Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Heterometaliczne kompleksy metali ziem rzadkich : synteza, badania strukturalne i zastosowania praktyczne w katalizie

Kowaliński Adrian, Petrus Rafał

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2025

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[Z] 79, 11-12

1011--1041

EN

Over the past four decades, heterometallic rare-earth metal clusters have garnered significant attention due to their intriguing architectures and diverse applications across catalysis, polymer synthesis, and materials chemistry. Particular emphasis has been placed on heterometallic coordination compounds incorporating transition metal ions (e.g., MnII, MnIII, FeII, FeIII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ReIV, ReV), many of which exhibit single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior. Such complexes are regarded as promising molecular materials for high-density data storage and components in spintronic and magnetic refrigeration devices. Additionally, these systems have shown potential as luminescent probes and sensors for environmental monitoring, safety applications, and explosive detection. Heterometallic 3d-4f complexes are also considered viable candidates for photocatalytic energy conversion processes, including water splitting and CO2 photoreduction. Rare-earth ions, characterized by their strong oxophilicity, high Lewis acidity, large coordination numbers, and flexible coordination geometries, demonstrate notable catalytic activity in various organic transformations. These include asymmetric synthesis, CO2 activation, and the polymerization of cyclic monomers. A distinct and growing area of application involves the use of heterometallic rare-earth complexes as molecular precursors for the fabrication of advanced functional materials, such as composites, glasses, and ceramics. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the structural chemistry of heterometallic rare-earth clusters and how it governs their physical properties, reactivity, and catalytic performance.

2

Szkielety metalo-organiczne do zastosowań w zakresie ochrony środowiska

Baluk Mateusz Adam, Trzebiatowska Patrycja Jutrzenka, Pieczyńska Aleksandra

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 3-4

189--217

EN

Current challenges related to climate change, environmental degradation, and the increasing energy demand impose an urgent need for society to seek innovative solutions in environmental protection. In response to these issues, scientists have been developing areas related to novel functional nanomaterials for years. Among these materials, particular attention is drawn to metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a new type of porous coordination polymers built from metal centers and organic ligands. The exceptional properties of MOFs come from their porous structure exhibiting high surface area, low density, large pore volume, also recyclability and the ability to regulate pore size and activity by selecting appropriate building blocks. MOFs can be synthesized by various routes and the most popular methods are the following: solvo-(hydro)thermal, mechanochemical, electrochemical, sonochemical or microwave-assisted synthesis. The type of synthesis influences the MOFs properties such as crystal size, specific surface area or possibility of scalable. Furthermore, MOFs activity in sorption or catalysis can be enhanced by postsynthetic modification (PSM), which enables the introduction of new functional groups or particles on/into MOF. Thanks to these properties and tunability, MOFs are finding increasingly broad applications in various processes that can serve different functions such as catalysts, photocatalysts, or sorbents. Due to the possibility of control of pore structure, their adsorption properties, and the nature of active sites, lately, MOFs and MOF-based materials have been investigated in gas adsorption and separation, hydrogen storage, CO2 capture, chemical sensing, electrochemical water splitting, biomass conversion, polymerization and drug delivery. This article will provide general information about the structure and key properties of MOFs, as well as methods of their synthesis and possibilities for modification. However, the focus will primarily be on indicating the various applications of MOFs in environmental applications (Figure 1). The use of MOFs in processes for removing organic and inorganic pollutants from water, air purification, gas separation, pollutant detection, and fuel generation and storage will be discussed. Additionally, the potential uses of MOFs as catalysts in transesterification processes, CO2 fixation, depolymerization, or biomass conversion will be highlighted.

3

Historia technologii i katalizy na UMCS

Borowiecki Tadeusz, Ryczkowski Janusz

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2024

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[Z] 78, 9-10

1285--1319

EN

The article presents the most important facts related to the history and scientific activities of the Department of Chemical Technology. The activity and development of the unit was and is closely related to the functioning of the Faculty of Chemistry at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University and cooperation with the economic environment and other research units. More than six decades of history are not only the scientific achievements of the team, but also the individual development of individual employees, as mentioned in the supplement to this text.

