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1

Determinants of the position of young people in the labour market in European Union countries: a PLS-SEM model and intervention strategies

Perło Dorota, Piekutowska Agnieszka, Poniatowicz Marzanna

Economics and Environment

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2025

|

No. 3

art. no. 1253

EN

The aim of this study is to assess the position of young people in the labour markets of European Union countries and to identify its key determinants. The analysis addresses three objectives: evaluating youth labour market outcomes, diagnosing the main factors shaping these outcomes, and identifying the challenges for designing effective public policy interventions. The study is based on secondary data from Eurostat and other EU statistical sources. Since the youth labour market position and its determinants can be captured by multiple rather than single indicators, we applied a model based on the PLS-SEM method. To our knowledge, this is the first application of PLS-SEM in a cross-country study of the youth labour market in the European Union, which constitutes the methodological novelty of the paper. The results indicate economic performance exerts the strongest positive impact on the position of young people, followed by education, while social exclusion negatively affects youth labour market integration. These findings highlight both expected and less intuitive patterns, offering new insights into cross-country differences. Social exclusion exerts a negative impact on the position of young people in the labour market. The proposed methodological approach and the empirical results provide an important reference point for policymakers. They may inform the development of more effective and regionally differentiated measures aimed at strengthening the integration of young people into the labour market across Europe.

PL

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ocena sytuacji osób młodych na rynku pracy w krajach Unii Europejskiej oraz identyfikacja jej kluczowych uwarunkowań. Analiza opiera się na wtórnych danych statystycznych Eurostat i koncentruje się na: (i) ocenie pozycji młodzieży na rynku pracy, (ii) diagnozie czynników wpływających na tę sytuację oraz (iii) identyfikacji głównych wyzwań dla projektowania skutecznych instrumentów polityki publicznej. Zarówno sytuacja młodzieży, jak i jej determinanty mają charakter wielowymiarowy, dlatego skonstruowano model oparty na metodzie PLS-SEM, umożliwiający ujęcie ich w formie wskaźnika syntetycznego SYLM. Nowością podejścia jest zastosowanie metody PLS-SEM w analizie porównawczej rynków pracy młodzieży w UE, co pozwala uchwycić złożone zależności między uwarunkowaniami gospodarczymi, edukacyjnymi i społecznymi. Wyniki wskazują, że najsilniejszy pozytywny wpływ na sytuację młodzieży na rynku pracy wywiera kondycja gospodarki, następnie edukacja, natomiast wykluczenie społeczne oddziałuje negatywnie. Proponowane podejście metodologiczne oraz uzyskane wyniki empiryczne mogą stanowić punkt odniesienia dla decydentów w zakresie opracowywania działań sprzyjających integracji młodzieży na rynkach pracy w Europie.

2

Cluster-wise modelling: some issues considered through the example of migrations at municipality level in Poland

Owsiński Jan W., Stańczak Jarosław, Śleszyński Przemysław, Wiśniewski Rafał

Control and Cybernetics

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2025

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Vol. 54, No. 4

487--519

EN

An experiment is presented of cluster-wise modelling, related to modelling and analysis of internal migration flows in Poland at the municipality level (some 2500 units). The experiment was carried out within a project, in which it was assumed that migration flows linearly depend upon unemployment. This simple dependence was positively verified, and the associated model error maps, corresponding to the consecutive years over two decades (2003-2022) provide a very clear and telling spatial image. Yet, the models obtained were statistically rather feeble. So, it was decided to experiment, in particular, with a set of analogous models, identified for subsets (clusters) of municipalities, employing a simile of classical k-means clustering procedure. Given the known dependence of the outcome from the k-means-like procedure upon the starting point, various initial configurations were considered. The results are exemplified in this paper, the problems appearing indicated, and some broader conclusions are drawn therefrom.

3

Economic development of The Visegrad Group countries in the context of the analysis of selected macroeconomic factors

Bednarzewska Kinga, Zinczuk Bartłomiej

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2024

|

z. 197

41--53

EN

Purpose: The research aim of this article was to identify selected variables that affect the general level of economic development of the Visegrad Group countries. Design/methodology/approach: In the article were used qualitative and quantitative research methods. A review of Polish and foreign literature on the subject was carried out, and a desk research method was used based on public statistical data (Eurostat, OECD, The World Bank) covering the period 2017-2022. Statistical analysis was performed using stepwise linear regression (Stepwise method) to indicate the dependencies between variables. Findings: The article presents selected groups of factors that influence the level of economic development of the Visegrad Group countries. Analyzing the dependencies between selected groups of factors allowed for a better understanding of the dependencies between the variables. Originality/value: The article verified the impact of selected factors determining the economic development of the Visegrad Group countries using linear regression analysis. The literature review enabled the authors to diagnose the research gap in terms of the indicated determinants of the economic development of the Group V4 countries.

