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1

Wpływ kąta orientacji ułożenia włókien na wybrane parametry wytrzymałościowe próbek wykonanych w metodzie FFF/MEM

Bernaczek Jacek, Dębski Mariusz, Gontarz-Kulisiewicz Małgorzata

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2025

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Vol. 46, nr 4

12--15

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ kierunku ułożenia włókien pod kątami 45° i 135° oraz 0° i 90° na wybrane parametry w próbie statycznego rozciągania. W badaniach wzięto pod uwagę materiał podstawowy PLA, zmodyfikowany materiał PLA Tough i kopolimer ABS w celu porównania wpływu domieszek na rozpatrywane parametry wytrzymałościowe w odniesieniu do materiału podstawowego PLA oraz do materiału najczęściej stosowanego ABS. Stwierdzono, że zmiana kierunku ułożenia włókien ma niewielki wpływ na wytrzymałość na rozciąganie.

EN

The effect of fiber orientation at angles of 45° and 135°, and 0° and 90° on selected parameters in a static tensile test was presented. The study included PLA base material, modified PLA Tough material, and ABS copolymer to compare the effect of admixtures on the strength parameters considered in the PLA base material and the most commonly used ABS material. It was found that changing fiber orientation had little effect on tensile strength.

2

The influence of polymer materials and internal density on the parameters of fused filament fabrication samples during tensile testing

Gontarz-Kulisiewicz Małgorzata, Budzik Grzegorz, Dziubek Tomasz, Sobolewski Bartłomiej, Przeszłowski Łukasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 9

410--427

EN

This article presents a strength analysis of selected polymer materials (ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PLA (polylactic acid), HABS (hard acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), PC/ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene with polycarbonate), and S&S (strong and soft)) used in the FFF method based on a static tensile test. Standardized type 1A specimens with varying filling densities of the internal grid structure were tested, specifically at densities of 13%, 15%, 20%, 65%, 80%, and fully filled. Additionally, the fractures of the samples following the strength tests were examined and described.

3

Mechanical characterization of composites containing carbonized furniture waste in static tensile testing

Wieczorska Agata, Kosoń-Schab Agnieszka

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 9

481--503

EN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength properties of a new composite material produced by hand lamination. There is a clear gap in the literature regarding the use of MDF-derived pyrolysis carbonizate as a functional component in composite materials. This study addresses that gap by proposing a novel composite in which the carbonizate acts as a filler. The tested composite consisted of carbonizate obtained through the pyrolysis of furniture waste, particularly MDF boards, along with glass mats containing fibers of different orientations and epoxy resin. The resulting carbonizate was crushed and separated by particle size using a sieving method. Composites with carbonizate contents of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% were produced, varying in terms of additive fraction size. Based on the current standard PN-EN ISO 527-4: 2023 28, samples were prepared for static tensile testing. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis of cross-sections of fractured composite samples was conducted, and the test results were evaluated in detail. The findings indicate that the addition of carbonizate weakens the mechanical strength of the composite by disrupting fiber–matrix adhesion and introducing structural defects. The material with a 10% carbonizate fraction of 1.5 mm exhibited a very high elastic modulus (Eₜ = 8708.78 MPa) and the lowest strain (ε = 0.82%) among the tested materials. Meanwhile, the composite with a 7.5% carbonizate content and a 0.5 mm fraction achieved the highest tensile strength (σₘ = 72.29 MPa). Microscopic analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed numerous pores, delamination, and cracks. This study pioneers the use of MDF-derived carbonizate as a filler in epoxy composites, analyzing particle size (0.5-1.5 mm) and loading content (5-10%). The optimal formulation (7.5%, 0.5 mm) enhanced mechanical strength, offering a sustainable solution for furniture waste valorization.

