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1
Content available Phase Analysis and Crystallographic Orientation of High Chromium Cast Iron Grain Using EBSD Technique
Siekaniec D., Kopyciński D.
Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
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2017
|
Vol. 1, no. 1
15--19
EN
Grain orientation, properties, microstructure borders, and types and sizes of phases have had a major impact on the traits of modern engineering materials. Therefore, it is important to study, analyze, and (further) control the method of crystallizing alloys. One of the methods used to assess the orientation of grain growth is the EBSD technique. EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis) enables us to perform quantitative analyses on the microstructure of materials (on a scale of millimetres to nanometres) in a scanning electron microscope. Using the EBSD technique can help us gain valuable information about the following properties of crystalline materials: crystal orientation, disorientation, grain boundaries, global and local texture, fractions recrystallization/deformation, stress analysis, characterization of intergranular boundaries, identification of phases, phase distribution, and so on. In this paper, we present the results of phase analysis and crystallographic orientation of the grains of high chromium cast iron via EBSD. These were preliminary studies to determine the possibility of using the EBSD technique for analyzing high chromium cast iron. Castings were produced under industrial conditions, then samples were cut out and testing using the EBSD technique. This method proved to be effective for this type of material.
2
Content available The Effect of Fe-Ti Inoculation on Solidification, Structure and Mechanical Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron
Kopyciński D., Siekaniec D., Szczęsny A., Guzik E., Nowak A.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2017
|
Vol. 62, iss. 4
2183--2187
EN
The results of studies of the effect of different amounts of the Fe-Ti inoculant on structure and selected mechanical properties of High Chromium Cast Iron (conventionally abbreviated as HCCI) are presented. The main purpose of the inoculation is structure refinement and hence the improvement of casting properties. Generally considered a strong carbide-forming element, titanium is an effective inoculant for the high chromium cast iron. However, there is an optimal amount of titanium addition beyond which the mechanical properties begin to deteriorate. The studies enabled determining the amount of Fe-Ti inoculant optimal for the cast iron of a given chemical composition.
3
Content available Effect of Titanium Inoculation on Tribological Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron
Siekaniec D., Kopyciński D., Szczęsny A., Guzik E., Tyrała E., Nowak A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2017
|
Vol. 17, iss. 4
143--146
EN
The present investigation focuses on the study of the influence of titanium inoculation on tribological properties of High Chromium Cast Iron. Studies of tribological properties of High Chromium Cast Iron, in particularly the wear resistance are important because of the special application of this material. High Chromium Cast Iron is widely used for parts that require high wear resistance for example the slurry pumps, brick dies, several pieces of mine drilling equipment, rock machining equipment, and similar ones. Presented research described the effects of various amounts of Fe-Ti as an inoculant for wear resistance. The results of wear resistance were collated with microstructural analysis. The melts were conducted in industrial conditions. The inoculation was carried out on the stream of liquid metal. The following amount of inoculants have been used; 0.17% Fe-Ti, 0.33% Fe-Ti and 0.66% Fe-Ti. The tests were performed on the machine type MAN. The assessment of wear resistance was made on the basis of the weight loss. The experimental results indicate that inoculation improve the wear resistance. In every sample after inoculation the wear resistance was at least 20% higher than the reference sample. The best result, thus the smallest wear loss was achieved for inoculation by 0.66% Fe-Ti. There is the correlation between the changing in microstructure and wear resistance. With greater amount of titanium the microstructure is finer. More fine carbides do not crumbling so quickly from the matrix, improving the wear resistance.
4
Content available Effect of Different Inoculants on Impact Toughness in High Chromium Cast Iron
Siekaniec D., Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Tyrała E., Nowak A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2017
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Vol. 17, iss. 2
85--88
EN
The present work, presented the study of effect of different inoculants on impact toughness in High Chromium Cast Iron. The molds were pouring in industrial conditions and samples were tested in laboratory in Faculty of Foundry Engineering at AGH. Seven samples were tested - one reference sample, three with different addition of Fe-Ti, and three with different addition of Al. The samples were subjected to impact toughness on Charpy hammer and the hardness test. The presented investigations indicate that for the each inoculant there is an optimal addition at which the sample obtained the highest value of impact toughness. For the Fe-Ti it is 0.66% and for Al is 0.17%. Of all the examined inoculants best results were obtained at a dose of 0.66% Fe-Ti. Titanium is a well-known as a good modifier but very interesting results gives the aluminum. Comparing the results obtained for the Fe-Ti and Al can be seen that in the case of aluminum hardness is more stable. The hardness of all samples is around 40-45 HRC, which is not high for this type of cast iron. Therefore, in future studies it is planned to carry out the heat treatment procedure that may improves hardness.
