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Machine learning–driven smart sharing platforms for optimizing last-mile delivery in Saudi Arabia’s e-commerce sector

Iqbal Tahir

LogForum

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2026

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Vol. 22, no 2

199--212

EN

Background: Last-mile delivery accounts for over 50% of total logistics costs, representing a major operational and sustainability challenge in Saudi Arabia’s rapidly expanding e-commerce sector. Conventional siloed fleet models often result in underutilized capacity, delivery inefficiencies, and elevated carbon emissions. This study proposes a machine learning–driven smart-sharing framework that integrates predictive analytics with operations research to optimize last-mile delivery in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Using the Regional Delivery Data in Saudi Arabia (2024), which aggregates quarterly order volumes across 13 regions, this study develops demand forecasting models (SARIMAX, LightGBM, and CatBoost) as well as ETA predictions enriched with event- and calendar-based features. These outputs inform a vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRP-TW) implemented using Google OR-Tools and a CP-SAT facility location model for parcel locker siting. A digital twin simulation built in SimPy is then used to stress test performance under peak demand conditions (e.g., Ramadan) and weather-related disruptions. Results: The findings show that pooled fleet sharing reduces routing costs by more than 65%, decreasing traveled distance from 7,906 to 2,370 units, while increasing the share of on-time deliveries from 37% to nearly 100%. The introduction of parcel lockers further improves system efficiency, reducing kilometers traveled per parcel by up to 90% and lowering CO₂ emissions from 0.77 to 0.06 kg per parcel. Stress-test experiments confirm the resilience of the shared model, which maintains service-level agreement (SLA) compliance even under demand surges and operational disruptions. Conclusions: This research presents the first reproducible, Colab-native machine learning and optimization pipeline applied to Saudi Arabia’s regional delivery data. The proposed framework provides actionable insights for logistics managers, urban planners, and policymakers seeking data-driven approaches aligned with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 sustainability and efficiency goals.

2

Tradycyjne materiały budowlane Arabii Saudyjskiej i ich wykorzystanie

Radwanek-Bąk Barbara

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 1

90--97

EN

For most of us, Saudi Arabia seems to be an exotic country - a land of rich sheikhs, oil and gas deposits, camels and deserts. Until recently, it was closed to outside visitors, but a few years ago the situation changed and now you can not only enter the country, but also travel around it without restriction. Its area is almost 7 times larger than Poland, covering about 2/3 of the territory of the Arabian Peninsula, with a population of only about 32 million, more than 53% of which is concentrated in several metropolises (Riyadh, Jeddah, Mecca, Medina, Al Damman). Large areas of the country are sparsely populated and covered by desert, including the world’s larg-est sand desert, Ar Rab al Khali. Small villages and settlements dominate, and some of the population still leads a nomadic lifestyle, following herds of camels. It is also an area with a diverse geological structure and a rich, centuries-old history. A kind of synthesis of these two aspects are old, historic buildings - their location, architecture, and above all, the materials from which they were built. The paper has the character of geological snapshots of the journey, showing these elements as examples of well-preserved or restored old buildings in some places, such as Thee Ain, Rial Almaa, Dhahran Al Janub, Jeddah, Hegra, Al Ula, Yanbu and Riyadh. Its aim is to present traditional building materials that have been used for centuries in the territory of present-day Saudi Arabia, and to draw attention to the untapped geotourism potential of the places where they were used. Analysing traditional building materials and their use provides valuable information on a regional material culture, as well as on the geodiversity of the region. Many buildings can therefore be admired not only as works of architecture and art, but also as geotourist attractions.

3

The impact of experiential marketing on product trust in e-commerce: The mediating role of user experience in Saudi Arabia

ElRabbat Samar Ahmed, Arous Jamel Ali, Hima Nadia Ali, ElAwad Islah Hassan, Alruwaili Roaa Taysir

Management

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2025

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Vol. 29, no. 1

531--556

EN

The exponential growth of e-commerce, each globally and inside Saudi Arabia, highlights the importance of fostering consumer trust. This study pursuits to observe the connection among experiential advertising and customer self-belief in the e-trade area, with person experience serving as a mediating factor. A quantitative research method was hired, using a survey tool to collect facts from 415 purchasers in the Northern Borders location of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate client perceptions of experiential advertising and their self-belief degrees in e-trade. Statistical analysis become performed the usage of SPSS and AMOS to discover the relationships among variables.