4

Analysis of the influence of the distribution of recyclate rubber layers in the sandwich composite on the identification of damage initiation stress of composite materials using the acoustic emission method

Abramczyk Norbert, Panasiuk Katarzyna, Dudzik Krzysztof, Żuk Daria

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 9

65--79

EN

Annually, 1.5 billion tires—composed of up to 90% vulcanized rubber—are discarded worldwide. Due to its complex and cross-linked structure, vulcanized rubber is extremely difficult to recycle and reprocess. This study investigates the potential application of recycled rubber as a core material in sandwich composite structures. Given the potential use of these materials as structural elements, it is crucial to determine their operating stress limits. While design approaches in composite engineering typically rely on theoretical models and safety factors, the integration of additional testing methods enables more accurate insight into material degradation processes. Static tensile tests showed that the composite without rubber had a strength of approximately 120 MPa, whereas with the addition of 5% recycled rubber, a strength of approximately 100 MPa was achieved. Static tensile testing, conducted alongside acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, allows for identifying stress thresholds that correlate with increases in AE event counts, root mean square (RMS) values, or signal amplitude—parameters that signal structural changes within the composite during loading. The aim of this study was to establish allowable stress values for recycled rubber-based composites, considering different configurations of the rubber layer distribution using the AE method. Based on the read average values of the stresses at which damage is initiated in the composite materials, it is noticeable that despite the earlier values indicating better parameters of the K1 composite – 1 layer of rubber recyclate (64.8 MPa), comparable results are also obtained for the K3 – 3 layers of rubber recyclate (64 MPa) composite. Of the three tested materials, the K2 composite consisting of 2 layers of recyclate rubber is characterized by the lowest value (62.6 MPa).

5

Analysis of the effect of the addition of aluminum powder on polyester-glass composite properties in tensile and hardness test

Żuk Daria, Abramczyk Norbert, Panasiuk Katarzyna, Dudzik Krzysztof, Ziegler Burkhard

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2024

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nr 129

33--45

EN

The study aimed to analyse the influence of aluminum powder on the mechanical properties of polyester-glass composites. Composite materials were made of glass fibres with random fibre direction and polyester resin with the addition of aluminum powder as a filler. The strength parameters of materials obtained during the static tensile test and hardness test were compared. The results were subjected to statistical analysis, taking into account the change in the amount of filler, microstructure was also observed using optical microscopy. An analysis of the results showed that the addition of aluminum powder amounting to 2% of the weight of the composites reduces their hardness and, at the same time, the longitudinal modulus of elasticity.The addition of aluminum powder amounting to 5% and 10% of the weight of the composites increased the hardness of the composites while reducing the Young's modulus. The values of hardness measurements were subjected to statistical analyses at significance level α = 95. The Shapiro-Wilk test confirmed that the hardness variables for all tested samples were in normal distributions, and therefore the most powerful parametric tests were used to test the differences. Using the Student's t-test, it was confirmed that between pairs of variables in configurations: a standard sample with a modified sample, for all tested samples there are significant statistical differences in the distributions of hardness values. Studies have shown that the modification of the mechanical and strength properties of composite materials, through the use of an aluminum filler, makes it possible to obtain materials with variable parameters that can be useful and attractive in many new areas, depending on the application and user requirements.

6

The influence of the model material layer thickness in the additive process on selected strength parameters

Bernaczek Jacek, Cichosz Piotr

Polish Technical Review

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2024

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No. 4

9--14

EN

The subject of the research is to analyze the influence of the elementary thickness of the model material layer in the additive process on the tensile and torsional strength of the manufactured elements. The FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) thermoplastic modeling technique was used to produce standard research samples. The selected model material was the commonly used PET material. Test models were developed in the CAD (Computer Aided Design) environment. The additive process was developed in dedicated tool software by defining the layer thicknesses at levels of 0.2 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The produced series of FFF samples were subjected to tests In a static tensile test and a static torsional test. The results determined in the strength tests were subjected to comparative analysis.

PL

Przedmiotem badań jest analiza wpływu grubości elementarnej warstwy materiału modelowego w procesie przyrostowym na wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i skręcanie wytwarzanych elementów. Do wytworzenia standardowych próbek badawczych wykorzystano technikę modelowania tworzywem termoplastycznym FFF (ang. Fused Filament Fabrication). Wybranym materiałem modelowym było powszechnie wykorzystywane tworzywo PET. Modele testowe opracowano w środowisku CAD (ang. Computer Aided Design). Proces przyrostowy opracowano w dedykowanym oprogramowaniu narzędziowym definiując grubości warstwy na poziomach odpowiednio 0,2 i 0,3 mm. Wytworzone serie próbek FFF poddano badaniom w statycznej próbie rozciągania i statycznej próbie skręcania. Wyznaczone w przedmiotowych próbach wytrzymałościowych wyniki poddano analizie porównawczej.

