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1

Reverse Engineering and Computer Modelling in Archaeometallurgy for the Reconstruction of Heritage Objects Using Precision Casting and 3D Printing

Marlicka Karolina, Fijołek Andrzej, Garbacz-Klempka Aldona, Piękoś Marcin

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 9, no. 4

72--79

EN

This article presents an interdisciplinary approach to the reconstruction of a copper-alloy artefact using reverse engineering techniques combined with modern digital and manufacturing technologies. The research was motivated by the need to better understand historical casting techniques while preserving the integrity of cultural heritage objects through non-destructive methods. The study integrates 3D scanning, CAD-based modelling, numerical simulations, investment casting, and metal additive manufacturing. The geometry of the artefact was captured using high-resolution 3D scanning, enabling the development of two CAD models: one representing the preserved state of the object and a second reconstructed model with the missing fragment digitally restored. Both models were used for numerical simulations of mould filling, solidification, cooling, and porosity formation performed in MAGMASOFT® 6.1, allowing the assessment of technological feasibility and defect formation. Based on the simulation results, physical replicas were produced using investment casting and selective laser melting. The obtained numerical and experimental results were compared in terms of geometry reproduction, surface characteristics, and predicted versus observed casting behaviour. The study demonstrates that the combination of digital reconstruction, simulation tools, and experimental manufacturing provides a reliable framework for analysing historical metallurgical processes. The proposed methodology supports both scientific interpretation and the practical reconstruction of heritage objects and can be applied to a wide range of archaeometallurgical studies.

2

Influence of Heat Treatment and Plastic Deformation on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Cu-Sc Alloys Prepared by Continuous Casting Process

Franczak Krystian

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

111--120

EN

Paper presents analysis and results of studies on scandium addition to copper from 0.1 wt. % up to 0.4 wt. % and influence of heat treatment and forging process on alloys mechanical and electrical properties. The studies included the production of CuSc0.1, CuSc0.2, CuSc0.3 and CuSc0.4 alloys with the use of metallurgical synthesis and horizontal continuous casting processes. The continuous casting process is a commonly used method for producing rods from various materials for further processing. The research involved the selection of heat treatment for the produced materials in various states of hardening, i.e. immediately after the casting process, after the cold and hot forging process. The research aimed to obtain the highest possible mechanical and electrical properties of Cu-Sc alloys. The studies showed that for CuSc0.4 alloy hardness was at the level of 216 HV (after cold forging and artificial ageing). In case of electrical conductivity, all Cu-Sc alloys were in the range of 27 - 51 MS/m.

3

Materials and constructional design for electric vehicles: A review

Kalhor Alireza, Dykas Jakub, Rodak Kinga, Grajcar Adam

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 1

178--196

EN

In this article, electric vehicles (EVs) are generally introduced, and the benefits of shifting from conventional automobiles toward EVs are discussed. Batteries, as the core technology of EVs, are then addressed, and various battery types are reviewed. Next, the critical role of copper as one of the primary materials essential for various EV components, as well as the expected growth in its demand in the near future, are discussed. Following that, the significance of using advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) in the body structure of EVs to reduce weight while maintaining safety requirements is emphasized, and different types of AHSSs are generally mentioned. Subsequently, common metal forming and joining methods for manufacturing and assembling EV components are reviewed. After that, the importance of proper EV constructional design is highlighted, and the strategic battery pack placement for safety and effective weight distribution is highlighted. The importance of using lightweight materials that offer high strength-to-weight ratios in the body structure of EVs and their benefits for improving the efficiency of EVs through increasing the driving range are also outlined. In addition, the importance of responsible end-of-life actions, including recycling or responsible disposal of EV components after their functional lifespan, is also overviewed. Finally, useful strategies for facilitating wider adoption of EVs are discussed, and alternative options for addressing air pollution and global warming are mentioned.