5
Content available The Althoff-Radtke Test Adapted for High Chromium Cast Iron
Kopyciński D., Siekaniec D., Szczęsny A., Sokolnicki M., Nowak A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2016
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Vol. 16, iss. 4
61--64
EN
The paper presents results of the possibility of adapting the Althoff-Radtke test for High Chromium Cast Iron. The Althoff-Radtke test is a clump attempt used for steel. The Althoff-Radtke test has four different lengths of clamp which qualifies it as a test to quantitatively take into account different kinds of shrinkage ΔL. The length of the slot of the cracked corner and the length of each staple (50 - 350 mm) are the parameters tendency to cast cracks. Castings of white cast iron have a high tendency to hot cracking due to the large range of solidification temperatures, unfavorable kinetics parameters of shrinkage, and especially a lack of expansion before shrinkage. Shrinkage of high chromium white cast iron is similar to the shrinkage of cast steel, and is approximately 2%. Therefore it is important to test susceptibility to hot cracks. Research was carried out under industrial conditions. Four melts were performed, one of the initial chemical composition and the other three modified by different amounts of Fe-Ti, respectively, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% Fe-Ti. The propensity for hot cracking was based on the observation of the dark surface in the corner of the sample. The study shows that the Althoff-Radtke test can be adapted to determine the tendency for hot cracking of high chromium cast iron. It should however be noted that the test results can not be compared with those for other alloys.
6
Oddziaływanie warstwy wierzchniej odlewu z żeliwa sferoidalnego na wzrost powłoki cynkowej podczas metalizacji zanurzeniowej
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Szczęsny A., Siekaniec D.
Inżynieria Materiałowa
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2015
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Vol. 36, nr 2
65--68
PL
W pracy zawarto wyniki badań powłoki ochronnej ukształtowanej podczas zabiegu cynkowania zanurzeniowego na powierzchni wyrobu z żeliwa sferoidalnego. Wytop żeliwa sferoidalnego gatunku EN-GJS-600-3 został przeprowadzony w warunkach przemysłowych, natomiast formy odlewnicze wykonano w warunkach przemysłowych i laboratoryjnych w celu uzyskania zróżnicowanego parametru chropowatości powierzchni analizowanych odlewów, który został określony za pomocą profilometru. Zabieg cynkowania zanurzeniowego przeprowadzono na stanowisku laboratoryjnym w Pracowni Inżynierii Powierzchni Odlewów w Katedrze Inżynierii Stopów i Kompozytów Odlewanych na Wydziale Odlewnictwa AGH w Krakowie. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań dokonano oceny wpływu chropowatości powierzchni odlewu na kinetykę wzrostu powłoki cynkowej. Stwierdzono, że chropowatość powierzchni ma istotny wpływ na grubość powstającej powłoki cynkowej.
EN
In terms of economically and ecologically hot dip galvanizing Fe–C alloys is one of the best ways of protecting ferrous alloys from the destructive effects of atmospheric corrosion. The article contains the results of the protective coating formed during hot dip galvanizing treatment on the surface of a ductile cast iron. Melting of cast iron EN-GJS-600-3 grade was carried out in industrial conditions, while the molds were made in industrial and laboratory conditions to obtain varied surface roughness parameter of castings, which has been tested on a profilometer. Hot dip galvanizing was performed in Laboratory of the Engineering of Casting Surface, Department of Engineering of Cast Alloys and Composites. Based on the performed studies assesses the impact of the obtained surface roughness of castings on the kinetics of growth of the zinc coating. It was found that the surface roughness has a significant impact on the thickness of the zinc coating.
7
Content available The Effect of Addition of Titanium on The Structure and Properties of High Chromium Cast Iron
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Siekaniec D., Szczęsny A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2015
|
Vol. 15, iss. 3
35--38
EN
The paper presents results of Ti-addition to High Chromium Cast Iron (HCCI) on the structure and selected mechanical properties. For this study casted two sets of cylinders with dimensions ø20 mm, ø15 mm x 250 mm, for the High Chromium Cast Iron (HCCI) and with the 4% by mass Ti-addition. Melts were performed in the induction furnace crucible capacity of 15 kg. During the heats the cup with installed S type thermocouple was poured to record the cooling curves. The cylinders were subjected to the static bending strength test. Samples for the test microstructure and Rockwell hardness were cut from the cylinders. The study shows that the addition of titanium had an impact on the structure and thus the properties of High Chromium Cast Iron (HCCI). In subsequent studies, through an appropriate choice of chemical composition and proper process control, it is planned to obtain in the structure the titanium carbides TiC and chromium carbides with type (Cr, Fe)7C3.
