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1

Role of phytolith occluded carbon of cereales plants for climate change mitigation

Rutkowska Beata, Schröder Peter, Mench Michel, Rineau Francois, Szulc Witold, Szulc Wiesław, Pobereżny Jarosław, Tiideberg Kristjan, Niedziński Tomasz, Loit Evelin

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

50--58

EN

Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is highly stable, and constitutes an important source of long-term C storage in agrosystems. This stored carbon is resistant to the processes of oxidation of carbon compounds. In our research phytolith content in barley (Estonia) and oat (Poland) grain and straw was assessed at field trials, with Si as a liquid immune stimulant OPTYSIL and compost fertilisation. We showed that cereals can produce relatively high amounts of phytoliths. PhytOC plays a key role in carbon sequestration, particularly for poor, sandy Polish and Estonian soils. The phytolith content was always higher in straw than in grain regardless of the type of cereals. The phytolith content in oat grains varied from 18.46 to 21.28 mg∙g-1 DM, and in straw 27.89-38.97 mg∙g-1 DM. The phytolith content in barley grain ranged from 17.24 to 19.86 mg∙g-1 DM, and in straw from 22.06 to 49.08 mg∙g-1 DM. Our results suggest that oat ecosystems can absorb from 14.94 to 41.73 kg e-CO2∙ha-1 and barley absorb from 0.32 to 1.60 kg e-CO2∙ha-1. The accumulation rate of PhytOC can be increased 3-fold in Polish conditions through foliar application of silicon, and 5-fold in Estonian conditions. In parallel, the compost fertilisation increased the phytolith content in cereals.

2

Variability of Soil Microorganism Numbers in Response to Exogenous Organic Matter and Water-Absorbing Substrate

Truba Milena, Sosnowski Jacek, Wróbel Barbara, Krasnodębski Piotr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

223--233

EN

The aim of the research was to determine the variability of the total numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi under stress associated with the presence of exogenous organic matter in the soil. Additonaly, the ratio of the total number of bacteria and actinomycetes to the number of fungi was calculated. Another goal of the experiment was to observe the effect of substrates absorbing water and minimizing drought stress on the number of soil microorganisms. Organic waste materials applied to the soil did not significantly affect the number of microorganisms, i.e. bacteria, actinomycetes or the ratio of bacteria and actinomycetes on the one hand to fungi on the other. The results of the research prove the possibility of utilizing organic matter produced by sewage treatment plants, waste treatment plants or mushroom farms as substances enriching the soil of urban green areas.

3

The Impact of Biochar and Compost as Soil Amendments, Combined with Poultry Manure, on the Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Alomari Laith Mohamad, Al-Issa Taha Ahmad, Kiyyam Mu’ad Abdul-Latif, Al Tawaha Abdel Rahman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