4

Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility and e-wom on Corporate E-reputation: Application on Banking Sector in Saudi Arabia

Shili Aicha, Toukabri Maher

Management

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2025

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Vol. 29, no. 2

63--83

EN

This study explores the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication via social media, particularly electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM), on customers' perceptions of bank reputation.[...]The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for the banking industry, emphasizing the critical role of CSR communication on social media in shaping customer perceptions of reputation. Moreover, these results will assist bank managers in designing more effective CSR communication strategies to enhance marketing outcomes.

5

Economic viability of electric vehicle adoption in Saudi Arabia: Total cost of ownership analysis for compact SUVs under energy subsidy reform scenarios

Al-Saba Tawfiq T.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2025

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Vol. 10, No. 2

173--203

EN

Purpose: This study evaluates the total cost of ownership (TCO) for four distinct vehicle powertrain technologies - conventional vehicles (CV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and battery electric vehicles (BEV) - in Saudi Arabia’s compact sport utility vehicle market. The research addresses a critical gap in regional transportation economics by examining technology competitiveness under current market conditions and alternative energy pricing scenarios aligned with Vision 2030 subsidy reform objectives. Methodology: A comparative TCO analysis was conducted using empirical pricing and technical specifications from Saudi dealerships (CV, HEV) and normalized regional data (PHEV, BEV). The analytical framework integrated depreciation modeling, discounted cash flow analysis, and sensitivity testing across seven energy pricing scenarios. Data sources included Saudi market sources, international academic literature, and validated research on battery degradation from fleet analyses covering over 10,000 electric vehicles. Results: Under baseline conditions (2024 pricing: gasoline USD 0.63/L, electricity USD 0.042/kWh), hybrid electric vehicles demonstrated lowest annual TCO at USD 6,395, with battery electric vehicles ranking second at USD 6,514 annually (1.9% difference). However, sensitivity analysis identified a critical inflection point at USD 0.85/L gasoline where BEVs transition to cost parity with HEVs. At USD 1.20/L gasoline - a plausible scenario within the decade - BEVs achieve decisive economic superiority. Depreciation emerged as the primary cost driver differentiating technologies, with BEV depreciation representing 62% of total TCO versus 23% for HEVs, reflecting infrastructure and market maturity constraints. Theoretical Contribution: This research extends TCO methodology to emerging markets characterized by energy subsidies, extreme climatic conditions, and nascent EV infrastructure. The study demonstrates that technology competitiveness in such contexts depends critically on interdependent factors spanning energy pricing, infrastructure investment, market maturity, and consumer behavior. The findings challenge the assumption that TCO analysis alone predicts adoption patterns, highlighting the need for complementary policy frameworks that address infrastructure, regulation, and market development. Practical Implications: For Saudi policymakers, the analysis indicates that aggressive investment in charging infrastructure and transparent sequencing of subsidy reform could accelerate EV adoption without substantial direct consumer subsidies. Automotive manufacturers and dealers require integrated service network development and consumer education programs. For fleet operators and consumers, the analysis provides evidence-based guidance on technology selection under heterogeneous ownership profiles and pricing assumptions. The research supports Vision 2030 objectives by demonstrating that electric mobility represents both an economically viable choice and a strategic imperative for economic diversification and environmental sustainability.

6

How can the mining sector diversify the Saudi economy to achieve eco-efficiency?

Louail Bilal, Riache Siham

Economics and Environment

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2025

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No. 2

art. no. 820

EN

This paper explores how export diversification and the mining sector influence Eco-efficiency in Saudi Arabia, both in the short-run and long-run impacts. The paper also accounts for the influence of GDP, aggregate power usage, and urban development. Adopting an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework, the paper first confirms a stable long-run relationship among the variables under consideration. The results show that, in both the short and long run, increased trade diversification, GDP, and urban development lead to increased CO2 emissions. Notably, the negative impact of these variables on the environment is more pronounced in the long run. By contrast, investment in the mining sector is found to reduce CO2 emissions and improve the environment in both the short and long run. Unexpectedly, energy consumption has no significant environmental impact. The results are found to be robust under various statistical tests for common issues. Stability tests also support the robustness of the long-run relationships and validity of the ARDL model. The results of this study have significant implications for designing strategies for environmental conservation.