4

The relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate in Poland and their long-term associations with selected macroeconomic variables

Koterwa Jan, Kycia Hubert, Czapkiewicz Anna

Managerial Economics

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2023

|

Vol. 24, no. 2

165--185

EN

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the inflation and unemployment rates in Poland and to analyze their long-term relationships with selected macroeconomic variables: the WIG20 index, consisting of the 20 largest Polish companies noted on Warsaw Stock Exchange, the USD/PLN exchange rate, the Brent crude oil index, and the interest rate on 10- year government bond yields. The main objective of the study is to determine the relationship between inflation and unemployment. In this study, a vector error correction model (VECM) was used to study long-run dependence. The impulse response function and forecast error variance decomposition were also used to examine the interactions between variables. There is one long-run relationship between the factors studied. Both the values of the VECM model parameters and the results of the impulse response function indicate that there is a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short term. In the long term, there is a positive relationship, resulting in the stagflation phenomenon.

5

Nasze bezrobocie 2022

Czekaj Damian

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2023

|

nr 3

10--12

6

Evaluation of Social Protection Performance in EU Countries: Multiple-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

Marković Milan, Stanković Jelena J., Digkoglou Panagiota, Marjanović Ivana

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

|

Vol. 17, nr 2

124--132

EN

The paper aims to rank European Union (EU) countries according to the composite index, which uses selected social protection indicators from the relevant database at EU level – Eurostat. The total score of social performance for 2020 was determined using the CRITIC-TOPSIS framework. The study showed that Austria, Luxembourg and Germany, respectively, had the best level of social protection, while Latvia, Romania and Spain were at the bottom, as the countries with the worst values of indicators. The importance of research is reflected in the fact that the social component of sustainable development is still not sufficiently researched, especially when it comes to the application of multi-criteria analysis methods in the empirical analysis of social sustainability. In this regard, depending on the obtained performance values, socio-economic policymakers can redesign existing measures and programs, as well as the amounts of social transfers to certain EU member states. The authors expect that the results of the study will help build higher social standards and well-being in the EU.

7

Nasze bezrobocie 2021

Czekaj Damian

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2022

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nr 3

12--15

8

A multidimensional comparative analysis of the labor market in the United States in terms of economic security and its impact on providing logistical support for the US Armed Forces stationed in Poland

Kozicki Bartosz, Mitkow Szymon

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2021

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Vol. 54, no. 1

167--181

EN

Maintaining economic security requires constant analysis and evaluation of the situation on the labor market in terms of making decisions in the aspect of quick and effective counteracting of encountered problems. One of the forms of market observation is multidimensional comparative analyzes of data that reflect its condition and economic situation. The study uses a multidimensional comparative analysis of the employed and unemployed in respective US states in four groups of dependent variables in the form of months: January 2020, November 2020, December 2020 and January 2021. The research period of the study covers the impact of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 infectious disease pandemic. The research problem of the study focuses on multidimensional comparative analyses of unemployment rates in the United States in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study is to conduct a multidimensional comparative analysis of the employed and unemployed in respective US states in the aspect of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the adopted research problem and the purpose of the work, the following research hypothesis is outlined: To what extent has the COVID-19 pandemic affected the unemployment rates in the United States? The following research methods were used in the article: analysis of the literature on issues related to unemployment rates in the United States, multidimensional analyzes and economic security. Overcoming obstacles and returning to pre-crisis situations now requires preparing society for pre-pandemic levels by ensuring people’s health safety by vaccinated the majority of the population.

