowy 4WS (Four-Wheel Steering) oraz regulatory Kalmana oparte na technice LQR (Linear-Quadratic Regulator). Całościowo opracowany mechatroniczny układ sterowania poddano badaniom symulacyjnym w programie Matlab&Simulink. Wyniki symulacji pokazały poprawne funkcjonowanie całego mechatronicznego układu regulacji oraz pozwoliły na określenie dalszych kierunków badań. Opracowana metoda sterowania może również znaleźć zastosowanie w pojazdach wojskowych.

13

Odpowiedzialność karna operatora testowanego pojazdu autonomicznego za spowodowanie wypadku drogowego

Niemiec Marcin

Paragraf na Drodze

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2023

|

Nr 1

9--19

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka odpowiedzialności karnej za spowodowanie wypadku przez operatora testowanego pojazdu autonomicznego. Autor analizuje zapisy Oddziału 6 ustawy Prawo o ruchu drogowym (Wykorzystanie dróg na potrzeby prac badawczych nad pojazdami autonomicznymi), w którym znalazły się przepisy zezwalające na prowadzenie na drogach publicznych przejazdów testowych pojazdów autonomicznych. W artykule podjęta została próba zdefiniowania kierującego takim pojazdem, wskazane zostały jego obowiązki, a także wyjaśniono użyte w ustawie pojęcie „prac badawczych”. Rozważania rozszerzone są o kwestię określenia zarzucanego czynu w przypadku konieczności przedstawienia zarzutów operatorowi pojazdu autonomicznego w toku postępowania karnego. W trakcie przygotowywania artykułu wykorzystano metody badawcze, takie jak analiza tekstu normatywnego, analiza poglądów doktryny oraz orzecznictwa, a także analiza przypadku indywidualnego. Artykuł ma znaczenie dla podmiotów prowadzących lub nadzorujących postępowanie karne - zarówno na etapie postępowania przygotowawczego, jak i sądowego - albowiem odnosi się do problematyki, która w ustawie Prawo o ruchu drogowym pozostała niezdefiniowana oraz niewyjaśniona.

EN

The issues of the liability for causing an accident by the operator of a tested autonomous vehicle are discussed. The author analyzes the provisions of Section 6 of the Act on Road Traffic (The use of roads for the purpose of research work on autonomous vehicles), which include regulations allowing testing autonomous vehicles on public roads. A definition of the operator of such a vehicle is proposed together with his/her responsibilities. Also, the term “research work” used in the Act is clarified. Moreover, the issue of specifying the charge laid in the case of the necessity to bring a charge against an autonomous vehicle operator in the course of criminal proceedings is considered. In the preparation of the paper research methods including the analysis of the normative text, the analysis of the views of doctrine and judicial decisions as well as the analysis of an individual case were employed. The paper is of significance for organs conducting or supervising criminal proceedings - at both pre-trail and trial stages - because it concerns the issues which in the Act on road traffic have not been so far defined or elucidated.

14

The Use of Drones and Autonomous Vehicles in Logistics and Delivery

Nurgaliev Ian, Eskander Youssef, Lis Karolina

Logistics and Transport

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2023

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Vol. 57-58, No. 1-2

77--92

EN

The logistics and delivery industry is facing challenges such as high transportation costs, difficulty in meeting customer demands, and environmental concerns. However, the integration of drone and autonomous vehicle technology can address these challenges by reducing transportation costs, increasing speed and reliability of delivery, and improving efficiency. The use of drones and autonomous vehicles can bring significant benefits such as increased efficiency, cost savings, improved safety, increased accessibility, and real-time tracking. Despite the potential benefits, there are still regulatory, technical, and financial barriers to overcome before a widespread adoption of these technologies. The use of drones and autonomous vehicles in the logistics and delivery industry is rapidly growing, with companies like Amazon, UPS, DHL actively experimenting with the use of these technologies. However, there are several challenges and limitations that must be overcome before they can be widely adopted, such as safety and regulatory requirements, weather and environmental conditions, battery life and range, navigation, and public perception.