12--28

EN

Farmers must prioritize soil enhancement methods to preserve soil health and sustainability as the world population grows, whereas arable lands deplete and degrade owing to poor land management and agricultural policy. Biochar and compost are essential for replacing nutrients and organic matter, improving soil quality. In 2019, an experiment was carried out at Jordan University of Science and Technology. Various soil amendments, including biochar and compost, both with and without the combination of poultry manure, were employed. The experimental design followed a completely randomized layout, with seven distinct treatments: T1–soil (control), T2–biochar (3%) (BC), T3–compost (3%) (Comp), T4–poultry manure (3%) (PM 3% (38.2 ton/ha)), T5–Biochar (3%)+poultry manure (60 ton/ha) (BC+PM 60 ton/ha), T6–compost (3%)+poultry manure (60 ton/ha) (Comp + PM 60 ton/ha), and T7–poultry manure (60 ton/ha) (PM 60 ton/ha). The assessment encompassed the examination of various physicochemical characteristics of the soil, including bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity, pH, and EC. Morphological and physiological measurements comprised height and length of plant shoots and roots, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, leaf relative water content, and chlorophyll content. Additionally, the chemical composition, encompassing crude fibers, crude fats, antioxidant activities, total phenols, flavonoid content, and minerals were evaluated. Physicochemical results revealed that (BC+PM 60 ton/ha) excelled in water holding capacity and porosity, whereas PM 60 ton/ha exhibited the optimal soil pH. In terms of morphological results, (Comp+PM 60 ton/ha) and (PM 3% (38.2 ton/ha)) demonstrated superiority in plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight. The application of (BC) outperformed in root fresh and dry weight and leaf relative water content, while (Comp) exhibited the highest root length. Poultry manure applications scored higher values in chlorophyll content, with (BC+PM 60 ton/ha) recording the highest among them. Chemical analysis revealed that crude fibers were highest with the application of (PM 3% (38.2 ton/ha)), while (control) recorded the highest antioxidant activities, total phenols, and total flavonoids. In terms of mineral content in shoots, (Comp+PM 60 ton/ha) demonstrated the highest nitrogen content. Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium were most abundant in (BC+PM 60 ton/ha). Moreover, PM (60 ton/ha) exhibited the highest sodium content. Notably, the (BC+PM 60 ton/ha) application excelled in physiochemical soil properties, excluding soil pH and EC, while also demonstrating superior mineral content in lettuce plants, except for sodium.

4

Properties of Organic Matter in Composts Based on Sewage Sludge

Myszura-Dymek Magdalena

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 7

70--81

EN

The aim of the research was to assess the quality of organic matter contained in sewage sludge composting products and their co-composting with fly ash and mineral wool. The object of the research were composts produced using stabilized sewage sludge from the municipal sewage treatment plant (SS_1C) and sewage sludge with the addition of 20% (SSF_2C) and 30% (SSF_3C) of fly ash and 5% (SSW_4C) and 10% (SSW_5C) of mineral wool. Selected physicochemical properties, fractional composition of humic compounds, and the degree and rate of humification were determined in compost samples taken after 180 days of composting. The reaction of the evaluated composts was close to optimal for mature composts. Co-composting of sewage sludge with mineral wool and ash increased the sorption capacity in composts compared to SS_1C. Due to the content of available P and Mg, the discussed composts formed the SS_1C>SSF_2C and SSF_3C>SSW_4C and SSW_5C series. However, in terms of available K content: SSF_2C and SSF_3C>SSW_4C and SSW_5C>SS_1C. In the SS_1C compost the organic carbon (TOC) content was slightly higher, but no statistically significant effect of the addition of fly ash and mineral wool on the TOC content in mature composts was confirmed. The addition of ash and mineral wool significantly increased the total nitrogen content. Due to the humification index, the composts formed the series: SSW_4C > SSW_5C > SSF_2C > SS_1C > SSF_3C. The values of the C-KH/C-KF ratio in SS_1C were typical for good quality soils, while in the remaining composts the C-KH/C-KF values were slightly lower. The degree of humification of the assessed composts was characterized by poorly humified organic materials, with the highest values of this indicator found in composts with the addition of mineral wool. The assessed quality indicators of organic matter indicate that the organic matter of composts from sewage sludge with the addition of mineral wool and 100% sludge was of the highest quality.

5

Efficacy of Compost and Vermicompost on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of Common Beans Crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Al-Tawarah Batool, Alasasfa Muawya A., Mahadeen Atif Y.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

215--226

EN

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic fertilization to the sustainability of agricultural systems by recycling nutrients and improving the physical properties of the soil; two important types of organic fertilizers, namely vermicompost and compost were tested to study their effect on soil and growth of common bean ‘Sybaris’. They were mixed in different proportions of with soil by varying ratio: (100% soil, 100% compost, 100% vermicompost, 75% soil + 25% compost, 50% soil + 50% compost, 25% soil + 75% compost, 75% soil + 25% vermicompost, 50% soil + 50% vermicompost, 25% soil + 75% vermicompost, soil 33% + compost 33% + vermicompost 33%). The study findings showed ability of these two types of organic fertilizers to enrich plant growth, development and yield characteristics compared to the control treatment, with superiority of vermicompost, and there was also a clear discrepancy related to the rate of addition. Most of the results referred to superiority of the higher application rates of these two fertilizers, especially in the case of vermicompost (VC100%). The later treatment recorded the highest values in terms of vegetative, root and yield components. The study concluded that cultivation of bean and addition of vermicompost with soil replacement rates ranging from 50% to 100% has a significant impact on the development, growth, and productivity of the common bean plant.