PL

W opracowaniu zastosowano wielowymiarową analizę porównawczą zatrudnionych i bezrobotnych w poszczególnych stanach USA w czterech grupach zmiennych zależnych w postaci: styczeń 2020, listopad 2020, grudzień 2020, styczeń 2021 i jej wpływ na zapewnienie wsparcia logistycznego SZ USA stacjonujących w Polsce. Okres badawczy opracowania obejmuje oddziaływanie kryzysu wywołanego pandemią choroby zakaźnej COVID-19. Doprowadziła ona do gwałtownego wzrostu bezrobocia w kwietniu 2020 roku. Tak silnej i szybkiej dynamiki wzrostowej stóp bezrobocia w Stanach Zjednoczonych nie odnotowano dotąd w historii. Przeprowadzona analiza przez US Bureau of Labor Statistics wskazuje na poważne szkody powstałe na rynku pracy w Stanach Zjednoczonych poprzez oddziaływanie choroby zakaźnej COVID-19. Pod koniec listopada 2020 roku było o 9,8 mln mniej osób zatrudnionych niż w lutym (bez prac rolniczych, które mają charakter sezonowy) [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/covid19-pandemic-usa-employment-inequality/; stan na dzień 27.03.2021]. Krajowa stopa bezrobocia w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2020 roku rozpoczęła rok na poziomie 3,6% w styczniu i osiągnęła rekordowy poziom 14,7% w kwietniu. Od tego czasu stopa bezrobocia spadła, do około 6,7% w listopadzie, ale ożywienie było nierówne w przypadku kobiet i osób rasy czarnej, Latynosów i młodych ludzi nadal doświadczających wysokiego poziomu bezrobocia. Od czasu pojawienia się pandemii COVID-19 rosła liczba osób długotrwale bezrobotnych [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/31/us-unemployment-december-coronavirus; stan na dzień 27.03.2021]. Szacuje się, że pracę w Stanach Zjednoczonych straciło około 20 milionów ludzi. Do przeprowadzenia badań dane pobrano ze strony internetowej: https://www.bls.gov/. Poddano je grupowaniu, wnioskowaniu i rangowaniu. Ostatnim etapem badań było wyliczenie stóp bezrobocia w 4 grupach zmiennych zależnych i nakreślenie na wykresie słupkowym poprzez zastosowanie rangowania z wykorzystaniem mediany w czterech grupach zmiennych obserwowanych.

9

The professional situation of disabled people on the Bieszczady poviat

Tkacz Magdalena

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2021

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Vol. 3, nr 1

245--252

EN

The aim of the article is to present the functionality of unemployed disabled people at the shows of the Bieszczady poviat based on the data presented in individual documents. The article is important for people with disabilities in relation the problems that plague them in carrying out everyday places. For many patients, work is an opportunity to break away from everyday problems and function on the basis of meeting subsequent goals related to professional work.

10

The potential responses of the human resource management through csr in the COVID-19 pandemic

Csákay Zoltan, Gorgenyi-Hegyes Eva, Farkas-Fekete Maria

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2021

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Vol. 24, No. 2

102--118

EN

Most of the companies prepared with their responses to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic based on the experiences of the previous worldwide crisis of 2008-2009. The increase of unemployment had to be taken into consideration by the state, the companies and the households in Central Europe, as well as Hungary, due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to review (i) if there is an effect of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) followed by companies on unemployment, (ii) what possibilities were created by state transfers and new pandemic legislation for the management both in the short and long term of unemployment (iii) what experiences are available at multinational companies operating in various regions for keeping workplaces and the regional reputation of the company and if there is a correlation between the ethical and responsible corporate policy (together with a regional approach) and the management of the external challenges of companies, in particular the management of the workforce-excess due to the decrease of production as a result of the pandemic. The study discusses a comparison of the responses to the pandemic of the first 50 Fortune Global 500 companies and the Hungarian branches of multinational companies. The information was collected by interviews with HR managers of these companies. The study was prepared as part of a research project related to responsible corporate behaviour.