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Synthesis, characterization, and applications of a novel poly(4-[pyrrol-1-yl methyl]benzoic acid)–silver composite

Benamrani M. I., Chikouche I., Zouaoui A.

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 4

11--20

EN

This article describes the manner in which a novel composite compound was synthesized using a novel method and optimized using a poly(4-[pyrrol-1-yl methyl]benzoic acid) (PPy-b) polymer and very little amount of metallic silver microparticles. The deposition of the polymer film on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate surface was performed by electrochemical oxidation of the monomer in acetonitrile medium at an imposed potential. The incorporation of silver microparticles was carried out by immersing the modified electrode in a solution of silver nitrate to complex the Ag+ ions with the carboxylic group (COOH) present in the backbone of the polymer, followed by an electrochemical reduction of the complex to precipitate the silver in the form of metallic microparticles in the polymer film. Different characterization techniques (cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and surface analysis techniques) were used to optimize the prepared material. Despite the very small quantity of silver (a few micrograms), inserted into the polymer film, the composite material thus obtained had good electrical, optical, and catalytic properties.

5

Improved Biodiesel Production Yield Using Coconut Mesocarp-Based Catalyst

Espinoza-Montero José, Rodríguez-Mora Karina, Jirón-García Eddy, Casanova-Treto Pedro, Fernández-Peraza Ana Vivian

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

358--368

EN

Current concern over the decrease in the use of fossil fuels has led to the study of various options as an alternative to replace them in the transportation and industrial sectors. Different materials, such as agricultural products, lignocellulosic residues, solid wastewater products, and algae, can be used in the production of biochar and, through a sulfonation process, it can be converted it into a heterogeneous acid catalyst. The purpose of this study was employed coconut mesocarp as lignocellulosic biomass feedstock, obtaining sulfonated biochar (BACS), and evaluates its use in biodiesel production, comparing it with a KOH catalyst. The methodology included the pyrolysis of coconut mesocarp and the activation with H2 SO4 for BACS production. BACS was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, BET surface area analysis and elemental analysis. The biodiesel obtained by BACS and biodiesel obtained by KOH were compared using international biodiesel standards. An activated sulfonated biochar with a sulfonation percentage of 15.23% was successfully obtained, providing a higher FAME conversion percentage than the KOH catalyst. During the characterization of the biodiesel obtained with both catalysts, it was found that KOH meets the specified standards, while the BACS catalyst requires variations in reaction temperature or blending with diesel to comply with the biodiesel characteristics. Additionally, it was observed that the coconut mesocarp-based catalyst showed a 2.78% reduction after the first working cycle, allowing for its reuse without the need for a new sulfonation process.

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Zastosowanie rozpuszczalników głęboko eutektycznych w syntezie organicznej na przykładzie reakcji otrzymywania 5-hydroksymetylofurfuralu

Kania Piotr, Siewniak Agnieszka

Chemik

|

2024

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Nr 2

108--111

PL

Poszukiwanie zrównoważonych i przyjaznych dla środowiska rozpuszczalników i katalizatorów jest kluczowym elementem w rozwoju technologii chemicznych zgodnych z zasadami zielonej chemii i inżynierii. Rozpuszczalniki głęboko eutektyczne (DESs), szczególnie otrzymane z naturalnych surowców, dzięki swoim pożądanym właściwościom stanowią alternatywę wobec stosowanych dotychczas toksycznych rozpuszczalników, a także mają potencjał pełnienia funkcji katalizatorów w syntezie organicznej. Przykładem ich wykorzystania może być synteza 5-hydroksymetylofurfuralu, będącego istotnym związkiem z grupy fine chemicals o szerokim spektrum zastosowań. Między innymi odgrywanie roli lub pełnienie funkcji do otrzymywania biodegradowalnych polimerów, a także znajduje zastosowanie w przemyśle chemicznym, farmaceutycznym, oraz stanowi potencjalne źródło dodatków do paliw. W pracy przedstawiono na podstawie najnowszych publikacji przegląd literaturowy dotyczący syntezy 5-hydroksymetylofurfuralu w obecności rozpuszczalników głęboko eutektycznych, które wykazały się wysoką skutecznością pełniąc rolę zarówno katalizatora, jak i rozpuszczalnika.