4

The role of lead in the machinability of copper alloys used for drinking water installations

Krawczyk Janusz, Skoda Philipp, Chaczyk Agnieszka

Advances in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, nr 3(85)

53--66

EN

The machinability of two copper alloys with lead: CuZn40Pb2 and CuSn5Zn5Pb2, was assessed. Turning tests were performed based on the selection of parameters that will result in the tool being worn out after 1 minute. Tool wear was assessed by observing dimensional and microstructural changes in the blade. When assessing machinability, power consumption, chip shape, changes in the surface layer and surface roughness were taken into account. The research aims to determine the custom machinability index of materials used in SANHA Polska. A publicly available index must be adapted to a given application, and such adaptation is often quite time-consuming. Therefore, a 1-minute test was carried out as a quick and cheap alternative to a large fleet of machines with various machining properties. The developed methodology and the results obtained are the basis for further research conducted as part of the implementation doctorate, the aim of which is to implement the production of well-machinable lead-free materials for drinking water installations, characterized by good solderability and corrosion resistance. As a result of the conducted research, the role of lead in the machining of copper alloys was identified, which is important due to European restrictions on the elimination of this element and its replacement in a way that allows for precise removal processing.

5

Tiksoforming stopów miedzi

Madetko Arkadiusz, Sołek Krzysztof, Dąbrowski Robert

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2024

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T. 103, nr 10

1172--1177

PL

Przedstawiono metodę pomiarów lepkości stopów miedzi w stanie ciekłym i stało-ciekłym, stanowisko pomiarowe, wyniki pomiarów lepkości dla stopów miedzi CuSn12 oraz CuAl10Fe3Mn2, modelowanie lepkości na potrzeby procesów formowania tiksotropowego z wykorzystaniem modeli reologicznych stosowanych w pakietach komputerowych do modelowania procesów odlewniczych.

EN

Viscosity measurements of CuSn12 and CuAl10Fe3Mn2 alloys were carried out to develop rheological models used in programs simulating thixocasting processes. A special research methodology was used, including high-temp. furnaces, which enable melting of the tested alloys. The specjal rheological models applied in computer packages used to model casting processes was discussed.

6

Effect of Zinc and Silicon on TriboCorrosive Wear Behaviors of Hot Forged CuZn3Fe2Si3 and CuZn15Si4 Alloys

Taze Hanifi, Ahlatci Hayrettin, Yaşin Süleyman, Ergin Deniz, Türen Yunus, Özeşer Zeynep, Birol Feriha, Tozkoparan Serdar, Çitrak Talip

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 3

911--921

EN

The production and characterization of UNS C65620 (CuZn3Fe2Si3) and UNS C87800 (CuZn15Si4) coded alloys were investigated. The alloys poured into the gravity die casting method were hot forged with a ram, followed by stress relief annealing heat treatment. While the formation of Cu4Si, Cu0.83Si0.17 and Cu5Zn8 phases were detected in the structure of the UNS C65620 coded alloy, Cu12.75SiZn2.92 and Cu3Zn intermetallics with the phases given above were observed in the structure of the alloy containing more Zn and Si. The formation of phases containing more Si and Zn resulted in an increase in both the hardness and strength of the UNS C87800 coded alloy, while the decrease in the % reduction of area and the observation of dynamic deformation aging caused the increase in both the wear rate and deformation hardening rate, which led to embrittlement of the alloy. The deterioration of the corrosion resistance of the UNS C87800 coded alloy can be attributed to the formation of Zn-rich corrosion products on the surface during corrosion.