7

A systematic review of Paleogene agglutinated foraminifera with internal structures (subfamily Pavonitininae) from the Eocene of northwestern Saudi Arabia

Korin Asmaa, Allam Sherif, Prayudi Sinatrya D., Zalmout Iyad S., Memesh Abdullah, Alnajjar Mohammed I., Bahameem Ahmed A., Kaminski Michael A.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2025

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Vol. 95, No. 2

141--152

EN

Agglutinated foraminifera with complex internal structures represent key components of deep-marine benthic assemblages and are important tools for biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The subfamily Pavonitininae, which includes the genera Pavonitina and Pavopsammia, previously has been documented mainly from Oligocene to Miocene successions of the central Paratethys, West Africa, and the Atlantic margins. This study reports the first stratigraphically well-constrained record of Pavonitininae from the upper Eocene (Biozone E14) Rashrashiyah Formation in the Sirhan-Turayf Basin of northwestern Saudi Arabia. The recovered assemblage includes Pavopsammia flabellum, Pavonitina styriaca, Pavonitina biarritzensis, and Pavonitina kiscelliana. The morphological characteristics of these species, preserved in marly limestones and calcareous claystones, show transitions from an initially coiled arrangement to biserial and uniserial arrangements, reflecting different evolutionary phases of the group. Their co-occurrence extends their known stratigraphic range into the Priabonian and shows that important morphological modifications emerged earlier than previously thought, providing the oldest reliably dated record of the Pavonitininae. Palaeoceanographic changes, such as carbonate compensation depth deepening and oxygen minimum zone expansion, along with the Sirhan-Turayf Basin’s palaeogeographic location along the southern Tethyan margin, probably encouraged diversification of the Pavonitininae and their dispersal towards the Paratethys and Atlantic Ocean. These findings refine the evolutionary history, palaeobiogeography, and palaeoecological significance of the Pavonitininae, and improve their application in biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental studies of Paleogene deep-marine deposits.

8

Impact of female labour force participation on the economic growth: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

Alruwaili Naif Fawzi, Mokni Khaled

Management

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2024

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Vol. 28, no. 2

106--131

EN

This study (FLFP) investigates the impact of female labor force participation on the economic growth in Saudi Arabia, a country currently implementing extensive socio-economic reforms. We conduct a sectoral and regional analysis using regression techniques on data from 2015 to 2023. Our findings indicate that FLFP has a statistically significant positive effect on the gross domestic product across all regions in Saudi Arabia. However, the impact is not uniform across different sectors. Notably, substantial contributions to GDP growth are observed in the Transport, Storage & Communication, and Community, Social & Personal Services sectors. By addressing the intersectionality of gender dynamics and economic growth, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders. These insights are crucial for fostering inclusive economic growth and promoting gender equality as part of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 objectives.

9

Barriers to sustainable supply chain initiatives in the petrochemical industry: a case study from the Saudi Arabian petrochemical sector

Barahona Igor, Fallatah Majed, Alkhars Mohammed

LogForum

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2024

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Vol. 20, no. 3

373--388

EN

Background: The petrochemical industry is a critical sector for sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) initiatives, considering its significant contribution to global emissions and its relevance to the world economy. However, implementing sustainable practices in this industry involves overcoming multifactorial, conflicting, and negatively correlated barriers. The objective of this paper is to discuss in depth the main barriers to implementing these practices and suggest an approach to prioritizing them, considering specific local contexts. Methods: A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach was applied to an in-depth case study that focuses on prioritizing barriers within the Saudi petrochemical industry, a major international player in this sector. A novel methodology, based on the principles of nonparametric statistics and bootstrapping, was applied to estimate a sensitivity measure. Results: The most significant barriers in this sector-specific context include communication gaps and customer reluctance to accept sustainable practices. A sensitivity analysis reveals an inverse relationship between the investigated barriers. Conclusions: Managers can use the results as supportive evidence to enhance their decision-making processes within this industry, particularly in cases where communication gaps or negatively correlated barriers are the main obstacles. By offering a bootstrapped parameter for the sensitivity indicator and its associated error, this work provides additional evidence that enriches the body of knowledge that explores SSCM barriers based on MCDM methods.