8
Content available Przykład obróbki cieplnej odlewów z żeliwa wysokochromowego
Siekaniec D., Szczęsny A., Kopyciński D.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2015
|
Vol. 15, iss. 4 spec.
109--112
PL
Żeliwo wysokochromowe jest powszechnie stosowanym materiałem w przemyśle górniczym i mineralnym, gdzie wymagana jest duża odporność na zużycie ścierne. Swoje dobre właściwości zawdzięcza obecności w mikrostrukturze twardych węglików. Żeliwo chromowe poddawane hartowaniu ma w praktyce osnowę austenityczną, austenityczno-perlityczną lub perlityczną. Istotnym procesem w czasie obróbki cieplnej jest tzw. destabilizacja austenitu, jest on ważny ponieważ dopiero po jego zajściu może nastąpić przemiana martenzytyczna. W zależności od szybkości chłodzenia, które następuje po procesie destabilizacji austenitu, może powstać perlit, bainit i martenzyt. Przeprowadzone badania dotyczyły określenia wpływu szybkości chłodzenia odlewów z żeliwa wysokochromowego po obróbce cieplnej, na mikrostrukturę i twardość. Badaniu zostało poddane żeliwo wysokochromowe o zawartości 27%Cr i 2,7%C. Przeprowadzono zabieg hartowania z temperatury 950 °C w czasie 4h, następnie odlewy poddano trzem wariantom chłodzenia – w wodzie, w kąpieli solnej i na powietrzu. Zbadano i porównano mikrostrukturę oraz twardość odlewów dla różnych wariantów chłodzenia.
EN
High Chromium Cast Iron (HCCI) is widely use in mining and mineral industry, where abrasive resistance is a principal requirement. Its good properties thanks to the hard eutectic carbides occurring in the microstructure. The effect of heat treatment on HCCI was a subject of many research. High Chromium Cast Iron have an austenitic, austenitic-pearlitic or pearlitic matrix. An important process during the heat treatment is austenite destabilization, thus until after it conduct the martensitic transformation can occur. Depending on the cooling rate that follows the process of destabilization of austenite, perlite, bainite and martensite may form. The present work, aimed at studying the influence of cooling rate after heat treatment, on the microstructure and hardness. The study were carry out on samples of High Chromium Cast Iron containing 27%Cr i 2,7%C. Samples were subjected to the tempering treatment at the temperature of 950°C for 4 hours and three variants of cooling – in water, in a salt bath and on air. Examined and compared the microstructure and hardness of castings for different variants of cooling.
9
Content available Kinetyka wzrostu powłoki ochronnej podczas wysoko- i niskotemperaturowego cynkowania zanurzeniowego odlewów z żeliwa sferoidalnego
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Szczęsny A., Siekaniec D.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2015
|
Vol. 15, iss. 2 spec.
47--50
PL
W pracy przedstawiono porównanie mikrostruktury powłoki cynkowej otrzymanej na powierzchni odlewu z żeliwa sferoidalnego gatunku EN-GJS-5007 podczas zabiegu cynkowania zanurzeniowego w procesie „niskotemperaturowym” 450°C oraz „wysokotemperaturowym” 580°C. Zbadano kinetykę wzrostu powłoki cynkowej, zidentyfikowano wzrastające fazy Fe-Zn oraz występowanie wydzieleń „twardego cynku” w powłoce.
EN
The paper presents a comparison of the zinc coating microstructure obtained on EN-GJS-500-7 grade ductile cast iron surface during the hot dip galvanizing in the "low temperature" 450 °C and "high temperature" 580 °C. The kinetics of growth of the zinc coating was investigated. The phases of Fe-Zn and the presence of precipitates "hard zinc" in the coating have been identified.
10
Content available Diffusion Coefficient in the Zinc Coating Shaped on the Surface of Cast Iron and Steel Alloys
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Szczęsny A., Siekaniec D.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2015
|
Vol. 15, iss. 2
43--46
EN
The article presents the method to assess the diffusion coefficient D in the sub-layer of intermetallic phases formed during hot-dip galvanizing “Armco” iron and ductile cast iron EN-GJS-500-7. Hot-dip galvanizing is one of the most popular forms of long-term protection of Fe-C alloys against corrosion. The process for producing a protective layer of sufficient quality is closely related to diffusion of atoms of zinc and iron. The simulation consist in performed a hot-dip galvanizing in laboratory condition above Fe-C alloys, in the Department of Engineering of Cast Alloys and Composites. Galvanizing time ranged from 15 to 300 seconds. Then metallographic specimens were prepared, intermetallic layers were measured and diffusion coefficient (D) were calculated. It was found that the diffusion coefficient obtained during hot-dip galvanizing “Armco” iron and zinc is about two orders of magnitude less than the coefficient obtained on ductile cast iron EN-GJS-500-7.