7

Using statistical analysis to assess the impact of the addition of rubber recyclate on the strength properties of the epoxy-glass composite

Abramczyk Norbert, Żuk Daria, Czech A., Charchalis A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 121, nr 1

77--92

EN

Composites allow the use of many types of recycled waste materials in the process of their design and production due to their properties, i.e., low density, the possibility of damping vibrations and noise, and a wide range of modification possibilities. The global problem related to the reuse of rubber waste prompts the authors to design, manufacture and test layered composites with rubber recyclate from industrial recycling of car tires. Design/methodology/approach For the purposes of the planned research, seven variants of materials were designed and manufactured, which differed in the percentage of recyclate (3, 5 and 7%) and the way they were arranged in the composite was changed (1, 2 and 3 layers with a constant share of 5%). The obtained material variants were subjected to strength tests (including a static tensile test). The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. Findings The strength tests showed significant differences in the parameters of the produced materials. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis, which confirmed the experimental results, giving further conclusions on the parameters of the produced and tested materials. The obtained results and analyses were used to select the most advantageous variant of the material (K1 containing one layer of rubber recyclate in 5% of the composite weight) and to eliminate non-perspective materials for further research. Research limitations/implications The obtained results and analyses were used to select the most advantageous variant of the material (K1 containing one layer of rubber recyclate in the amount of 5% of the composite weight) and to eliminate non-perspective materials for further research. Samples made using a resin with a random distribution of recyclate grains added directly to the matrix show lower strength parameters. In further analysis of the possibility of using the designed new material, the above-mentioned variant of the K1 composite is recommended, which was confirmed by earlier analyses of experimental results measurements. Practical implications Statistical analysis of the obtained results showed that all materials with the addition of rubber recyclate showed a tendency to decrease strength parameters in relation to the base composite K0. In addition, there were significant differences between the variants using recyclate, the most favourable parameters had samples made in the form of sandwich composite (one, two and three layers of rubber recyclate between the layers of glass mat). Originality/value The materials presented in the study are a new type of composites. Statistical analyses of the presented strength test results are useful for assessing the homogeneity and repeatability of measurements. The use of accurate statistical analyses is necessary to develop reliable strength characteristics of materials.

8

Comparison of mechanical properties and structure of Haynes 282 consolidated via two different powder metallurgy methods: laser powder bed fusion and hot pressing

Maj P., Bochenek K., Sitek R., Koralnik M., Jonak K., Wieczorek M., Pakieła Z., Mizera J.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 2

art. no. e130, 2023

EN

The development of powder metallurgy methods in recent years has caused traditional casting methods to be replaced in many industrial applications. Using such methods, it is possible to obtain parts having the required geometry after a process that saves both manufacturing costs and time. However, there are many material issues that decrease the functionality of these methods, including mechanical properties anisotropy and greater susceptibility to cracking due to chemical segregation. The main aim of the current article is to analyze these issues in depth for two powder metallurgy manufacturing processes: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and hot-pressing (HP) methods-selected for the experiment because they are in widespread use. Microstructure and mechanical tests were performed in the main manufacturing directions, X and Z. The results show that in both powder metallurgy methods, anisotropy was an issue, although it seems that the problem was more significant for the samples produced via LPBF SLM technique, which displayed only half the elongation in the building direction (18%) compared with the perpendicular direction (almost 38%). However, it should be noted that the fracture toughness of LPBF shows high values in the main directions, higher even than those of the HP and wrought samples. Additionally, the highest level of homogeneity even in comparison with wrought sample, was observed for the HP sintered samples with equiaxed grains with visible twin boundaries. The tensile properties, mainly strength and elongation, were the highest for HP material. Overall, from a practical standpoint, the results showed that HP sintering is the best method in terms of homogeneity based on microstructural and mechanical properties.