EN

A review, with 22 refs., of deep eutectic solvents (DES), which provide an alternative to the toxic solvents used and show catalytic properties in organic synthesis. Methods for obtaining DES, their properties and applications were described. Methods for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from cellulose and monosaccharides using choline chloride-based DESs obtaining the product in high yields were discussed.

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Catalytic Properties of Electroless Nickel-Based Coatings Modified by the Magnetic Field

Kołczyk-Siedlecka Karolina, Kutyła Dawid, Skibińska Katarzyna, Jędraczka Anna, Żabiński Piotr

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 1

17--24

EN

In this work the nickel-based coatings were obtained by electroless catalytic deposition on light-hardened resins dedicated for 3D printing by SLA method. The effect of external magnetic field application on the properties of nickel-based coatings was determined. During metallization, the magnetic field was applied to the sample’s surface with different orientations. Due to the magnetic properties of metallic ions, the influence of the magnetic field on coatings properties is expected. The coatings were analyzed by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) the X-Ray diffraction (XRD) methods, and surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic properties in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were measured by electrochemical method in 1 M NaOH solution. The best catalytic activity has been observed in the case of the ternary Ni-Fe-P alloy deposited under a parallel magnetic field. The primary outcome of the presented research is to produce elements based on 3D printing from resins, which can then be metallized and used for highly-active materials deposited on complex 3D models. Furthermore, these elements can be used as low-cost, highly-developed sensors and catalysts for various chemical processes.

8

Removal of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Using Different Oxidation Strategies

Fajri Nibras Raad, Mohammed Rusul Naseer

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

351--359

EN

Many countries use nontraditional methods to treat wastewater, especially those with water lacks. Among these methods, heterogeneous photocatalysis is more commonly widely used since it converts organic molecules into carbon dioxide and water. In this study, the photocatalytic degradation process of total organic carbon was investigated by TIO2/UV technique (TUT). This treatment is carried out in a batch recycle reactor using a UV light and catalyst TIO2. The optimum operating parameters were investigated regarding the best organic removal including, total organic carbon concentration, flow rate, pH, irradiation time, and photocatalysis dosage. The result showed that the TUT is affected by reducing total organic carbon (TOC) from synthetic wastewater (SW) by 61% at 50 ml/min of flow rate, 250 mg of catalyst concentration TIO2, and a concentration of TOC of 25 mg/l. Then the result of TUT was compared with a process of combining TIO2/UV and an oxidizing agent (Hydrogen peroxide H2O2). It was found that 73% of organic removal was obtained which is best than TUT when using an H2O2 dosage of 100 mg/l. Experimentally, Ozone was also added to the process of TUT and the result showed that the removal percentage increased to 80%.

9

Alkoholiza mocznika jako potencjalna metoda otrzymywania węglanu propylenu na skalę techniczną

Kotyrba Łukasz, Siewniak Agnieszka, Woszczyński Piotr, Nowakowska-Bogdana Ewa, Chrobok Anna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 12

1112--1117.

PL

Przeprowadzono test katalizatorów w procesie syntezy węglanu propylenu metodą alkoholizy mocznika. Spośród katalizatorów cynkowych, cynowych, glinokrzemianowych i MgO największe wydajności reakcji uzyskano, stosując zasadowy węglan cynku (78,9%) i tlenek cynku (76,9%). Badania wykazały, że tlenek cynku nie traci swoich właściwości katalitycznych po kolejnych nawrotach, jednak jego straty po każdym cyklu reakcyjnym wynosiły 27,4 - 33,1%. Dowiedziono, że rozpuszczony w mieszaninie poreakcyjnej cynk może być z niej usunięty za pomocą wymieniaczy jonowych, takich jak ziemia bieląca TONSIL 570 FF lub kationit Purolite CT151.