6

Effects of Compost and Compost Tea on Soil Properties and Nutrient Uptake of the Moroccan Date Palm Cultivar “Mejhoul” under Organic Cultivation

Hakimi Fatiha, Sebbar Ayman, Bouamri Rachid, Sidikou Abdel Aziz Hassane, EL Janati Mustapha, Bouaziz Ahmed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 7

224--240

EN

Date palm cultivation in regions such as the Middle East and north Africa plays a crucial role in food security, economic development, and environmental preservation. However, the sustainability of date palm farming is threatened by challenges such as soil degradation and nutrient depletion. To address these issues, organic farming practices, particularly the use of compost and compost tea, offer promising solutions. This study assessed the impact of these organic inputs on soil fertility and nutrient uptake in the “Mejhoul” date palm variety. A field experiment was carried out during two successive seasons of 2022 and 2023 in a pilot field in south-eastern Morocco using a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments: To: farmer’s practice (50 kg of compost/tree), T1: To+compost tea at 15 liter/tree/week from April to October; T2: To+compost at 50kg/tree and T3: To+combination of 50 kg/tree of compost and tea compost 15L/tree/week from April to October. Results showed that compost tea (T1) and compost (T2) treatments significantly influenced soil macronutrient and micronutrient levels, as well as chemical properties such as organic matter, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and pH. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among soil properties, with principal component analysis confirming the variability explained by the main plane. Leaf nutrient content analysis demonstrated seasonal variations and treatment effects on phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, copper, manganese, zinc, and iron levels. Correlation analysis of leaf nutrient content highlighted complex interactions between nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients, reflecting their importance in palm leaf physiology. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the benefits of organic inputs in date palm farming, supporting sustainable agricultural practices for long-term viability and environmental protection.

7

Quality Assessment of the Anaerobic Composting of Dehydrated Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant for Agriculture Application

Sahraoui Afaf, Bakali Raifa, Sahraoui Adil, Ouhssine Mohammed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 5

79--84

EN

Recycling biodegradable waste is one of the crucial stages in sustainable waste management. Recycling them for agricultural purposes can have a beneficial impact on environmental protection, with more organic amendment and fewer chemical fertilizers contaminating farmland and groundwater. This will support food production of the right nutritional quality, by increasing yields. The aim of this research was the biotechnological valorization of dewatered sludge as compost for agricultural soil fertilization. Compost was applied using the windrow method. The materials used for composting are dewatered sludge from the wastewater treatment plant, mixed with fillers, such as green and brown waste. The obtained results suggest that the finished products from heaps A, B and C show a significant level of stability. These results reinforce the viability of composting products as soil improvers, highlighting their stability, effective disinfection and compliance with environmental standards. This study showed that the compost from dewatered sludge can be a promising alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural crops, with a view to improving yields.

8

Home composting - rules, conditions, new solutions

Niekraś Lidia, Rombel-Bryzek Agnieszka, Moliszewska Ewa B.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2024

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R. 29, NR 1-2

95--110

EN

The management of composting home bio-waste at the place of their formation leads to several benefits. Among them are: minimising the amount of waste sent to landfills, decreasing the costs associated with transporting them to disposal sites, and reducing the need for new facilities dedicated to this purpose. A further advantage of home composting is the better segregation of waste compared to industrial composting, there is less accidental contamination by plastic, glass, or metal waste, which is a key requirement for a proper biodegradation process. However, despite to many benefits of home composting, the method is still controversial. The first part of the paper briefly characterises the key parameters for an effective home composting process, i.e.: temperature, air porosity, oxygenation, and moisture content. It is also widely considered and discussed the problem of reasons why home composters do not reach the temperature values considered necessary for the sterilisation of waste. Potential needs to reach the same high temperatures in home composting as in industrial composting are also discussed. The next part of the paper presents some technical solutions currently used in home composters to improve the process of biodegradation of waste and to make them easier to use. The final section addresses the quality of home compost and the issues around correctly assessing its maturity and stability.