9

Experimental study of mechanical properties of selected polymer sandwich composites

Zielińska Paulina, Ziaja Waldemar

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 40, nr 1

103--111

EN

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of material and geometric factors of selected sandwich composites on their mechanical properties. The first pair of sandwich materials under consideration were made by the industrial infusion method and consisted of epoxy resin reinforced with 7 layers of glass fabric (skin) with core made of PVC foam or aramid honeycomb. The second pair of materials was prepared manually and consisted of polyester resin reinforced with glass mat (skin) with aramid honeycomb core of varying thicknesses. Mechanical properties were determined in static bending, compression and tensile tests. In each case, the failure mode of the tested composite materials was determined. In the case of composites with epoxy resin skins application of aramid honeycomb core resulted in higher tensile and edgewise compressive strength. For materials with polyester resin skins and honeycomb cores it was found that increase of core thickness yielded higher bending stiffness but the tensile and bending strength were reduced.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie wpływu czynników materiałowych i geometrycznych wybranych kompozytów przekładkowych na ich właściwości mechaniczne. Pierwsza badana para materiałów przekładkowych została wykonana metodą infuzji przemysłowej i składała się z żywicy epoksydowej wzmocnionej 7 warstwami tkaniny szklanej (okładki) z rdzeniem z pianki PVC lub aramidowego plastra miodu. Druga para materiałów została przygotowana ręcznie i składała się z żywicy poliestrowej wzmocnionej matą szklaną (okładki) z rdzeniem aramidowym o strukturze plastra miodu o różnej grubości. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu czynników materiałowych i geometrycznych wybranych kompozytów przekładkowych na ich właściwości mechaniczne. Właściwości mechaniczne określono w próbach statycznych zginania, ściskania i rozciągania. W każdym przypadku oceniono sposób niszczenia badanych materiałów kompozytowych. W przypadku kompozytów z okładkami z żywicy epoksydowej zastosowanie rdzenia aramidowego o strukturze plastra miodu spowodowało zwiększenie wytrzymałości na rozciąganie i ściskanie. W przypadku materiałów z okładkami z żywicy poliestrowej i rdzeniami o strukturze plastra miodu stwierdzono, że zwiększenie grubości rdzenia dawało większą sztywność zginania, ale wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i zginanie uległy zmniejszeniu.

10

Use of 3d optical techniques in the analysis of the effect of adding rubber recyclate to the matrix on selected strength parameters of epoxy–glass composites

Charchalis Adam, Kneć Marcin, Żuk Daria, Abramczyk Norbert

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 3

333--346

EN

The article presents a method of modifying the strength properties of epoxy–glass composite by changing the percentage composition of the matrix by the addition of rubber recyclate. Taking into account environmental protection and economic conditions in the process of recycling and utilisation of waste, it is advisable to look for applications of non-degradable waste materials. Based on epoxy resin, a glass mat with a random direction of fibres and rubber recyclate, a test material with different percentage compositions was produced. Samples from the manufactured materials were subjected to a static tensile test on a ZwickRoell testing machine using the ARAMIS SRX measuring system. In addition, CT (computerized tomography) scans of the inside of the samples were made using a ZEISS METROTOM 6 Scout tomograph, and observations of the internal structures were made using a scanning electron microscope. The use of optical and microscopic techniques enabled the precise determination of strength parameters of the examined composites and the analysis of the behaviour of samples under load. The analysis of deformations over time in the examined samples showed a beneficial effect of the addition of rubber recyclate on the elastic properties of the examined composites.

11

A Concept to Carry Out a Torsion Test on Components Made of 20CrNiMo2-2 Steel Using Additive Techniques

Grzelak Krzysztof, Kluczyński Janusz, Sarzyński Bartłomiej

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2022

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Vol. 13, Nr 2 (48)

97--105

EN

In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, have been one of the fastest developing methods of production of various components. As far as building material is concerned, they allow for using not only polymers, but also composites or metals. Products fabricated using said technologies are used in various areas of industries, for instance in medicine, architecture, entertainment, and in particular in the construction of parts and components of machinery and equipment. To recognize and determine the products’ strength properties in a more comprehensive manner, 3D printing products used in mechanical applications are subject to various tests, e.g. static tensile test. This paper contains research about static torsion test on cylindrical samples made of high grade 20CrNiMo2-2 steel using the selective laser melting (SLM). Such an approach allowed to observe the material behaviour and to determine specific values of strength properties, such as the maximum tangential stresses in the material and bulk modulus of elasticity (shear modulus). The determination of such parameters allowed to compare them with the results of the tests carried out on components manufactured using other methods (e.g. a cold drawn solid bar sample).