PL

Większość firm przygotowała swoje odpowiedzi na wyzwania pandemii COVID-19 w oparciu o doświadczenia poprzedniego światowego kryzysu z lat 2008-2009. Wzrost bezrobocia musiał być uwzględniony przez państwo, firmy i gospodarstwa domowe w Europie Środkowej, a także na Węgrzech, w związku z rozprzestrzenianiem się pandemii COVID-19. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest sprawdzenie (i) czy istnieje wpływ społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu (CSR) stosowanej przez firmy na bezrobocie, (ii) jakie możliwości stworzyły transfery państwowe i nowe ustawodawstwo pandemiczne dla zarządzania - zarówno w krótko- i długoterminowe - bezrobocia (iii) jakie doświadczenia są dostępne w międzynarodowych firmach działających w różnych regionach dla utrzymania miejsc pracy i regionalnej reputacji firmy oraz czy istnieje korelacja między etyczną i odpowiedzialną polityką korporacyjną (wraz z podejściem regionalnym ) oraz zarządzanie zewnętrznymi wyzwaniami firm, w szczególności zarządzanie nadwyżką siły roboczej w związku ze spadkiem produkcji w wyniku pandemii. W opracowaniu omówiono porównanie reakcji na pandemię pierwszych 50 firm z listy Fortune Global 500 oraz węgierskich oddziałów firm międzynarodowych. Informacje zostały zebrane poprzez wywiady z menedżerami HR tych firm. Badanie zostało przygotowane w ramach projektu badawczego dotyczącego odpowiedzialnego zachowania przedsiębiorstw.

11

Counteracting unemployment and promoting employment in Poland from 2000 to 2021

Witkowski Paweł, Kuczyńska Kamila

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2021

|

nr 4

103--115

EN

Introduction/background: An analysis of the issue of counteracting unemployment and promoting employment was presented in the paper. Among the social problems, the one concerning unemployment appears as one of the most important. The consequences of unemployment, particularly such of a high rate and the long-lasting one, are especially adverse, not only for the economy, but also for specific people, their families and entire society. However, the phenomenon of unemployment has a varying character. The institutions which aim to counteract unemployment can significantly affect the level of unemployment through their actions. In the years 2000-2022, the actions counteracting unemployment and promoting employment have evolved - they had a varying character. Aim of the paper: The aim of the paper is to analyse the process of counteracting unemployment and promoting employment, as well as presenting the evolution of changes within this matter from 2000 to 2021. Materials and methods: The paper presents an analysis of the literature concerning the studied phenomenon, an analysis of legal acts and available statistical data on the studied problem. Results and conclusions: The paper historically presents the problem of counteracting unemployment and promoting employment in 2000-2022, and the influence of changing actions of the public institutions on the level of unemployment. The authors also indicated arising problems that affect unemployment such as the COVID pandemic and the war in Ukraine.

12

Statistical and Econometric Analysis of Selected Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic

Kempa Wojciech, Rydarowska-Kurzbauer Joanna, Halama Marzena, Smuda Elżbieta, Biel Maciej

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2021

|

Vol. 4, Iss. 1

395--407

EN

The paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on macroeconomic activity in the selected European countries. The studies are based on monthly and quarterly indicators of GDP, unemployment rates and key indicators of the tourism sector. To present how COVID-19 has affected these macroeconomic variables, statistic data from the three periods are compared. Namely, data are collected from the pre-pandemic period, i.e. the fourth quarter of 2019 as the reference period, the second period covers the first quarter of 2020 and means the beginning of the pandemic, and the third one covers second quarter of 2020, during which the pandemic has spread to all the analyzed countries. The following statistical techniques are used in the research: regression analysis, the hierarchical grouping of agglomerations, k-means method, and selected non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test for a selected group of countries and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for a selected pair of countries). The results show the significant impact of the pandemic on the level of gross domestic product, unemployment rate and turism sector. In most cases, a correlation between incidence of COVID-19 infections, unemployment rate and GDP is observed. The statistical techniques also allow to demonstrate the similarities and differences in the response of the economies to the COVID-19 pandemic. Central Statistical Offices of the selected countries are the main data source and for all calculations Statistica version 13.3. is used.

13

Nasze bezrobocie 2020

Wardziak Anna

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2021

|

nr 3

8--10

14

Metodyka wielokryterialnej analizy zmian stóp bezrobocia wybranych gospodarek światowych oraz prognozowanie modelem ARIMA stopy bezrobocia USA na przyszłość

Kozicki Bartosz, Žukovskis Jan, Mizura Grzegorz

Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania

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2020

|

T. 15, nr 1

71--85

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodykę wielokryterialnej analizy stóp procentowych bezrobocia w wybranych gospodarkach światowych oraz próby przeprowadzenia prognozowania stopy bezrobocia w USA na trzy przyszłe okresy. Badania rozpoczęto od analizy wielowymiarowej zmienności stóp procentowych bezrobocia w wybranych gospodarkach światowych w ujęciu sześciomiesięcznym w latach 2011-2018. Następnie przeprowadzono jej ocenę. Dalszym etapem badania była analiza i ocena szeregu czasowego danych dotyczących stóp procentowych bezrobocia w USA w ujęciu dynamicznym. Następnie zbudowano model prognostyczny ARIMA i wykonano prognozowanie na trzy przyszłe okresy.