9

Impact of partial substitution of sand by compost on the mechanical and thermal parameters of concrete

Zaidi Halima, Bouadam Roukia

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2024

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Vol. 23, no 3

99--113

EN

The study investigates recycling organic waste in Algeria due to the rising use of natural resources and energy in concrete production and the large amount of organic waste discarded. The aim is to use compost as a partial replacement for sand, reducing the use of natural aggregates in the concrete industry while also reusing previously discarded waste as part of a circular economy. An experimental study was carried out on concrete’s thermal and mechanical properties to determine the effect of partial compost replacement on these properties. Five mixtures were created by replacing sand with compost in different proportions: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Slump and density were assessed in the formulations’ original state. Mechanical tests were performed on the hardened concrete to determine porosity, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Thermal tests were also conducted on various types of concrete to determine thermal conductivity. The findings show that the texture of the compost reduced the slump, highlighting the importance of incorporating an admixture to achieve the desired workability. While meeting normal-weight concrete standards, concrete density was reduced. The mechanical properties of concrete with small amounts of compost were similar to regular concrete; instead, waste porosity improved insulation.

PL

Badanie dotyczy recyklingu odpadów organicznych w Algierii w kontekście rosnącego zużycia zasobów naturalnych i energii w produkcji betonu oraz dużej ilości odpadów organicznych, które są wyrzucane. Celem jest wykorzystanie kompostu jako częściowego zamiennika piasku, aby zmniejszyć zużycie naturalnych kruszyw w przemyśle betonowym, a jednocześnie ponownie wykorzystać odpady w ramach gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Przeprowadzono badanie eksperymentalne dotyczące właściwości termicznych i mechanicznych betonu w celu określenia wpływu częściowego zastąpienia piasku kompostem na te właściwości. Stworzono pięć mieszanek, w których piasek został zastąpiony kompostem w różnych proporcjach: 0, 5, 10, 15 i 20%. Konsystencja i gęstość zostały ocenione w pierwotnym stanie mieszanek. Na stwardniałym betonie przeprowadzono testy mechaniczne w celu określenia porowatości, wytrzymałości na ściskanie oraz wytrzymałości na zginanie. Przeprowadzono również testy termiczne na różnych rodzajach betonu, aby określić przewodność cieplną. Wyniki pokazują, że tekstura kompostu zmniejszyła konsystencję mieszanki, co podkreśla konieczność zastosowania domieszki w celu uzyskania pożądanej urabialności. Gęstość betonu, chociaż spełniała standardy betonu zwykłego, została zmniejszona. Właściwości mechaniczne betonu z niewielką ilością kompostu były podobne do betonu zwykłego, a większa porowatość poprawiła izolacyjność.

10

Impact of Innovation Platforms in Promoting the Dissemination of Biotechnological Innovation – Case of Compost in Date Palm in Southeastern Morocco

Hamriri Kaoutar, Atmani Majid, Aziz Larbi, Abidar Ali, Bouamri Rachid, Kane Moustapha Mouhamadou