7

A Glimpse into Raw Material Management in the Early Iron Age: Bronze Ingots from a Production Settlement in Wicina (Western Poland) in Archaeometallurgical Research

Garbacz-Klempka Aldona, Dzięgielewski Karol, Wardas-Lasoń Marta

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 1

163--180

EN

Assessing the level of metallurgical and foundry technology in prehistoric times requires the examination of raw material finds, including elongated ingots, which served as semi-finished products ready for further processing. It is rare to find such raw material directly at production settlements, but Wicina in western Poland is an exception. During the Hallstatt period (800-450 BC), this area, situated along the middle Oder River, benefited from its favorable location in the heart of the Central European Urnfield cultures and developed networks for raw material exchange and bronze foundry production. Numerous remnants of casting activities, such as clay casting molds, casting systems, and raw materials, have been discovered at the Wicina settlement. This article aims to provide an archaeometallurgical interpretation of raw material management and utilization by prehistoric communities during the Early Iron Age. To achieve this, a collection of 31 ingots from the defensive settlement in Wicina, along with two contemporary deposits from Bieszków and Kumiałtowice, both found within a 20 km radius of the stronghold, were studied. Investigations were conducted using a range of methods, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), AAS and ICP-OES spectrometer. The significance of ingots is examined in the context of increasing social complexity and the rising popularity of bronze products, which necessitated diversified production and a demand for raw materials with different properties and, consequently, different chemical compositions.

8

Numerical Modelling of Phase Diagrams of Copper Alloys for Optimization of Semi-Solid Forming

Madetko Arkadiusz, Sołek Krzysztof, Drożdż Paweł

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

689--696

EN

Processing of metal alloys in semi-solid state is a way of producing many near net-shape parts and nowadays is commercially successful. Particular behaviour of alloys in the partially liquid state, having non-dendritic microstructure, is a base for thixoforming processing. Processing materials in the semi-solid state concerns alloys with relatively wide solidification range. Thermodynamic modelling can be used as a one of a potential tools that allow to identify alloys with proper temperature range. It means that the key feature of alloys suitable for thixoforming is a widely enough melting range, allowing for precise control of material temperature. The data gathered from thermodynamics calculations can also pay off in the industrial thixoforming processes design. The goal of this paper is to identify copper alloys which can be successfully shaped in the semi-solid state. Apart to thermodynamic calculations, the observations on high temperature microscope was carried out. During experiments the solidus, liquidus and also deformation temperatures can be determined. An experimental work allows confirming results obtained within the confines of thermodynamic calculations and firstly to determine the deformation temperatures which are the optimal for shaping processes. The basic achievement of this work is an identification of copper alloy groups possible for shaping in the semi-solid state. At the first part of the paper, the basic criteria of suitable alloys were described. Next, both the solid fraction curves for copper alloys with different alloying elements using ProCAST software and the phase diagrams were determined to identify the solidification temperature ranges of these alloys. In the second part of these paper, the identification of the deformation temperatures was carried out with use of high temperature microscope observation.

9

Control of the CET Localization in Continuously Cast Copper and Copper Alloys’ Ingots

Kwapisiński Piotr, Wołczyński Waldemar

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

91--99

EN

A brief description of the innovative mathematical method for the prediction of CET – localization in solidifying copper and copper alloys’ ingots is presented. The method is to be preceded by the numerical simulation of both temperature field and thermal gradient filed. All typical structural zones were revealed within the copper and copper alloys’ massive ingots or rods manufactured by continuous casting. The role of thermal gradient direction for the single crystal core formation has been enlightened. The definition for the index describing proportion between volume fraction of the columnar structure and volume fraction of the equiaxed structure has been formulated by means of the interpretation of some features of the liquidus isotherm velocity course. An attempt has been undertaken to apply the developed mathematical method for the structural zones prediction in the rods solidifying under industrial conditions. An industrial application has been shown, that is, it was explained why the innovative rods should be assigned to the overhead conductors in the electric tractions.