EN

Propylene glycol, urea and catalyst (compds. of Zn, Mg, Sn or aluminosilicates) were mixed in the flow of N₂, at 150°C, for 4 h. The compn. of the reaction mixt. was detd. by means of GC with an internal standard. The Zn content of the liq. samples was quantified by X-ray fluorescence. The highest yields of propylene carbonate were obtained in the presence of basic ZnCO₃ (78.9%) and ZnO (76.9%). ZnO losses after each reaction cycle amounted to 27.4-33.1%. The Zn dissolved in the reaction mixt. was removed with the aid of ion exchangers.

10

Synteza i zastosowanie styrylopochodnych arenów, karbazolu i ferrocenu w projektowaniu e-stereoregularnych krzemoorganicznych materiałów hybrydowych

Majchrzak Mariusz

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

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[Z] 75, 1-2

137--162

EN

The potential for expanding the variety of catalytic methods for carbon-carbon bond formation is being currently explored in many research centres all over the world. An increasing use of selected d-block metals as catalysts in the synthesis has brought new methods of functionalization of organic and organometallic compounds of great importance for development of polymer chemistry and organic chemical technology [5, 6]. This work describes very precise and controlled catalytic transformations as useful tools for the synthesis of new E-conjugated organic, organosilicon molecular and polymeric compounds. The combination of Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and silylative coupling reactions as a simple and efficient method is established for designing new E-stereoregular hybrid materials in the presence of well-defined transition metal (TM) catalysts. All presented compounds can be interesting precursors for a further functionalization that may significantly increase the possibility of their application in the design and synthesis of new functional materials.

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CO2 zamiast CO : katalityczna konwersja CO2 w syntezie związków karbonylowych

Wójcik Ewelina, Trzeciak Anna M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

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[Z] 75, 3-4

395--422

EN

Modem industrial carbonylation processes, leading to functionalized carbonyl compounds, are based on the application of highly toxic and flammable carbon monoxide. Recently, carbon dioxide which is non-toxic and abundant, has attracted attention as a perfect C1 source to build new C-C and C-N bonds. From the standpoint of green and sustainable chemistry, it is appealing and challenging to combine the reduction of CO2 with subsequent carbonylation using in situ formed CO. Herein we present the application of CO2 as C1 building block for the carbonylation of different organic compounds in the presence of transition metal catalysts (e.g. Pd, Rh, Ru, Fe). Industrially important organic compounds has been obtained in hydroformylation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, aminocarbonylation and carboxylation reactions with CO2. On the other hand, rapid reduction of CO2 to CO could processed in the metal catalyst - free systems, using a catalytic amount of fluoride salt and stoichiometric amount of di- or hydrosilane. In these reactions silyl formate has been identified as an important intermediate formed from silane and carbon dioxide. Also hydrazine and sodium borohydrate have been used for CO2 reduction to formic acid or other products. Obviously, these reactions could be restricted because of their sensitivity to the applied conditions, high cost of reactants as well as the waste generated. The presented examples of catalytic carbonylation reactions with CO2 as a source of CO group illustrate a high technological potential of this strategy.

12

Experimental Insight into the Catalytic Mechanism of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Zn and Co) on the Thermal Decomposition of TKX-50

Hou Xiaoting, Zhang Ming, Zhao Fengqi, Yang Yanjing, An Ting, Li Hui, Pan Qing, Wang Xiaohong, Zhang Kun

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2021

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Vol. 18, no. 2

223--244

EN

Synthesized dihydroxylammonium 5,5’-bistetrazole-1,1’-diolate (TKX-50) owes its outstanding application prospects in the field of insensitive solid propellants not only to its high energetic performance but also to its low mechanical sensitivity. Based on the excellent catalytic activity of bimetallic iron oxides for the thermal decomposition of TKX-50, the catalytic mechanism of bimetallic iron oxides (NiFe2O4, ZnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4) for TKX-50 pyrolysis has been explored. For this study, the decomposition process of TKX-50, before and after mixing with the bimetallic iron oxides NiFe2O4, ZnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 was monitored by in-situ FTIR and gas-phase MS-FTIR instruments. Of the different catalysts, ZnFe2O4 gave the best result for reducing the initial decomposition temperature of TKX-50. Additionally, the activation energy of functional group cleavage of TKX-50, before and after mixing with ZnFe2O4, was also calculated for mechanism analysis from the results of the in-situ FTIR measurements. The results showed that the condensate and the gas-phase decomposition products of TKX-50 remained unchanged after mixing with different catalysts, while the activation energy of tetrazole ring cleavage was significantly reduced. The results of this study will be helpful for the rational design of insensitive solid propellant formulations containing TKX-50, and for understanding the pyrolysis mechanisms of TKX-50 before and after mixing with the efficient catalyst ZnFe2O4.