15

Polish city residents' social perception of autonomous vehicles

Świtała Marcin, Czemiel Paweł

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2023

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nr 3

62--73

EN

The paper presents the results of a social study relating to the awareness and attitudes of city residents towards the prospects of using autonomous vehicles as a means of urban transportation, including last-mile transportation. The main objective of the study was to find answers to the following questions: 1) what is the current state of city residents' knowledge of autonomous vehicles, 2) what attitude respondents have towards the phenomenon under study, 3) what determinants may foster acceptance of this form of transportation as part of daily mobility, 4) what scenarios for travel using self-drive cars are most likely at present. The source base consisted of contributions from 648 respondents qualified for the study based on the criterion of place of residence. Data analysis and interpretation were carried out using the SPSS package and using statistical tests. The results of the study allow us to draw the conclusion that the use of autonomous vehicles as part of daily mobility requires achieving a state of public awareness where the choice of autonomous transportation will become, for city residents, a conscious and desirable form of mobility in urban agglomerations, competitive to other modes of transport.

PL

Pojazdy autonomiczne w percepcji społecznej mieszkańców polskich miast W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań społecznych odnoszące się do świadomości i postaw mieszkańców miast wobec możliwości użytkowania pojazdów autonomicznych jako środka transportu ostatniej mili. Ich głównym celem było znalezienie odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: 1) jaki jest aktualny stan wiedzy mieszkańców miast na temat pojazdów autonomicznych, 2) jaką postawę reprezentują respondenci względem badanego zjawiska, 3) jakie determinanty mogą sprzyjać akceptacji tej formy transportu w ramach codziennej mobilności, 4) jakie scenariusze podróży z użyciem samochodów bez kierowcy są obecnie najbardziej prawdopodobne. Podstawę analizy danych stanowiły odpowiedzi pochodzące od 648 respondentów zakwalifikowanych do badania na podstawie kryterium miejsca zamieszkania. Analizę oraz interpretację danych przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem pakietu SPSS. Wyniki badań pozwalają na sformułowanie wniosku, zgodnie z którym wykorzystanie pojazdów autonomicznych w transporcie miejskim wymaga osiągnięcia takiego stanu świadomości społecznej, w którym wybór tej formy transportu będzie stanowił dla mieszkańców miast uświadomioną i pożądaną formę przemieszczania się po mieście, konkurencyjną wobec innych środków transportu.

16

Brzozowski Michał, Parczewski Krzysztof

Combustion Engines

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2023

|

R. 62, nr 3

109--115

EN

The article introduces and discusses the sensors used in autonomous cars. The reliability of these devices is crucial for the proper operation of autonomous driving systems. The research works related to the issue of the performance of autonomous sensors in adverse weather conditions is discussed and critically analysed. The negative effects caused by bad weather conditions are characterised. The paper presents the result of author's own research concern on the effects of rain, snow and fog on lidar measurements. The results obtained are presented, detailing the most important threats from each weather phenomenon. Attempts currently being made to address these issues are presented as well. The paper concludes with a summary of the research results, the current state of knowledge and suggestions for future developments.

17

Interactions between autonomous vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrians from the perspective of potential users and non-users of autonomous vehicles

Vondráčková Lucie, Trepáčová Martina, Zámečník Petr

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 1

115--126

EN

In a few years, autonomous vehicles will slowly become part of traffic flow. This paper evaluated the level of perceived fear of interactions of autonomous vehicles (AVs) with other (vulnerable) road users of different actors in the Czech Republic. Data from the first exploratory project from 2017/2018 are used for the evaluation. A logistic regression model is utilised to evaluate the predictors that influence the fear resulting from interactions of AVs and cyclists or pedestrians. Kilometres driven last year was positively associated with fear of interactions with pedestrians or cyclists (OR = 1,251, p = 0.032). The level of concerns about the risk of AVs is also positively associated with fear of interactions (OR = 1.087, p = 0.000). Out of all socio-demographics and socio-economics, only gender was distinguished regarding the level of fear, with women having a higher chance than men of being fearful (OR = 1.871, p = 0.005). Then, the same model is utilised to evaluate the variables that influence the fear of interactions of Avs and other non-Avs. Only the general level of concerns about the risk of AVs is associated with the level of fear of interactions of AVs and non-AVs (OR = 1.149, p = 0.000). Since these results are only partly in accordance with those obtained in Western countries, our paper concludes that for central European countries, more research is needed to understand the local context and implications of autonomous mobility.