PL

W ostatnich latach przyrostowe techniki wytwarzania, a w szczególności druk 3D, są jednymi z najszybciej rozwijających się metod produkcji różnych elementów. Pozwalają one na wykorzystanie jako materiału budulcowego nie tylko polimerów, ale również kompozytów czy metali. Produkty powstałe z zastosowaniem opisywanych technik znajdują zastosowanie w różnych dziedzinach życia, dla przykładu w medycynie, architekturze, rozrywce a w szczególności w budowie części i elementów maszyn i urządzeń. Aby lepiej poznać i określić właściwości wytrzymałościowe wyrobów, kluczowe w przypadku wykorzystania produktów druku 3D w dziedzinie mechanicznej, poddaje się je wielu badaniom np. statycznej próbie rozciągania. Rozważanym pomysłem jest przeprowadzenie statycznej próby skręcania walcowych próbek wytworzonych z wysoko-gatunkowej stali 20CrNiMo2-2 z zastosowaniem techniki selektywnego spiekania proszku metalu (SLM). Pozwoli ono na obserwację zachowania się materiału oraz wyznaczenie konkretnych wartości właściwości wytrzymałościowych, takich jak maksymalne naprężenia styczne występujące w materiale oraz moduł sprężystości poprzecznej (modułu Kirchoffa). Dzięki ich znajomości możliwym będzie porównanie ich z wynikami badań przeprowadzanych nad elementami wytwarzanymi w inny sposób (np. próbka z litego pręta ciągnionego).

12

Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie elementów drukowanych z materiałów ABS, PA6+CF15, PA12+CF15

Major Maciej, Kalinowski Jarosław, Kosiń Mariusz

Materiały Budowlane

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2022

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nr 10

82--85

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie próbek filamentów ABS i modyfikowanych włóknem węglowym filamentów PA6 i PA12 wykonanych w technologii druku przestrzennego. Badania mają na celu określić właściwości mechaniczne struktur 3D, z których będą realizowane planowane modele konstrukcyjne. Przedstawiono sposób wykorzystania druku 3D do prototypowego wytworzenia montażowej wkładki usztywniającej ceowe profile zimnogięte stosowane w budownictwie szkieletowym.

EN

The article presents the results of tensile strength tests of samples made in the 3D printing technology for ABS filaments and PA6 and PA12 filaments modified with carbon fiber. The performed tests are aimed at determining the mechanical properties of 3D structures from which the planned structural models will be implemented. A method of using 3D printing for the prototype production of an assembly insert that stiffens C-shaped cold-bent profiles used in frame construction is presented.

13

Influence of graphite as a filler on selected mechanical and structural properties of layered composites with polyester-glass recyclate

Wieczorska Agata, Panasiuk Katarzyna, Bazychowska Sylwia

Journal of KONBiN

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2022

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Vol, 52, iss. 2

1--22

EN

The search for recycling methods of composite materials indicated the possibility of using composites with polyester-glass recyclate as structural elements. The main aim of the article was to analyse the influence of the graphite percentage content on the mechanical and structural properties of such composites. Composite materials were made by hand laminating with 10% polyester-glass recyclate and graphite nano-additive. Samples for the static tensile test were prepared, which was carried out in accordance with the applicable standard on a universal testing machine. The obtained results showed that with the increase in the amount of graphite, the properties of the composite decrease; however, dispropor-tionately to the % of its content.