11
Metalizacja zanurzeniowa wyrobów ze stopów Fe-C charakteryzujących się dużą zawartością krzemu
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Szczęsny A., Siekaniec D.
Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze
|
2014
|
Vol. 81, nr 5
261--265
PL
Przedmiotem badań była analiza wpływu zawartości Si w wybranym gatunku stali oraz żeliwa sferoidalnego na kinetykę wzrostu powłoki cynkowej podczas cynkowania zanurzeniowego. Badaniu zostało poddane żeliwo gatunku EN-GJS-500-7 o zróżnicowanej osnowie metalowej oraz stal typu S235JR, natomiast zabieg cynkowania został wykonany w temperaturze 450°C. Przeprowadzono analizę oraz pomiary grubości powłoki ochronnej ukształtowanej na powierzchni wyrobów z tych dwóch rodzajów stopów Fe-C oraz dodatkowo wyznaczono zależność wzrostu warstwy ochronnej od czasu i od rodzaju metalizowanego stopu.
EN
The object of the study was to analyze the influence of the Si content in the selected grade of steel and ductile cast iron on the growth kinetics of the zinc coating during hot-dip galvanizing. The study was conducted on cast iron EN-GJS-500-7 Grade of various metal matrix and steel S235JR. Galvanizing treatment was carried out at a temperature of 450°C. The analysis and measurement of thickness of the formed protective coating were performed. Furthermore determined the relationship between growth protective layer and time, according to the type of metallized alloy.
12
Content available White Cast Iron with the Microstructure in situ Composite
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Szczęsny A., Gilewski R., Siekaniec D.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2014
|
Vol. 14, iss. 1 spec.
147--150
EN
Alloys based on FeAl intermetallic phases have a heat and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. With the addition of carbon in alloy the carbides appear which makes cast highly resistant to abrasion. However, this material is not widely used because of the presence in the microstructure of the aluminum carbide, which makes the casting disintegrates after a time automatically. The solution to the problem is the decomposition of aluminum carbide and replace it with another carbide forming element. In paper shows that the corresponding elements are titanium, vanadium, bismuth and boron effectively inhibit the process of self-destruction.
13
Content available The Influence of the Pouring Temperature on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Chromium Cast Iron
Kopyciński D., Siekaniec D.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2014
|
Vol. 14, iss. 4 spec.
63--66
EN
The article presents the results of the influence of pouring temperature on the structure and selected properties of high-chromium cast iron. The study was performed on two different pouring temperatures 1490°C and 1460°C for cast iron of the same chemical composition. Melts were performed in the induction furnace crucible capacity of 15 kg located in the Department of Engineering Alloys and Composites in Foundry Engineering Faculty of AGH. For each temperature cast 2 sets of rollers with dimensions ø30mm, ø20mm, ø15mm x 250mm. During the heats poured cup with installed S type thermocouple to record the cooling curves. Rollers put to the static bending strength test. Samples were cut from the rollers for the test microstructure. The study shown that the pouring temperature has a significant impact on the way of crystallization of high-chromium cast iron and consequently, on the microstructure and mechanical properties. It follows that, by appropriate selection of the pouring temperature can control certain properties of the casting.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu temperatury odlewania na strukturę i wybrane właściwości wytrzymałościowe żeliwa wysokochromowego. W ramach badań wykonano dwa wytopy z różną wartością temperatury odlewania 1490 °C i 1460 °C, dla żeliwa o tym samym składzie chemicznym. Wytopy wykonano w piecu indukcyjnym o pojemności tygla 15 kg znajdującym się w Katedrze Inżynierii Stopów i Kompozytów Odlewanych na Wydziale Odlewnictwa AGH. Dla każdej temperatury odlano 2 zestawy wałków o wymiarach ø30 mm, ø20 mm, ø15 mm x 250 mm. Podczas wytopów zalano kubki pomiarowe z termoelementem typu S do rejestracji krzywej krystalizacji i stygnięcia. Wałki poddano statycznej próbie wytrzymałości na zginanie. Następnie z wałków wycięto próbki do badania mikrostruktury. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że temperatura odlewania ma istotny wpływ na sposób krystalizacji odlewu z żeliwa wysokochromowego, a w konsekwencji na mikrostrukturę i właściwości wytrzymałościowe. Wynika z tego, że przez odpowiedni dobór temperatury odlewania można sterować niektórymi właściwościami mechanicznymi odlewu.