10

Reconstruction of the Late Bronze Age Foundry Process in Greater Poland: Analyzes and Simulations. Case Study of Hoard from Przybysław

Garbacz-Klempka Aldona, Piękoś Marcin, Perek-Nowak Małgorzata, Kozana Janusz, Żak Paweł, Fijołek Andrzej, Silska Patrycja, Stróżyk Mateusz

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 3

1125--1136

EN

One of the most interesting categories of artifacts for archaeometallurgical research includes deposits of bronze items, so-called “metallurgists hoards”. They contain, aside of final products, many fragments of raw material and, moreover, metallurgical tools. An important source for the studies on the history of metallurgical technology is hoard from Przybysław, Greater Poland district. Thus, the aim of the work is the identification and interpretation of bronze-working practices and strategies adopted by prehistoric communities of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (ca. 600 BC). The examined objects are characterized in terms of their design, structure, and chemical composition. The methods chosen for the studies of artifacts include: metallographic macro- and microscopic observations using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the analysis of chemical composition with the methods of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF). The thermodynamic analysis of the alloys was performed on the basis of the CALPHAD method. The experimental melts allowed to verify the theoretical considerations and to determine the characteristic temperatures of changes. The old casting technology can be analyzed basing on computer modeling and computer simulation methods. Simulations in the MAGMASOFT® software are a good example to illustrate how to fill a mould cavity with a molten bronze for a hoop ornament. It is also an appropriate tool to determine temperature distribution in a mould. The simulations also show the possible disadvantages with this old technology.

11

Praktyczne zastosowanie metody elektrograwimetrycznej w analizie stopów miedzi

Maj Izabela, Charasińska Jadwiga, Piskorz Anna, Gorewoda Tadeusz, Czech Agnieszka, Pietrasz Renata

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2021

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nr 2

26--32

PL

W artykule przedstawiono realizację kluczowego etapu oznaczania miedzi z zastosowaniem techniki elektrograwimetrycznej, którym jest przygotowanie próbek stopów.

12

Impact of Ti and Fe on the Microstructure and Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys

Piękoś M., Garbacz-Klempka A., Kozana J., Żak P. L.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 4

83--90

EN

The paper discusses issues related to the technology of melting and processing of copper alloys. An assessment was made of the impact of titanium and iron introduced in the form of pre-alloy - Ti73Fe master alloy on the microstructure and selected properties of pure copper and copper-silicon alloy. There are known examples of the use of titanium and iron additive to the copper alloy. Titanium as an additive introduced to copper alloys to improve their properties is sometimes also applicable. In the first stage of the study, a series of experimental castings were conducted with variable content of Ti73Fe master alloy entering copper in quantities of 5 %, 15 %, 25 % in relation to the mass of the metal charge. In the second stage, a silicon additive was introduced into copper in the amount of about 4 % by weight and 0.5 % and 1 % respectively of the initial Ti73Fe alloy. Thermodynamic phase parameters were modelled using CALPHAD method and Thermo-Calc software, thus obtaining the crystallization characteristics of the test alloys and the percentage of structural components at ambient temperature. Experiments confirmed the validity of the use of Ti73Fe master alloy as an additive. The pre-alloy used showed a favourable performance, both in terms of addition solubility and in the area of improvement of strength properties. Changes were achieved in the microstructure, mainly within the grain, but also in the developed dendrites of the solid solution. Changes occur with the introduction of titanium with iron into copper as well as to two-component silicon bronze.

13

Analiza efektywności nowego procesu walcowania w warunkach dużych odkształceń plastycznych

Pawlicki Jacek, Płachta Adam

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2019

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R. 64, nr 7

18--23

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań stopów CuFe2 i CuCr0,6 przeprowadzonych na doświadczalnej walcarce z poosiowym, cyklicznym ruchem walców (RCMR, ang. Rolling with Cyclic Movement of Rolls). Urządzenie stanowi interesującą alternatywę dla powszechnie znanych metod dużego odkształcenia plastycznego SPD (ang. Severe Plastic Deformation). Zasadniczym celem badań była analiza mechaniczna procesu walcowania RCMR przeprowadzona na wybranych stopach miedzi oraz identyfikacja stref lokalnych odkształceń wynikająca z dodatkowego ruchu walców. Wyniki badań porównano z uzyskanymi w procesie walcowania konwencjonalnego. Badania wykazały wpływ procesu RCMR na przebiegi mechaniczne procesu, intensywność i efekt lokalizacji odkształcenia.