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

209--224

EN

The sustainability of date palm production in Tafilalet’s palm grovesis threatened by many constraints related to the dryland’s severe environment, climate change, and improper human activities. Biotechnological innovations are new agricultural research discoveries increasingly used to improve agricultural sustainability. For example compost, has proven its benefits in facing date palm production constraints, improving its productivity, and enhancing soil health. Using linear approaches has proven their ineffectiveness to disseminate the advantages of innovations to small producers. As an alternative, Innovation Platforms (IPs) constitute a participatory approach based on a multi-stakeholder alliance for disseminating innovations. This article aimed to study the effects of Ips on the compost adoption and dissemination process as well as evaluate compost impacts on the production of dates. Two types of investigation tools were conducted on members of 47 IPs. Data were analyzed using factorial analysis, content analysis, and communication network analysis. The results show that IPs are a new organizational innovation impacting positively on date palm social systems. They create powerful collective learning through their strong dynamism and interaction. The producers who adopted compost are characterized by a high level of education, take a responsible position in GIE, have a large social network, interact with the research team and other producers, engage and participate in the activities of IPs, search for agricultural news, and have the ability to accept change and develop their skills. Compost can improve the water-holding capacity of soil, increase yield, and reduce expenses by decreasing the need for water, fertilizers, and phytosanitary treatments. Compost is the best alternative to face the environmental and climate change drawbacks on the production of dates.

11

Effects of Humic Acid Extracted from Organic Waste Composts on Turnip Culture (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) in a Sandy Soil

Aylaj Mina, Sisouane Mhammed, Tahiri Soufiane, Mouchrif Yassine, El Krati Mohammed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

345--359

EN

Adding humic acid to soil can improve soil structure and fertility, which can lead to better plant growth and higher crop yields. Extracting humic acid from compost is a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to obtain a valuable organic material. Humic acid (HA) can be extracted from compost relatively easily and at a low cost, making it an attractive option for farmers. In this study, we investigated the use of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and immature horse manure (IHM) as bulking agents for the composting of separated municipal solid waste (SMSW) and the extraction and characterization of humic acid from the mature composts produced. Fertilizing solutions containing different concentrations of humic acid were prepared and used to evaluate their effects on turnip crop growth and various biochemical parameters during cultivation. The results showed that the humic acid extracted from the composts had high yields and were rich in elemental carbon. The application of humic acid at both low and high concentrations resulted in a significant improvement in all the parameters measured except for the total protein in the roots, which did not differ significantly between the humic acid concentrations. The yield, root diameter and fresh weight increased significantly, and the leaf area was proportional to the humic acid concentration of the solution used. The highest increase in chlorophyll a content was observed in the treatment of humic acid extracted from composts C2 and C3 at a concentration of 0.1 gL-1, with an increase of 31% and 37%, respectively, compared to the control. The use of humic acid provided by co-compost can be considered a successful management strategy for degraded sandy soils and sustainable agriculture production in sandy poor soils worldwide.

12

Short- term Influence of Glyphosate on Microorganisms in Backyard Compost

Kwiatkowska Klaudia

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2023

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Vol. 33, no. 3

76--88

EN

The composting process is a natural method of waste disposal. Decomposition of organic matter occur with the participation of various groups of microorganisms. Using glyphosate-based herbicides aims to reduce agricultural losses. Biodegradation of glyphosate in soil is obtain with bacteria and fungi and may affect their functioning. The purpose of this study was evaluating the effects of glyphosate on bacterial diversity during composting and to monitor potential changes in community structure and species abundance. The addition of glyphosate did not affect the morphology of the tested groups of bacteria and did not cause changes in the morphological structure of fungi. Sampling after 10 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours showed that the abundance of bacterial colonies changed over time compared to the control groups. However, the results suggest that the addition of glyphosate is insufficient to influence the composting process, thus disturbing the specific biocenosis.

13

Zawartość fosforu i azotu w kompostach z odpadów pochodzących z różnych źródeł

Grąz Katarzyna, Gronba-Chyła Anna, Kwaśny Justyna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 8

559--562

PL

Materia organiczna gleby odgrywa istotną rolę w chemicznych, mikrobiologicznych i fizycznych aspektach żyzności gleby. Odpady organiczne przekształcone w humifikowany materiał organiczny w procesie kompostowania można wykorzystać jako organiczne dodatki zwiększające zawartość materii organicznej i poprawiające żyzność gleby. Jakość kompostu różni się w zależności od rodzaju kompostowanych odpadów i technologii procesu kompostowania i jest bardzo istotna, zwłaszcza jeśli chodzi o optymalną zawartość pierwiastków, takich jak fosfor i azot. Przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości P i N dla czterech różnych rodzajów kompostów.