13

Characteristics of the structure of natural zeolites and their potential application in catalysis and adsorption processes

Sobuś Natalia, Czekaj Izabela, Diichuk Volodymyr, Kobasa Igor M.

Technical Transactions

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2020

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Vol. 117, iss. 1

art. no. e2020043

EN

Authors present a short review of selected natural-origin zeolite materials. This article discusses the structure, classification and ability to modify natural zeolites, along with examples of their potential applications as adsorbents or catalysts.

PL

Autorzy przedstawili krótki przegląd wybranych materiałów zeolitowych pochodzenia naturalnego. W artykule omówiono strukturę, klasyfikację i możliwości modyfikacji naturalnych zeolitów, wraz z przykładami ich potencjalnych zastosowań jako adsorbentów lub katalizatorów.

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Charakterystyka struktury elektronowej heteropolikwasu fosforowolframowego H3PW12O40 modyfikowanego kationem Fe2+

Niemiec Piotr Jan

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2020

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Vol. 11, no. 4

24--32

PL

W pracy zbadano wpływ podstawienia atomu wolframu atomem żelaza w pierwszorzędowej strukturze heteropolikwasu fosforowolframowego o budowie anionu Keggina. Charakterystykę struktury elektronową zmodyfikowanego heteropolikwasu przeprowadzono za pomocą: analizy populacyjnej NBO, całkowitych (PDOS) i parcjalnych (PDOS) widm gęstości stanów, energetyki i charakteru chemicznego orbitali granicznych (HOMO/LUMO) oraz rozmiaru przerwy wzbronionej (gap). Dodatkowo zbadano mechanizm oddziaływania modyfikowanego kationem Fe2+ heteropolikwasu fosforowolframowego z cząsteczką H2O pełniącą rolę środowiska reakcji chemicznej. W większości charakterystyk stwierdzono istotny wpływ wprowadzonego metalu przejściowego na ww. właściwości w stosunku do heteropolikwasu wyjściowego H3PW12O40.

EN

In this paper the influence of substituting the tungsten atom with an iron ion in the primary structure of the phosphotungstic heteropolyacid with the Keggin anion structure was investigated. Characterization of the electronic structure of the modified heteropolyacid was performed using: population analysis according to NBO scheme, total (TDOS) and partial (PDOS) density of states spectra, energy and chemical character of frontier orbitals (HOMO/LUMO) and the size of the HOMO-LUMO band gap. Additionally, the mechanism of interaction between the Fe2+ with H2O molecule, acting as a chemical reaction medium, was investigated. Most cases showed a significant effect of the introduced transition metal ion (Fe2+) on the above-mentioned properties in relation to the nonmodified heteropolyacid H3PW12O40.

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Katalizatory palladowe immobilizowane w materiałach typu MOF aktywne w reakcjach uwodornienia

Augustyniak Adam W., Trzeciak Anna M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2019

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[Z] 73, 3-4

221--241

EN

Palladium immobilized in metal-organic frameworks (MOF) exhibit promising catalytic properties in hydrogenation of different unsaturated substrates. Due to the specific porous and crystalline structure MOFs can contribute in bonding and activation of organic substrates, increasing catalytic efficiency of Pd@MOF composites. The superior tunability of MOFs structures enables to design highly selective catalysts for hydrogenation of different substrates, such as olefins, esters, ketones, alcohols or alkynes. Due to the synergistic effects of palladium and MOF not only high activity but also high selectivity can be achieved. The article presents representative examples of MOF-based palladium catalysts for hydrogenation to illustrate perspectives, also technological, of their application.