PL

W ramach poszukiwania metod recyklingu materiałów kompozytowych zauważono możliwość zastosowania kompozytów z recyklatem poliestrowo-szklanym jako elementów konstrukcyjnych. Celem zasadniczym artykułu była analiza wpływu zawartości procentowej grafitu na właściwości mechaniczne i strukturalne takich kompozytów. Wykonano materiały kompozytowe metodą laminowania ręcznego z recyklatem poliestrowo-szklanym w ilości 10%, a także nanododatkiem grafitu. Przygotowano próbki do statycznej próby rozciągania, którą przeprowadzono zgodnie z obowiązującą normą na uniwersalnej maszynie wytrzymałościowej. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, iż wraz ze wzrostem ilości grafitu właściwości kompozytu maleją, jednakże nieproporcjonalnie do jego procentowej zawartości.

14

Analysis of strength parameters at tension of epoxy-glass composites with rubber recyclate addition

Żuk Daria, Abramczyk Norbert, Panasiuk Katarzyna

Journal of KONBiN

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2022

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Vol. 52, iss. 1

131--150

EN

The aim of the research was to analyze the strength parameters of epoxy-glass sandwich composites with the addition of rubber recyclate. Material samples were subjected to a static tensile test performed on a universal testing machine in accordance with the current standard for fiber-reinforced composite materials. The test results showed that the addition of rubber recyclate increases the plastic parameters of the composite, which allows considering the use of the tested material for structures loaded with the vibration and noise scale. The use of rubber recyclate to modify the strength parameters of the composite allows to reduce the amount of rubber waste and ensures the durability of the new material.

PL

Celem badań była analiza parametrów wytrzymałościowych kompozytów przekładkowych epoksydowo-szklanych z dodatkiem recyklatu gumowego. Próbki materiałów poddano statycznej próbie rozciągania przeprowadzonej na uniwersalnej maszynie wytrzymałościowej zgodnie z aktualną normą dla materiałów kompozytowych zbrojonych włóknami. Wyniki badań wykazały, iż dodatek recyklatu gumowego zwiększa parametry plastyczne kompozytu, co pozwala na rozważenie zastosowania badanego materiału na konstrukcje obciążone znacznymi drganiami i hałasem. Zastosowanie recyklatu gumowego w celu modyfikacji parametrów wytrzymałościowych kompozytu umożliwia zmniejszenie ilości odpadów gumowych i zapewnia niezawodność wytrzymałościową nowego materiału.

15

Influence of the type of layered distribution of rubber recyclate as an additive modifying the mechanical properties of epoxy-glass composites

Abramczyk N., Żuk D., Panasiuk K., Dyl T.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 118, nr 2

61--66

EN

Purpose: The research aimed to determine the effect of adding rubber recyclate as a sandwich layer of sandwich composites made based on glass mat and epoxy resin EPO 652. Design/methodology/approach: Four types of research materials with a 5% addition of rubber recyclate and with different ways of layer distribution in the composite and one variant without the addition of recyclate as a comparative material were produced for the study. Samples made of the materials in question were subjected to a static tensile test to determine the changes in strength parameters caused by the addition and distribution of the modifier. Findings: Four types of research materials with a 5% addition of rubber recyclate and with different ways of layer distribution in the composite and one variant without the addition of recyclate as a comparative material were produced for the study. Samples made of the materials in question were subjected to a static tensile test to determine the changes in strength parameters caused by the addition and distribution of the modifier. Research limitations/implications: As a result of the conducted research, the fundamental influence of the recyclate additive and its distribution method on the changes in parameters recorded during the static tensile test was clearly found. Practical implications: The analyses carried out enable the selection of the optimal material variant depending on the intended application. Originality/value: The analysis of the preliminary results obtained during the research showed that epoxy-glass composites based on EPO 652 resin with the addition of rubber recyclate in the form of two and three sandwich layers have better strength parameters than the composite with random addition of recyclate to the matrix. The material characterized by the highest plasticity is a variant with two layers of recyclate spacers. At the same time, it can be stated that the highest values of relative deformation ε obtained a composite with one sandwich layer of rubber recyclate.