EN

Four types of compost (household composts, rural compost processed by poultry and 2 composts from the mech.-biolog. treatment plant of municipal waste) were studied for P and N content. The lowest av. P and N content was recorded in rural compost, 1.6 and 1.5% by mass, resp., and the highest in household compost, 3.2 and 2.7% by mass, resp.

14

Α Dynamics of Macro Elements Content in Eutric Podzoluvisols for Separation of Wastewater under Jerusalem Artichokes

Lopushniak Vasyl, Hrytsuliak Halyna, Gamayunova Valentina, Kozan Natalia, Zakharchenko Elina, Voloshin Yurii, Lopushniak Halyna, Polutrenko Miroslava, Kotsyubynska Yulia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

33--42

EN

The application of fertilizers based on sewage sludge significantly affects the formation of the nitrogen fund of sod-podzolic soil, as well as changes in the content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium exchange. The application of such fertilizer under Jerusalem artichoke has a positive effect on the nitrogen content of alkaline hydrolyzed compounds, in particular on increasing the content of mineral and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen fractions. The application of sewage sludge at a dose of 20–40 t/ha and the appropriate compensatory dose of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N90P90K90 helps to increase the content of ammonium nitrogen compounds from 16 to 20–22 mg/kg of soil in the upper (0–20 cm) layer – 28% prevails over the control variant, as well as the content of nitrate nitrogen compounds in the layer 0–40 cm from 1.70 to 2.52–2.64 mg/kg of soil. The ratio of the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen compounds to the nitrogen content of mineral compounds in the experimental conditions changes insignificantly, which indirectly indicates a relatively stable value of this indicator, which changes little under the influence of fertilizers. The application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer significantly affects the change in the content of mobile phosphorus compounds and potassium exchange compounds in the upper (0–40 cm) layer of the soil. However, from a depth of 60 cm, their content decreases sharply and approaches the initial values of the control version. Depending on the application of fertilizers, the indicators of the coefficient of concentration of macronutrients in the soil change significantly, which reflects the ratio of the content of the element in the soil to its content in the control variant. As the rate of sewage sludge increases, the element concentration coefficient increases from 1.27 in the variant with the application of only mineral fertilizers to 2.36 for potassium and for phosphorus – from 1.02 to 1.31. There is a close correlation between the content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and the coefficients of their concentration. This relationship reflects the multiple coefficient of determination, which for phosphorus and potassium is R2 = 0.69 and R2 = 0.90, respectively. The use of fertilizers in the form of compost with sewage sludge and straw of cereals causes similar trends as the introduction of uncomposted sewage sludge. However, this effect has less radical impact with lower absolute nutrient content compared to the introduction of fresh sewage sludge. The application of sewage sludge in the form of compost and uncomposted form contributes to a significant increase in the content of macronutrients in the soil, providing an improvement in the mineral nutrition of cultivated plants, including Jerusalem artichokes.

15

Using of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Compost and Mycorrhizae Arbuscular for Improving the Fertility of Nickel Post-Mining Soil

Neswati Risma, Putra Boby Dirgantara Hanafie, Jayadi Muhammad, Ardiansyah Andri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 2