10

DTA-SAU: A Conceptual Framework for Digital Transformation Adoption in Saudi Arabian Universities

Alsulami Rasha, Beloff Natalia, White Martin

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 41

19--28

EN

Digital transformation in universities is reshaping academic landscapes globally, and Saudi Arabia. Universities are keen to provide high quality learning using different types of teaching methods and up-to-date technology. Thus, the shift to digitisation in Saudi universities is unavoidable, and must embrace digital transformation to satisfy students requirements, needs and expectations. Digital transformation can promote learning and teaching through using different digital tools and formats. A literature review has revealed that there have been few studies conducted on digital transformation adoption in Saudi universities. To date, there is a lack of coherent and comprehensive theoretical approach to digital transformation in Saudi universities, particularly regarding potential barriers to such adoption. This study aims to address this gap by presenting a conceptual framework for Digital Transformation Adoption in Saudi Arabian Universities (DTA-SAU). DTA-SAU combines the factors affecting Saudi universities intention to adopt digital transformation. The results of this study will assist universities to adopt digital transformation.

11

Autism Spectrum Disorder Learning Application Framework (ASDLAF) Evaluation: ASD Users’ Perspectives

Almazni Yahya, Beloff Natalia, White Martin

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 41

9--18

EN

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that causes lifelong impairments in social interaction and communication skills. Besides early interventions and ASD services, technology has become essential in assisting ASD individuals in building and improving their communication and social skills. However, most technological innovations have been developed for Western countries. When considering Saudi Arabia as a developing country, people with ASD may have to deal with other difficulties, such as culture, privacy, and societal integration. To address this, we developed and evaluated a framework to investigate the factors that most influence the adoption of ASD Learning Applications (LA). Additionally, 16 hypotheses were defined to test specific relationships between the factors. A quantitative method was utilised to design our experimental study. This paper presents an evaluation of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Learning Application Framework (ASDLAF) from the perspective of individuals with ASD in Saudi Arabia. Utilising a quantitative approach, data was gathered through a survey with a total of 395 participants. Results of hypotheses testing revealed significant support for most factors except social rules (SR), religion (RE), and age (AG). These findings underscore the importance of cultural, technological, and pedagogical considerations in technology adoption for ASD individuals. The results also suggest that while the ASDLAF may be effective in addressing certain factors of ASD learning applications, there are still areas that need to be further developed to meet the specific cultural and religious needs of individuals in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it will be essential for developers and stakeholders to consider these factors in order to create more beneficial and effective learning tools for individuals with ASD in this region.

12

A Quantitative Study Using the ACC-PH Framework: Factors Affecting Cloud Computing Adoption in Saudi Private Hospitals

Alshahrani Fayez, Beloff Natalia, White Martin

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

87--98

EN

Private hospitals aim to provide essential healthcare services while focusing on profit and income growth. They are turning to innovative solutions to enhance medical services efficiency while reducing costs. Cloud computing has arisen as an ideal option, allowing private hospitals to access advanced digital health services without heavy infrastructure investments. Yet, in Saudi private hospitals, the adoption of Cloud computing is remarkably low. Therefore, in this study, we surveyed 650 managers and administrative staff from Saudi private hospitals, using our previously proposed ACC-PH framework to assess factors influencing Cloud computing adoption from technological, organisational, and environmental perspectives. The data were analysed using IBM-SPSS and AMOSvr29. The results revealed the positive influence of 12 out of 13 examined factors. The findings are significant in guiding decision-makers in Saudi private hospitals to establish effective strategies for implementing Cloud computing. These strategies can enable easier adoption of Cloud computing in this essential industry.

13

Fall from height accidents in the construction industry in Saudi Arabia

Mahmoud Abubakar Sadiq, Sanni-Anibire Muizz, Alsafwani Ahmed

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2023

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Vol. 16, no. 2

101--110

EN

Falls from height (FFH) are considered the most dangerous accident in the global construction industry, especially in emerging economies like Saudi Arabia. This study investigates the causative factors responsible for FFH accidents in the construction industry in Saudi Arabia. The approach used by the study entailed a review of the extant literature to identify the main causes of FFH accidents. The identified causes were used to develop a questionnaire survey, which was administered to construction professionals in Saudi Arabia. Useable feedback from ninety-one responses was obtained and consequently analysed using the Relative Agreement Index (RAI). The results revealed that the top three causes include “lack of training”, “no safety inspection”, and “no safety meeting and seminar between stakeholders”. The causes were also categorized into three groups including “unsafe acts”, “unsafe conditions”, “communication barriers”, and “management commitment”, where “unsafe acts” was the most influential category. The significance of this study is its potential to help control the occurrence of FFH in the construction industry through the adoption of relevant controls, safety training, and risk-based decision-making in the planning and execution of construction works.