EN

The paper presents the results of the CuFe2 and CuCr0.6 alloys tests carried out on an experimental rolling with cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR, Rolling with Cyclic Movement of Rolls). The device is an interesting alternative to the commonly known methods of severe plastic deformation SPD. The main objective of the research was a mechanical analysis of the RCMR rolling process carried out on selected copper alloys and identification of local deformation zones resulting from the additional movement of rollers. Test results were compared with those obtained in the conventional rolling process. The research has shown the impact of the RCMR process on the mechanical processes of the process, the intensity and effect of the location of strain.

14

Wpływ czasu na uwalnianie niklu z wybranych przeciwdrobnoustrojowych stopów miedzi

Walkowicz M.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2018

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R. 63, nr 1

11--14

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu czasu na uwalnianie niklu ze stopów CuNi10Fe1Mn i CuAl10Ni5Fe4 do roztworu syntetycznego potu imitującego pot ludzki. W tym celu przeprowadzono eksperyment w warunkach laboratoryjnych, polegający na poddaniu próbek testowi zanurzeniowemu w roztworze sztucznego potu, którego receptura została sporządzona zgodnie z wymaganiami normy PN-EN 1811. Próbki poddane takiej procedurze badawczej poddawano wytrzymywaniu w roztworze syntetycznego potu w czasie od 1 do 1320 godz., a następnie przy pomocy optycznego spektrometru emisyjnego oznaczono ilość Ni w roztworze. Na podstawie analizy otrzymanych wyników stwierdzono, że do czasu jednego tygodnia trwania badań, ilość niklu, który wydzielił się do roztworu syntetycznego potu liniowo wzrastał, po czym począwszy od drugiego tygodnia testu wartość uwolnionego Ni stabilizowała się, utrzymując na stałym poziomie.

EN

The paper presents results of research on the release of nickel from CuNi10Fe1Mn and CuAl10Ni5Fe4 alloys into a solution of synthetic sweat imitating human sweat. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions, consisted of submerging samples of the test material into a solution of artificial sweat, the formula of which was prepared in accordance with the PN-EN 1811 standard. Samples subjected to this test procedure were subjected to a synthetic sweat in a time intervals from 1 to 1320 hours, and then the number of Ni was determined using an optical emission spectrometer in remaining solution. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it was found that up to one week of testing, the amount of nickel that had precipitated into the synthetic sweat solution increased linearly, after which starting from the second week of the test the value of released Ni stabilized while maintaining a constant level.

15

Wpływ czasu ekspozycji przeciwdrobnoustrojowych stopów miedzi w roztworze syntetycznego potu na odporność korozyjną

Walkowicz M.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2018

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R. 63, nr 3

10--14

PL

Stopy miedzi wykazują właściwości przeciwdrobnoustrojowe i dlatego instalowane są jako powierzchnie dotykowe m.in. w szpitalach. Jednak pod wpływem eksploatacji, a zwłaszcza poprzez kontakt z potem rąk ludzkich i środkami dezynfekcyjnymi utleniają się i na ich powierzchni tworzy się warstwa korozyjna zawierająca w swoim składzie chemicznym m.in. tlenki CuO i/lub Cu2O. Po to, aby odwzorować tworzące się na powierzchni miedzi i jej handlowych stopów powierzchniowe warstewki korozyjne symulujące warstwy tworzące się na wyrobach dotykowych pod wpływem długoczasowej eksploatacji, przeprowadzono badania doświadczalne odporności korozyjnej miedzi ETP i jej handlowych stopów, polegające na teście zanurzeniowym próbek w roztworze syntetycznego potu o recepturze sporządzonej zgodnie z wymaganiami normy PN-EN 1811. Analizę stanu powierzchni materiałów poddanych takiej procedurze badawczej przeprowadzono za pomocą elektronowej mikroskopii skaningowej. Na podstawie analizy wyników stwierdzono, że powierzchnia warstwy korozyjnej na miedzi C110, mosiądzach C230 i C274, brązach C519 i C630 oraz miedzioniklu C706 jest bardziej chropowata aniżeli dla nowych sreber C752 i C757, dla których produkty korozji mają strukturę dużo bardziej gładką. Przeprowadzony eksperyment dostarczył praktycznych informacji o odporności korozyjnej miedzi i stopów miedzi poddanych ingerencji roztworu imitującego pot ludzki.