86--96

EN

The nickel post-mining soil with an open-pit mining system has poor soil chemical and physical properties. Thus, it requires appropriate site-specific management so that it can be optimized as a plant cultivation area. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of compost from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and mycorrhizal vesicular-arbuscular (MVA) in improving soil fertility of nickel post-mining soil. This study was conducted using a randomized block trial design with 2 factors. The first factor is compost with 3 treatments, consisting of 5 t•ha-1 (K1), 7.5 t•ha-1 (K2), 10 t•ha-1 (K3) and the second factor was mycorrhiza (M) in the fine-crushed brick carrier media with as many as 3 treatments consisting of 2 t•ha-1 (M1), 4 t•ha-1 (M2), 6 t•ha-1 (M3). A total of 9 treatment combinations were repeated 3 times, arranged in experimental pots at the Experimental Farm of Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that the compost and MVA treatments had a significant effect on increasing the average values of cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, available P2O5, calcium and magnesium exchangeable,as well as decreasing exchangeable aluminum and iron. The highest soil properties values were found in the combination of compost 10 t•ha-1 (K3) and MVA 6 t•ha-1 (M3). The application of compost from OPEFB combined with MVA significantly improved soil fertility, which was indicated by improving soil chemical and biological properties. The application of MVA at various doses had a significant effect on the dry weight, root length of Calopogonium mucunoides and increase the number of MVA spores in the soil.

16

Urban Leaf Litters as a Potential Compost Component

Parzych Agnieszka

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

250--260

EN

Trees shed leaf litters throughout the year with varying intensity. In urban areas, due to the regular pruning of tree branches, the leaves which are used as a compost component have dominant share in the litterfall. The amount of nutrients released during composting depends on the abundance of the shed leaves. The research aimed to analyse and determine which of the deciduous tree species provide the highest amount of macronutrients and whether or not the heavy metals contained in them exceed the toxic level. It was found that the leaves of Alnus glutinosa (C/N = 20.57), Tilia cordata (33.31) and Fraxinus excelsior (33.88), which are the source of the highest amounts of nitrogen among the examined deciduous tree species, decompose at the fastest pace in the composting process. The process of decomposition of Quercus rubra (C/N = 64.30), Aesculus hippocastanum (58.16) and Fagus sylvatica (58.06) leaves, which are poorer in nitrogen compounds, takes much longer and is more difficult. It has also been shown that the heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) contained in leaf litters do not pose any threat to the environment, as they do not exceed the permissible level of contamination.

17

Evaluation of the Commercial Bio-Activator and a Traditional Bio-Activator on Compost Using Takakura Method

Wikurendra Edza Aria, Nurika Globila, Herdiani Novera, Lukiyono Yauwan Tobing

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

278--285

EN

Developing countries have a serious problem of limited land for handling organic waste. New, simple, and economical methods that can be applied maximally by people in developing countries are needed. This study aimed to evaluate commercial bio-activator (EM4) and traditional bio-activator in compost using the takakura method. Seven treatments were carried out to determine the most effective mixture to be applied to composting using the takakura method. The graph of fluctuations in temperature, humidity and pH in the composting process with seven different treatments shows that the activity of decomposing microorganisms is going well. A mixture of 2 kg organic waste and 500 ml EM4 has the values of potassium oxide (K2O), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and nitrogen which meet the compost content requirements based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI-19-7030-2004).

18

Effect of Application of Soil Amendments on the PAHs Level in the Fire-Affected Forest Soil

Martínez Barroso Petra, Winkler Jan, Oulehla Jan, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

26--38

EN

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are introduced to the environment from anthropogenic and natural sources. The most significant natural source of PAH are wildfires and volcanic eruptions. The PAHs occurring in the soil mostly bind to the root system of plants. Phytodegradation, specifically rhizospheric degradation, can reduce the PAH levels in soil with the help of plants roots. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of application of soil amendments on the PAHs level in the burnt soil (BS). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of application of soil amendments (compost, biochar, and bentonite) on the PAHs level after performing experiment with two grass species (Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra). Biochar and compost turned out to be the most effective amendments, regardless of the used grass species. Phytomanaged BS without added amendments also demonstrated the potential for PAH dissipation, but only in the case of Festuca rubra. It has been proven that the application of soil amendments together with the test grass species induced important changes in the BS properties (alteration of soil pH with related change of Kow of individual PAHs; root system on which soil microorganisms thrive) which evoked an increased bioavailability of PAHs.