16

A study of ruthenium-based catalysts used in homogeneous transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone

Mikołajczyk Filip, Kamiński Kamil

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 40, nr 2

213–-222

EN

A detailed comparison of catalytic properties of two different ruthenium-based catalysts in the reaction of homogeneous hydrogenation of acetophenone was performed. Additionally, methods of synthesis of both catalysts were tested and optimized in order to achieve the best possible quality and purity of the final catalysts. NMR analysis was used to analyze and identify the composition of ruthenium compounds and gas chromatography was used to analyze the conversion rate of hydrogenation reactions. It was determined that RuCl2(PPh3)3 obtained with a modified method described by Shaw’s group (Shawet al., 2007) had the best catalytic properties in the reaction performed under conditions described in Liang Wang’s publication (Wang et al., 2014). It was also determined that for concentration ratio of substrate to RuCl2(PPh3)3 amounting to 250:1 the conversion rate was much higher than that of the reaction performed with a double dose of the catalyst. Results of experiments also show that samples of the post-reaction solution should be analyzed right after the reaction, because even if they are stored in low temperature the amount of product can change up to 3–5% compared to the base sample and this change is not predictable. These findings have significant implications for further research of the reaction of homogeneous transfer hydrogenation of ketones. With the right catalysts and methods of their synthesis other parameters of this reaction can be optimized. The most important one is a change of solvent from isopropyl alcohol to a less toxic substance like water. This may increase the value of the reaction in green chemistry and chemical industry.

17

Modelling of regeneration and filtration mechanism in diesel particulate filter for development of composite regeneration emission control system

Kurien C., Srivastava A. K., Naudin J.

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2018

|

Vol. LXV, nr 2

277--290

EN

Pre-treatment techniques employed for exhaust emission control of compression ignition engines were found to reduce the emission levels by small percentage only, failing to meet the required emission regulations. Post-treatment technique including diesel particulate ﬁltration, diesel oxidation catalysis and selective catalytic reduction is found to be an eﬀective solution. While the fuel-based regeneration of diesel particulate ﬁlter leads to uncontrolled combustion aﬀecting the durability of the ﬁlter. Development of an eﬀective regeneration system is one of the major technical challenges faced by automotive industry for meeting emission norms. A composite regeneration system with the application of microwave energy is proposed in this paper. As an initial phase, a three-dimensional model of the system is developed and its ﬂow analysisis carried out by considering the case of single channel ﬂow. Simulation of the regeneration process is also done by developing a Simulink model. The results of simulation showed that an engine running continuously for a period of 24 hours would require three regenerations.

18

Decomposition of hydrogen perodixe - kinetics and review of chosen catalysts

Pędziwiatr P., Mikołajczyk F., Zawadzki D., Mikołajczyk K., Bedka A.

Acta Innovations

|

2018

|

no. 26

45--52

EN

Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical used in oxidation reactions, treatment of various inorganic and organic pollutants, bleaching processes in pulp, paper and textile industries and for various disinfection applications. It is a monopropellant, which, when purified, is self-decomposing at high temperatures or when a catalyst is present. Decomposing to yield only oxygen and water(disproportionation), hydrogen peroxide is one of the cleanest, most versatile chemicals available. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide allows the use of various catalysts that will increase the rate of decomposition. Comparison and description of the most commonly used catalysts were presented in this review.