EN

Copper alloys have antimicrobial properties and therefore are installed as touch surfaces, e.g. in hospitals. But as a result of exploitation, especially through contact with human hands and disinfectants, they oxidize and a corrosion layer on its surface is formed, which in its chemical composition contains among others CuO and / or Cu2O oxides. In order to simulate corrosive layers, which are forming on the surface of copper and its commercial alloys, test samples were immersed in a synthetic sweat solution with a recipe prepared in accordance with the requirements of the PN-EN 1811 standard. The analysis of the surface condition of materials subjected to such a test procedure was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Based on the analysis of the results, it was found that the surface of the corrosion layer on C110 copper, C230 and C274 brass, C519 and C630 bronzes and C706 copper tartrate is more rough than for the new C752 and C757 silver, for which the corrosion products have a much smoother structure. The experiment provided practical information on the corrosion resistance of copper and copper alloys subjected to the immersion in human synthetic sweat.

16

Badania odporności na korozję przeciwdrobnoustrojowych stopów miedzi w atmosferze sztucznego potu

Walkowicz M.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2018

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R. 63, nr 1

7--10

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu czasu na odporność korozyjną miedzi i jej stopów w atmosferze sztucznego potu, który miał za zadanie imitować pot ludzki. W tym celu przeprowadzono eksperyment w warunkach laboratoryjnych, polegający na sporządzeniu receptury syntetycznego potu składającego się (zgodnie z wymaganimi normy PN-ISO 3160-2) z: chlorku sodu, chlorku amonu, mocznika, kwasu octowego, kwasu mlekowego i wodorotlenku sodu, w atmosferze którego umieszczone zostały w temperaturze 40°C i w czasie od 15 min do 2016 godz. (12 tygodni) próbki wyrobów płaskich walcowanych z miedzi Cu-ETP i siedmiu handlowych stopów miedzi. Próbki metali będące przedmiotem takiej procedury badawczej, poddano następnie analizie stanu powierzchni za pomocą oka nieuzbrojonego oraz obserwacjom strukturalnym, na podstawie których stwierdzono, że morfologia powierzchniowych warstewek będących pochodną tlenków i chlorków głównych składników stopowych jest nierównomierna i chropowata. Na podstawie analizy otrzymanych wyników badań stwierdzono ponadto, że najbardziej odpornym korozyjnie na oddziaływanie składników syntetycznego potu materiałem na osnowie miedzi jest mosiądz CuZn37. Przeprowadzony eksperyment pozwolił na symulację zachowania się miedzianych powierzchni dotykowych poddanych kontaktowi z ludzkim potem.

EN

The paper presents the results of investigations of the influence of time on the corrosion resistance of copper and copper alloys in contact with the atmosphere of synthetic sweat, imitating human sweat. For this purpose, a laboratory experiment was carried out in which synthetic sweat recipe consisting of sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, urea, acetic acid, lactic acid and sodium hydroxide, in accordance with the requirements of PN-ISO 3160-2 were made, in the atmosphere of which rolled flat products from ETP copper and seven commercial copper alloys were subjected at temperature of 40°C and different time from 15 minutes to 2016 hours (12 weeks). Sheet samples subjected to this test procedure were then subjected to the analysis of the surface condition with the unaided eye and structural observations, on the basis of which uneven and rough morphology of the surface films being a derivative of oxides and chlorides of the main alloy components was found. Based on the analysis of the obtained test results, it was also found that CuZn37 brass is the most resistant copper alloy to corrosion of the synthetic sweat atmosphere. The experiment allowed for simulation of the behavior of copper touch surfaces subjected to contact with human sweat.