16

Analysis of the technological parameters of 3D printing on the strength properties of finished MABS and PET products

Gabryś Aleksander, Dembiczak Tomasz, Kruzel Robert

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo

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2021

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Z. 27 (177)

37-42

EN

The aim of the study was to understand the influence of the technological parameters of 3D printing in FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology on the mechanical properties of MABS and PET material. Samples for static tensile tests were printed in accordance with PN-EN ISO 527: 1998. Plastics. Determination of mechanical properties under static stretching. The print parameters for each sample, regardless of the type of filament used, were the same. Only the filling parameter was modified by changing the density (20, 40, 80%) and the filling pattern (line pattern and honeycomb). Laboratory tests were carried out with the use of a universal testing machine. PET showed higher tensile strength values than MABS at different sample filling densities.

PL

Celem pracy było poznanie wpływu parametrów technologicznych druku 3D w technologii FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) na właściwości mechaniczne materiału MABS oraz PET. Próbki do badań statycznej próby na rozciąganie wydrukowano zgodnie z normą PN-EN ISO 527:1998. Tworzywa sztuczne. Oznaczenie właściwości mechanicznych przy statycznym rozciąganiu. Parametry wydruku dla każdej próbki bez względu na rodzaj użytego filamentu, były takie same. Zmianie jedynie ulegał parametr wypełnienia poprzez zmianę gęstości (20%, 40%, 80%) oraz wzoru wypełnienia (wzór liniowy oraz honeycomb). Badania laboratoryjne przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem uniwersalnej maszyny wytrzymałościowej. PET wykazał większe wartości wytrzymałości na rozciąganie od MABS przy różnych gęstościach wypełnienia próbki.

17

Analysis of the impact of surface roughness on the capacity of adhesive joints from aluminum alloy 2024

Bąk Łukasz, Guźla Ewelina, Łyko Michał

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2020

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nr 2

27--33

EN

The purpose of the article was to deepen the state of knowledge regarding the impact of surface roughness on the capacity of single-lap adhesive joints from aluminum alloy 2024. The surfaces with a triangular outline and various height and longitudinal parameters have been deliberately shaped. The surface roughness of the samples was shaped by milling with four different table feed of 30, 50, 70 and 90 [mm/min]. Surface roughness was tested in a 2D system using a contact profilometer. The samples were connected using Loctite EA 3430 epoxy adhesive and then subjected to a static tensile test. As a result of the performed statistical analysis, it was shown that in the adopted variability area, along with the increase of the feed value, the value of roughness parameters and the capacity of joints increased. The highest capacity was obtained for the parameters Ra = 20,83 μm, Rz = 101,33 μm, Rv = 41,97 μm, Rku = 2,62 μm, RSm = 0,746 mm.

PL

Celem artykułu było pogłębienie stanu wiedzy dotyczącej wpływu chropowatości powierzchni na nośność jednozakładkowych połączeń klejowych stopu aluminium 2024. W sposób celowy ukonstytuowano powierzchnie o zarysie trójkątnym, różniące się wysokościowymi i wzdłużnymi parametrami chropowatości. Chropowatość powierzchni próbek kształtowano poprzez frezowanie z czterema różnymi prędkościami posuwu wynoszącymi 30, 50, 70 i 90 [mm/min]. Chropowatość powierzchni zbadano w układzie 2D przy pomocy profilometru stykowego. Próbki sklejono z wykorzystaniem kleju epoksydowego Loctite EA 3430, a następnie poddano statycznej próbie rozciągania. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy statystycznej wykazano, że w przyjętym obszarze zmienności wraz ze zwiększaniem wartości posuwu zwiększała się wartość parametrów chropowatości oraz nośność połączeń. Najwyższą nośność uzyskano dla parametrów Ra = 20,83 μm, Rz = 101,33 μm, Rv = 41,97 μm, Rku = 2,62 μm, RSm = 0,746 mm.