14
Content available Inoculation of Austenite Primary Grains in Cast Iron
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Szczęsny J., Dorula J., Siekaniec D., Ronduda M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2014
|
Vol. 14, iss. 4
45--48
EN
The modification is a widespread method of improving the strength properties of cast iron. The impact in terms of increasing amounts of eutectic grains has been thoroughly studied while the issue of the impact on the mechanical properties of primary austenite grains has not been studied in depth yet. The paper presents the study of both aspects. The methodology was to conduct the melting cast iron with flake graphite, then modifying the alloy by two sets of modifiers: the commercial modifier, and a mixture of iron powder with a commercial inoculant. The DAAS test was carried out to identify the primary austenite grains. The degree of supercooling was determined and the UTS test was performed as well. Additionally carried out the metallographic specimen allowing for counting grains. It can be concluded that the introduction of the iron powder significantly improved the number of austenite primary grains which resulted in an increase in tensile strength UTS.
15
Content available Analysis of the High Chromium Cast Iron Microstructure after the Heat Treatment
Kopyciński D., Guzik E., Siekaniec D., Szczęsny A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2014
|
Vol. 14, iss. 3
43--46
EN
The article presents results of heat treatment on the high chromium cast iron. The study was carrying out on samples cut from the casting made from chromium cast iron. Those were hardened at different temperatures, then tempered and soft annealed. The heat treatment was performed in a laboratory chamber furnace in the Department of Engineering Alloys and Composites at Faculty of Foundry Engineering AGH. At each stage of the heat treatment the hardness was measured by Vickers and Rockwell methods, and the microscope images were done. Additionally based on images from the optical microscope the microstructure was assessed. Based on these results, the effect of hardening, tempering and soft annealing on the microstructure and hardness of high chromium cast iron was studied. Next the effects of different hardening temperatures on the properties of high chromium cast iron were compared. The study led to systemize the literature data of the parameters of heat treatment of high chromium cast iron, and optimal conditions for heat treatment was proposed for casts of similar properties and parameters.
16
Content available Charakterystyka powłoki cynkowej ukształtowanej na powierzchni wyrobów ze stopów Fe-C
Szczęsny A., Siekaniec D., Madizhanowa A., Kopyciński D.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2013
|
Vol. 13, iss. 3 spec.
157--160
PL
W artykule zawarto wyniki badań powłoki ochronnej ukształtowanej podczas zabiegu cynkowania zanurzeniowego na powierzchni wyrobów ze stali, staliwa oraz żeliwa. Odlewy ze stali i staliwa zostały ocynkowane w warunkach przemysłowych, natomiast odlewy z żeliwa na stanowisku laboratoryjnym w Pracowni Powierzchni Odlewów Katedry Inżynierii Stopów i Kompozytów Odlewanych. W poniższej pracy oceniono jakość i morfologię uzyskanej powłoki ochronnej uzyskanej na poszczególnych wyrobach ze stopów Fe-C oraz odporność na korozję w komorze solnej na próbkach z żeliwa szarego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że najcieńsza i najbardziej regularna powłoka cynkowa została ukształtowana na powierzchni stali. Na powierzchni staliwa i żeliwa powłoka miała charakter nieregularny, z wyraźnie zwiększonym udziałem fazy ζ. We wszystkich przypadkach uzyskano zwartą i ciągłą powłokę cynkową.
EN
The article contains the results of the protective coating formed during hot dip galvanizing treatment on the surface of steel, cast steel and cast iron. Zinc coatings are one of the best methods of protection against corrosion of alloys of iron with coal in terms of both economic and ecological aspects. Casts from steel and cast steel were galvanized in industrial conditions, while iron castings in a laboratory at the Laboratory of Surface Engineering Department Casting Alloys and Composites cast. The following study evaluated the quality and morphology of the protective coating on different products obtained from the Fe-C alloys and corrosion resistance in salt spray chamber on samples of cast iron. Based on the studies it was found that the thinnest and most regular zinc coating has been formed on the steel surface. On the surface of cast steel and cast iron coating was irregular, with clearly increased participation phase ζ In all cases obtained compact and continuous zinc coating.
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