17

Bulk modulus of copper alloys in context of modern metal theory

Chrzanowski J., Bieg B.

New Trends in Production Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 1, Iss. 1

681-686

EN

The authors used a modern quantum theory allowing to determine the energy levels of electrons in real metal. Based on that analytical equations have been presented by means of which the bulk modulus for chosen metals were calculated. It should be emphasized that all values obtained directly from the derived equation are in perfect conformity with the experimental data, a few percentage differences are comparable with the potential measurement error. Subsequently a simple mathematical model has been proposed which allows to calculate the bulk modulus of copper alloys depending on their percentage composition. The authors performed numerical calculations for the typical copper alloys and the results are presented in the form of graphs.

18

Study of Investment Casting Technology from Bronze Age. Casting Workshop in Grzybiany (Southwest Poland)

Garbacz-Klempka A., Suchy J. S., Kwak Z., Tokarski T., Klempka R., Stolarczyk T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 2

615--624

EN

Investment casting technology that utilizes lost-wax casting is one of the most-important achievements of ancient society. In Lower Silesia, Poland (Grzybiany, Legnica county), a 7-6 BC casting workshop was discovered with numerous artifacts, confirming the existence of the manufacturing process of metal ornaments using ceramic molds. The paper presents the research of molds and casts from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Microscopic analyses of the casting molds were performed, along with radiographic and chemical composition tests of the artifacts (the latter employing the use of the X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy method). The clustering method was used for alloy classification. The microstructure was analyzed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Conclusions from the research were utilized in further experiments.

19

Casting Technology Experiment and Computer Modeling of Ornaments from Bronze Age

Garbacz-Klempka A., Suchy J. S., Kwak Z., Długosz P., Stolarczyk T.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

|

Vol. 63, iss. 3

1329--1337

EN

The casting workshop was discovered with numerous artifacts, confirming the existence of the manufacturing process of metal ornaments using ceramic molds and investment casting technology in Lower Silesia (Poland) in 7-6 BC. The research has yielded significant technological information about the bronze casting field, especially the alloys that were used and the artifacts that were made from them. Based on the analyses, the model alloys were experimentally reconstructed. Taking advantage of the computer-modeling method, a geometric visualization of the bronze bracelets was performed; subsequently, we simulated pouring liquid metal in the ceramic molds and observed the alloy solidification. These steps made it possible to better understand the casting processes from the perspective of the mold technology as well as the melting and casting of alloys.

20

The Influence of Copper on the Properties of Ductile Iron for Producing Centrifugally Cast Rolls

Válek T., Hampl J., Hybl T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 3

101--106

EN

An intentional change in material properties is an important condition for castings production. It is one way how to meet the casting requirements of how to adapt the material properties to the operating conditions. Centrifugally cast rolls are multi-layer rollers, castings. The working layer of the barrel is called the "shell" and the body of the roll and the necks rolls are called "core". The article deals with the influence of the properties of the core iron. Earlier laboratory experiments were primary analysed for metallographic analysis and mechanical properties. These data were compared back to the experiments. The results of these laboratory working were later applied in the operating conditions of the roll foundry Vítkovitcké slévárny, spol. s r.o. The spun cast roll produced with the applied metallurgical processing change was supplied to the hot strip mill. There were monitored the positive effect of the change of the metallurgical process of the production of the core iron on the useful properties of the centrifugally cast roll. The experiment was done in order to increase the mechanical properties of ductile pearlite ductile iron. The copper in these core iron material increases the hardness and strength primarily.