18

Modułowy system wizyjny do autonomicznych inspekcji i oprysków sadowniczych

Góral Piotr, Pawłowski Paweł, Dąbrowski Adam

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 2

70--75

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano modułowy system wizyjny jako element prototypu autonomicznego opryskiwacza sadowniczego. Ma on na celu inspekcję drzew i liści oraz wyznaczenie sygnału sterującego dyszami opryskiwacza, które w odpowiednich strefach wysokościowych dokonują selektywnego oprysku drzew. Pozwala to na zmniejszenie użycia środków ochrony roślin, a w efekcie ich szkodliwości. Zdalnie sterowana, a docelowo autonomiczna praca zespołu opryskiwacza, ma na celu minimalizację uciążliwości pracy operatora i uniknięcie sytuacji zagrażających bezpieczeństwu pracy.

EN

The paper presents a modular vision system as an element of a prototype of an autonomous orchard sprayer. Its purpose is to inspect trees and leaves and to determine the signal that controls the sprayer nozzles and performs selective spraying of trees in appropriate height zones. This allows a reduction in the use of plant protection products. The remotely controlled and finally autonomous operation of the sprayer unit is aimed at minimizing the harmfulness of the operator's work and avoiding situations that threaten the work safety.

19

Autonomous anomaly detection system for crime monitoring and alert generation

Kukad Jyoti, Soner Swapnil, Pandya Sagar

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2022

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Vol. 16, No. 1

62--71

EN

Nowadays, violence has a major impact in society. Violence metrics increasing very rapidly reveal a very alarming situation. Many violent events go unnoticed. Over the last few years, autonomous vehicles have been used to observe and recognize abnormalities in human behavior and to classify them as crimes or not. Detecting crime on live streams requires classifying an event as a crime or not a crime and generating alerts to designated authorities, who can in turn take the required actions and assess the security of the city. There is currently a need for this kind of effective techniques for live video stream processing in computer vision. There are many techniques that can be used, but Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and OpenCV provide the most accurate prediction for this task. OpenCV is used for the task of object detection in computer vision, which will take the input from either a drone or any autonomous vehicle. LSTM is used to classify any event or behavior as a crime or not. This live stream is also encrypted using the Elliptic curve algorithm for more security of data against any manipulation. Through its ability to sense its surroundings, an autonomous vehicle is able to operate itself and execute critical activities without the need for human interaction. Much crowd-based crimes like mob lynching and individual crimes like murder, burglary, and terrorism can be protected against with advanced deep learning-based Anamoly detection techniques. With this proposed system, object detection is possible with approximately 90% accuracy. After analyzing all the data, it is sent to the nearest concern department to provide the remedial approach or protect from any crime. This system helps to enhance surveillance and decrease the crime rate in society.

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Autonomous vehicles and urban space management

Siqueira Silva Dahlen, Csiszár Csaba, Földes Dávid

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 110

169--181

EN

Discussions on how urban space would be transformed by the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are scarce. This study identifies the impacts caused by the shared use of AVs on urban parking and urban space management. An estimation method was formulated considering the reduction in parking demand, the possible alteration in vehicle ownership, and the reallocation of urban space. A case study was performed in a 673,220 m2 area through scenarios created by using real data of parking spaces and the results of previous studies. Results showed that parking spaces can be saved with the use of shared AVs, which would allow the reallocation of urban space to new uses (for example, implementation of around 12,000 bike-sharing docking spots, 10 km bike lanes, 7 km additional traffic lane or 140 ‘parklets’). The results contribute to revealing the positive impacts of AVs.