14

Key factors affecting knowledge sharing in developed and developing countries: a specific focus on Saudi Arabia

Alsaif Abdulrahman, Khan Imran, White Martin, Beloff Natalia

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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Vol. 36

9--16

EN

Knowledge is considered as the most valuable asset in the moderan digital economy and its dissemination is recognized as the backbone of successful enonomies. The dissemination of knowledge is widely recognised as a fundamental practise in any successful organistion including higher education institutes. This practise enables institutions to generate and maintain knowledge. Organisations that foster a culture of knowledge sharing are able to gain a competitive advantage and drive innovation. These organisations contribute to the enhancement of the economy. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has implemented strategies to incorporate knowledge-sharing initiatives within its organisations. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the key factors that impact knowledge sharing in both developed and developing nations, with a particular focus on Saudi Arabia and to present our future work of how to deploy Cloud Computing for knowledge sharing in Saudi's HEIs.

15

Exploring m-commerce vendors' perspectives in post-Saudi vision 2030: a thematic analysis

AlQahtani Yahya, Beloff Natalia, White Martin

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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Vol. 37

9--20

EN

Despite the popularity of mobile commerce (m-commerce) services in developing countries, their adoption in Saudi Arabia has been limited. Vision 2030, launched in 2016, has triggered substantial transformations in the country, prompting the need to examine its impact on the adoption of m-commerce. This paper investigates the vendors' perspective in regard to the adoption of m-commerce in Saudi Arabia. Through a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with ten Saudi vendors, the study explores the vendors' views on the status of m-commerce in the country and their intentions to adopt it. The findings suggest that m-commerce services are still immature in Saudi Arabia, primarily due to government regulations and technological infrastructure.

16

Contemporary residential areasas an example of tradition-led urban designin Islamic Cities. Case study of Jazan in Saudi Arabia

Khamui Abdelmuniem, Kaźmierczak Bartosz, Pazder Dominika

Środowisko Mieszkaniowe

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2022

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nr 38

13--22

EN

This article focuses on how modern housing environment is shaped via the specifics of construction in extremely challenging weather conditions in the cities of Saudi Arabia. With the overall goal that modern housing must be eco- and human-friendly in mind, the authors have attempted to identify the characteristic features of the Islamic cities and traditional local methods of construction. The article presents typical solutions of local architecture and urban plans, expecting that they might render significant guidelines for the spatial organisation of modern cities. A case study of Jazan city and its neighbourhood has been intended to analyse not only the spatial design of the city but also a recently worked out Masterplan. Both the architecture and the urban planning of Jazan city might serve as a good example of modern interpretation of heritage that underlies high quality housing environment.

17

Assessment of Environmental and Economic Impacts of Municipal Solid Wastes Management System: A Case Study

Mosbah Ezzeddine B., Alsanad Mohammed A., Sassine Youssef N.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

137--145

EN

In pursuance of the Saudi vision 2030, the Al-Hasa municipality has been allocating a total of US$ 60.1 million since 2018 to the implementation of a modern Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) management system. In addition to the improved old components, the system involves six new-engineered cells, five of which will be gradually implemented in progresses, two waste sort-out lines station, and LFG energy recovery. The present research aimed at investigating the environmental and economic impacts of this MSW management system. For this purpose, the authors applied the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Life Cycle Costs Analysis (LCCA) approaches. The main results showed that the air quality was not affected. For instance, gas emission, like carbon monoxide, was less than 0.1 ppm. However, soil and groundwater were contaminated due to leachate infiltration from the uncontrolled cell in which Chloride, Nitrate, and Sulfate exceeded the maximum limits. As for noise, it was found to be high near the sorting-out station at 71.1 Leq dBA. In terms of the financial aspect, the improved MSW management was relatively feasible despite its high costs over its revenues. Thus, the negative cash-flow could be supplemented by setting household taxes at US$ 29 per capita per year, which makes the project cost-effective. Thus, the research recommends continuing the MSW management project.

18

The Al Wahbah Crater of Saudi Arabia and its geotourism potential

Kaminski Michael A., Garrison Thomas F.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2022

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nr 3-4 (70-71)

3--10

EN

The Al Wahbah Crater of Harrat Kishb in western Saudi Arabia is an impressive (2 km wide, 250 m deep) maar crater that formed explosively when rising magma encountered an aquifer during Pleistocene times. The crater and surrounding areas display several Quaternary and Recent volcanic features that are of interest to geoscientists, including a volcanoclastic ejecta layer, an elevated crater rim, scoria fields, an oasis with a natural mineral spring, an ephemeral playa lake on the crater floor, and a pre-existing volcano that was bisected by the explosion. The ejecta layer is overlain by a more recent basaltic lava flow that displays a typical pahoehoe surface. The site is an area of outstanding natural beauty, and new infrastructure is currently being developed to accommodate geotourism. The Al Wahbah Crater is a two-hour drive from the international airport in Taif and can be easily accessed via a major east-west highway and paved local roads.