19

Composting of stabilized municipal sewage sludge with residues from agri-food processing in Poland

Krasowska Małgorzata, Kowczyk-Sadowy Małgorzata, Obidziński Sławomir

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2022

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nr 4

103--116

EN

Stabilized municipal sewage sludge and selected waste from agri-food processing can be used for agricultural purposes, which is part of the circular economy. Therefore, chosen residues were tested for the possibility of using them for fertilisation purposes. They were then subjected to the process of composting in a bioreactor with artificial aeration. The compost mixtures were prepared to take into account their contents of, among others, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water; in the case of sewage sludge, the contents of biological contaminants and heavy metals were also determined. Based on the conducted studies, it has been found that organic waste from agri-food processing and stabilised municipal sewage sludge can be used in the composting process. At the same time, the obtained compost is characterised by good fertilising properties. Considering the physicochemical properties of the obtained compost, it was found that it can be a precious fertiliser used as a soil additive.

PL

Ustabilizowane komunalne osady ściekowe oraz wybrane odpady z przetwórstwa rolno-spożywczego mogą być wykorzystywane w celach rolniczych, co wpisuje się w zagadnienia gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. W związku z tym wybrane pozostałości zbadano pod kątem możliwości wykorzystania ich na cele nawozowe. Następnie poddano je procesowi kompostowania w bioreaktorze, ze sztucznym napowietrzaniem. Mieszanki kompostowe sporządzono biorąc pod uwagę zawartość w nich między innymi węgla, azotu, fosforu oraz wody, a w przypadku osadu ściekowego określono także zanieczyszczenia biologiczne i zawartość metali ciężkich. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że odpady organiczne z przetwórstwa rolno-spożywczego oraz ustabilizowane komunalne osady ściekowe mogą być wykorzystane w procesie kompostowania, a otrzymany kompost charakteryzował się dobrymi właściwościami nawozowymi. Biorąc pod uwagę właściwości fizykochemiczne otrzymanego kompostu stwierdzono, że może on stanowić bardzo cenny nawóz wykorzystywany jako dodatek do gleby.

20

Productivity Model of Herbal Bioenergy Cultures Depending on Biometric Indicators of Overhead Mass

Lopushniak Vasyl, Тоnkha Оxana, Hrytsuliak Halyna, Lopushniak Halyna, Polutrenko Miroslava, Poberezhna Lyuba, Gamayunova Valentina, Pikovska Olena, Jakubowski Tomasz, Kotsyubynska Yulia

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

162--172

EN

The research was carried out on the territory of c. Tsenzhiv of Yamnytsya territorial community of Ivano-Frankivsk region on sod-podzolic degraded soils according to the generally accepted research methods. The productivity of miscanthus and switchgrass depends on the biometric indicators of plants, namely the height of plants and the number of stems. Correct models of miscanthus and switchgrass productivity are calculated depending on the dose of sewage sludge. For miscanthus, the correlation coefficient r = 0.952 and for switchgrass r = 0.951, which indicates a high linear relationship between plant height, number of stems and productivity. The dry matter yield in grass energy crops varies according to fertilizer application. The productivity of the agrophytocenosis of miscanthus is much higher than that of switchgrass. With the addition of sewage sludge at a dose of 40 t/ha, the dry matter yield under the same growing conditions in the agrophytocenosis of miscanthus is 12.2 t/ha, or 3.3 t/ha higher than the productivity of agrophytocenosis switchgrass. The use of composts based on SS + straw (3: 1)) – 30 t/ha + N30K55, has a significant impact on yield, providing the highest productivity of miscanthus – 13.0 t/ha, and switchgrass – 9.6 t/ha. In order to obtain stable biomass productivity of grass energy crops (miscanthus and switchgrass), it is advisable to use compost of sewage sludge and straw in a ratio of 3: 1 at a dose of 30 t/ha. Thus, two important problems are partially solved, namely increasing the productivity of energy crops and utilizing municipal waste (sewage sludge).