18

The use of acoustic emission signal (AE) in mechanical tests

Panasiuk Katarzyna, Kyzioł Lesław, Dudzik Krzysztof

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2019

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R. 95, nr 11

8--11

EN

The article presents the possibilities of using the acoustic emission signal in mechanical tests. A static tensile test of the polyester-glass composite samples was carried out with simultaneous recording of the acoustic emission signal generated in the loaded material by means of a connected piezoelectric sensor (PAC system). The acoustic waves created inside the loaded material were processed by a sensor placed directly on the sample and recorded in the form of a digital signal in the recording device. This signal was subjected to further processing and the RMS values were plotted as a function of time, the obtained graphs were applied to stretching curves. Comparison of RMS and tensile plots allows for very accurate identification of processes occurring in the structure of the tested material subjected to loading.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania sygnału emisji akustycznej w badaniach mechanicznych. Przeprowadzono statyczną próbę rozciągania próbek z kompozytu poliestrowo-szklanego z jednoczesną rejestracją sygnału emisji akustycznej generowanego w obciążanym materiale za pomocą podłączonego czujnika piezoelektrycznego (system PAC). Fale akustyczne powstałe we wnętrzu obciążanego materiału zostały przetworzone przez czujnik umieszczony bezpośrednio na próbce i zarejestrowane w formie sygnału cyfrowego w urządzeniu rejestrującym. Sygnał ten poddany został dalszej obróbce i na jego podstawie sporządzono wykresy wartości skutecznej sygnału elektrycznego (RMS) w funkcji czasu, uzyskane wykresy naniesiono na krzywe rozciągania. Porównanie wykresów RMS i rozciągania pozwala na bardzo dokładną identyfikację procesów zachodzących w strukturze badanego materiału poddanego obciążeniu.

19

Microstructure and Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ61 After Extrusion with KoBo Method

Bednarczyk I.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 3

1125--1130

EN

The article presents tests results of metalforming of magnesium alloy AZ61. Materials for tests were ingots sized ϕ 40×90 mm from magnesium alloy marked with symbol AZ61. Before the shaping process the ingots underwent heat treatment. As a result of conduction of the deformation processes there were rods achieved with diameter of 8 mm. There were axisymmetrical compression tests conducted on the samples taken from rods in temperature range from RT to 350ºC in order to determine the plasticity and formability of the alloy AZ61. Static tensile test was conducted in room temperature (RT), in 300ºC and in 350ºC. With the use of light and electron microscopy techniques the changes which occurred in the microstructure of AZ61 alloy in initial condition and after plastic deformation (classic extrusion, KoBo method extrusion) were described. The deformation of alloy AZ61 using the KoBo method contributes to an increase in strength and plastic properties. The effect of superplastic flow was found at a temperature of 350ºC, where a 300% increase in plastic properties – elongation value was obtained. The analysis of the microstructure showed a significant grain size reduction in the microstructure of alloy AZ61 after deformation by the KoBo method and after anaxisymmetric compression test, where grains of an average diameter of d = 13 μm were obtained.

20

Evaluation of the impact of decellularization and sterilization on tensile strength transgenic porcinedermal dressings

Joszko Kamil, Gzik-Zroska Βożena, Kowalewska Edyta, Klama-Baryła Agnieszka, Suchoń Sławomir, Burkacki Michał, Wolański Wojciech

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 3

87--97

EN

The aim of this paper was to evaluate which method of acellularization and sterilization is optimal, in the meaning of which processes have the least impact on the deterioration of mechanical properties of porcine tissues used for xenogeneic applications. Methods: The static tensile probe was conducted for 80 skin specimens obtained from transgenic swine, which are used as a wound dressing for skin recipient. Obtained data were subsequently analyzed with the use of statistical methods. Results: It was found that Young’s modulus for the samples after the sterilization process for the dispase substance and the mixed method (SDS + trypsin) were statistically significantly changed. In the case of dispase, Young’s modulus value before the sterilization process was 12.4 MPa and after the value increased to 28.0 MPa. For the mixed method (SDS + trypsin) before the sterilization process Young’s modulus value was 5.6 MPa and after it was increased to 6.3 MPa. The mixed method (SDS + trypsin) had the slightest effect on changing the mechanical properties of the samples before and after the sterilization process. Conclusions: It was confirmed that different methods of acellularization and the process of sterilization have an influence on the change of mechanical properties of the skin of transgenic swine. In the authors’ opinion, the mixed method (SDS + trypsin) should be recommended as the best one for the preparation of transgenic porcine dermal dressings because it ensures a smaller probability of dressing’s damage during a surgical procedure.