PL

Krater maaru Al Wahbah w Harrat Kishb w zachodniej Arabii Saudyjskiej (2 km szerokości, 250 m głębokości), uformował się podczas freatycznej erupcji w plejstocenie. W otoczeniu krateru znajdują się czwartorzędowe i współczesne formy wulkaniczne, interesujące dla studentów nauk o Ziemi. Są to między innymi: warstwa wulkanoklastyczna, podniesiona krawędź krateru, pola scoria, oaza z naturalnym źródłem mineralnym, efemeryczne jezioro playa na dnie krateru i wcześniej istniejący wulkan, który został przecięty przez eksplozję. Warstwa scorii i popiołu jest pokryta młodszym bazaltowym potokiem lawy, który pokryty jest klasyczną skorupą law pahoehoe. Teren charakteryzuje się wyjątkowo pięknym krajobrazem, a obecnie rozwijana jest nowa infrastruktura dla geoturystów. Krater Al Wahbah znajduje się dwie godziny jazdy od międzynarodowego lotniska w Taif i można do niego łatwo dojechać główną autostradą wschód-zachód i utwardzonymi drogami lokalnymi.

19

Weather-based maize yield forecast in Saudi Arabia using statistical analysis and machine learning

Jayagopal Prabhu, Muthukumaran Venkatesan, Koti Manjula Sanjay, Kumar Sampath Satheesh, Rajendran Sukumar, Mathivanan Sandeep Kumar

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 6

2901--2916

EN

Crop yield is completely vulnerable to extreme weather events. Growing research investigation to establish climate change, implications in the sectors are influencing the connection. Forecasting maize output with some lead time can help producers to prepare for requirement and, in many cases, limited human resources, as well as support in strategic business decisions. The major purpose is to illustrate the relationship between various climatic characteristics and maize production, as well as to predict forecasts using ARIMA and machine learning approaches. When compared to ARIMA, the proposed method performs better in forecasting maize yields. Consequently, the neural network provides the majority of the prospective talents for forecasting maize production. Seasonal growth is susceptible of forecasting crop yields with tolerable competencies, and efforts are essential to quantify the proposed methodology that forecasts overall crop yield in diverse neighbourhoods in Saudi Arabia’s regions. The proposed combined ARIMA-LSTM model requires less training, with parameter adjustment having less effect on data prediction without bias. To monitor progress, the model may be trained repeatedly using roll back. The correlations between estimated yield and measured yield at irrigation and rain-fed sites were analysed to further validate the robustness of the optimal ARIMA-LSTM method, and the results demonstrated that the proposed model can serve as an effective approach for different types of sampling sites and has better adaptability to inter-annual fluctuations in climate with findings indicating a dependable and viable method for enhancing yield estimates.

20

COVID-19 and the Politics of Russia and Saudi Arabia: Oil Prices and Security

Kozicki Bartosz, Mitkow Szymon, Jaśkiewicz Paweł

Safety & Defense

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2021

|

3

22--31

EN

The aim of the study is an attempt to examine the impact of oil prices on the politics of Russia and Saudi Arabia in terms of economic security. This research covers the period from February 1, 2000 to March 10, 2020. This study uses qualitative and quantitative methods to measure the effectiveness of Russia's influence in Saudi Arabia. The research began with a multidimensional comparative analysis and evaluation of data on the price of one barrel of crude oil in the world on a daily basis in the period 2000-2020 in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the politics of Russia and Saudi Arabia. The considered data obtained from the website www.eia.gov was grouped and specified in order to discover the regularities governing them. Then, advanced research tools were used to analyze and evaluate them dynamically in the form of categorized box-plot charts. The conclusion of the research is that low prices of crude oil per barrel over a long period of time may be a reason for the emergence of the global financial crisis. As a result, Russia suffers financial losses. Overcoming the crisis requires signing international agreements which are hampered due to the own interests of the leaders of world economies: the United States, China and Russia.