19

Biomasa - źródło cennych związków organicznych

Retajczyk J., Wróblewska A.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

|

2017

|

[Z] 71, 3-4

241--262

EN

So far, much attention was paid to processes which allow to obtain biofuels from biomass and less important was receiving from biomass valuable chemical compounds. Biomass is a source of a variety of compounds, such as: hydrocarbons, triglycerides, glycerol, hydroksymetylofurfural, cellulose, hemicellulose and pentoses, lignin and lignocellulose. Taking into account the application of the mentioned above compounds, a large number of articles describing catalytic conversion of biomass to valuable chemical compounds has been written during last 10 years. The articles presented specific types of reactions for compounds contained in biomass, such as: hydrolysis, hydrogenation or isomerization, which allow to obtain valuable products. The reactions are catalyzed among others by: metals deposited on the activated carbon, metal oxides, alloys and zeolites. Researchers still improve processes, adapting them to the structure of highly functionalized particles contained in biomass and process needs. At the same time, scientist focused on cost reduction. Renewable raw materials are converted to the intermediates in physical, chemical and physicochemical processes. Next, obtained intermediates are used for receiving valuable chemicals, such as: lubricants, solvents and products that were previously obtained from petroleum. This work presents the conversion of biomass to compounds which have been already prepared by conventional synthetic methods. Besides chemical pure compounds, catalytic reactions with using metals, lead to obtain mixtures of compounds which can be used for the large volume production: additives for paper, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants and plasticizers. In the chemical industry for many years it has been placed emphasis on processes that are environmentally friendly. Scientists have also focused on improving the activity of used catalysts and the selectivity of products.

20

Możliwości katalitycznego zastosowania materiałów odpadowych

Książek S., Kida M., Koszelnik P.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2017

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z. 64, nr 2/II

55--62

PL

Zrównoważona chemia stanowi jedną z form działań zmierzających do zmniejszenia zanieczyszczeń środowiska i jest ważnym elementem zrównoważonego rozwoju. Zielona chemia dostarcza rozwiązań do takich globalnych wyzwań jak zmiana klimatu, zrównoważone rolnictwo, energia, zatrucie środowiska i wyczerpywanie bogactw naturalnych. Zielone technologie nie tylko chronią środowisko naturalne, ale zazwyczaj są również korzystne z punktu widzenia ekonomicznego. Podstawowym problemem dla środowiska jest znaczne zmniejszenie się zapasu surowców naturalnych. Zatem, dążenie do większej rozmaitości źródeł surowcowych to ważny obszar działania zielonej chemii. Kataliza należy do podstawowych narzędzi realizowania wszystkich zasad zielonej, zrównoważonej chemii wychodząc od badań podstawowych do zastosowań przemysłowych. Według zasad zielonej chemii, gdzie tylko jest to możliwe, powinno dążyć się do stosowania surowców odnawialnych oraz odpadów, które nie tylko zapewniają alternatywne surowce odnawialne, ale także stanowią materiał do produkcji katalizatorów. Zastosowanie materiału naturalnego jako katalizatora lub substratu do wytwarzania katalizatora powoduje nie tylko obniżenie kosztów związanych z produkcją katalizatorów, ale sprawia, że stosowany proces jest przyjazny dla środowiska. Ponadto, wykorzystanie materiałów odpadowych zmniejsza problem unieszkodliwiania odpadów. Wśród najbardziej obfitych zasobów produktów ubocznych technologii są przede wszystkim odpady z rolnictwa, górnictwa i produkcji metali, a w szczególności przemysłu hutniczego. Celem pracy jest scharakteryzowanie właściwości katalitycznych wybranych materiałów odpadowych.

EN

Sustainable chemistry is one of the forms of action to reduce pollution of the environment and it is an important element of sustainable development. Green chemistry provides solutions to such global challenges as climate change, sustainable agriculture, energy, toxics in the environment and the depletion of natural resources. Green technology will not only protect the environment, but they are usually also preferable from the economic point of view. The main concern for the environment is a significant reduction in the supply of natural materials. Therefore, the pursuit of a greater variety of sources of natural materials is an important area of activity of green chemistry. Catalysis is one of the basic tools of implementation of all principles of green, sustainable chemistry, from basic research to industrial applications. According to the seventh principle of green chemistry, where possible, should seek to use renewable raw materials and waste, which not only provide alternative renewable raw materials, but also provide the material for the production of catalysts. The use of natural material or waste material as catalyst or a substrate for the preparation of the catalyst will not only reduce the costs associated with the production of catalysts, but makes the used process is environmentally friendly. Waste materials also are valuable materials for the production of catalysts or are themselves active catalysts. In addition, the use of waste materials reduces the problem of waste disposal. Among the most abundant resources of technology products are primarily agricultural, mining and metals, and in particular the steel industry. The aim of the work is to characterize the catalytic properties of selected waste materials.