EN

The article presents the methodology of multi-criteria analysis of unemployment interest rates in selected world economies, and an attempt to forecast the unemployment rate in the USA for three future periods. The research began with an analysis of the multidimensional volatility of unemployment interest rates in selected world economies on a six-month basis in 2011-2018. It was then assessed. The next stage of the study was the analysis and evaluation of the time series of data on the US unemployment interest rates in dynamic terms. Then, the ARIMA forecast model was built and forecasting for three future periods was performed.

15

Regulation of the Ukrainian labor market in the context of European integration: system priorities

Risnyy Oleh

Managerial Economics

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2020

|

Vol. 21, no. 1

67--83

EN

The purpose of the study is to research the effective international practice of European integration and identify the main system priorities of an effective transformation of the state policy of labor market regulation for Ukraine. The research methods are a comparative analysis concerning the activity of the employment services, the labor market situation in Ukraine and abroad, in particular in Eastern Europe, a statistical analysis of the structure of the employment level, of annual earnings etc., and a systemic analysis, aimed to improve the direction of labor market regulation.

16

Zmieni się rynek pracy

Czekaj Damian

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2020

|

nr 5

20--21

17

Nasze bezrobocie 2019

Wardziak Anna

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2020

|

nr 3

8--10

18

Geodezja w czasach zarazy

Czekaj Damian, Wardziak Anna

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2020

|

nr 4

8--11

19

Analytical study of selected economic-environmental indicators of waste management system in Slovakia

Rovnak Martin, Novotny Roman, Bakon Matus

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2020

|

nr 4

38--49

EN

The main objective of the paper was to visualize and analyze the relationships between selected economic and environmental indicators in the waste management system of Slovakia, i.e., the amount of fees for municipal waste in individual districts of Slovakia in 2019 and the amount of average monthly wage and unemployment in Slovakia in the same year. Data were visualized and analyzed on a thematic map and in a boxplot, and subsequently, they were subjected to statistical testing. Based on the performed analysis, we can confirm the statistical relationship between the average wage and the amount of fees for municipal waste collection and the statistical relation between the municipal waste fee and the unemployment rate in individual districts of Slovakia.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu była wizualizacja oraz analiza zależności pomiędzy wybranymi wskaźnikami ekonomiczno-środowiskowymi systemu gospodarki odpadami na Słowacji, tj. pomiędzy wysokością opłaty za odpady komunalne w poszczególnych rejonach Słowacji a wysokością średniego miesięcznego wynagrodzenia oraz poziomem bezrobocia w 2019 roku. Dane zostały zwizualizowane przy użyciu mapy tematycznej oraz wykresu typu boxplot, następnie zostały poddane testom statystycznym. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy potwierdzono statystyczną zależność pomiędzy średnim wynagrodzeniem a wysokością opłaty za wywóz odpadów komunalnych oraz statystyczną zależność pomiędzy opłatą za odpady komunalne a stopą bezrobocia w poszczególnych rejonach Słowacji.

20

Gender as a factor behind unequal labour market participation of women and men in European Union countries

Murawska Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2019

|

z. 139

379--391

EN

Gender is one of the determinants of economic activity of populations. Dissimilarities and changes in employment and unemployment among women and men are the result of gender roles, historical background, and dynamic transformations of recent years. Differences in female and male employment are significant to the point of necessitating detailed analyses in the context of present-day living conditions. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the gap in economic activity of women and men in European Union countries (EU-28) and to discover the position of Poland in this respect. Moreover, an attempt was made to specify causes of the differences found. This problem was evaluated using indicators describing economic activity by gender. The empirical data has been obtained from the European Statistical Office. The analysis involved 28 countries of the European Union. The researched period spanned from 2005 through 2017. The data was analysed statistically. In European Union countries, indicators describing economic activity of populations are varied. There is a significant gap in employment between women and men that, since 2005, has remained at 11%, while the same gap in unemployment has widened. In Poland, the employment gap has remained constant at 14%. Female and male unemployment, as well as the gender employment gap, have been decreasing in Poland since 2014. The EU-28 in general, and Poland as well, have observed an increasing rate of inactive population due to caring responsibilities. In addition, variation of this rate between women and men has also increased.