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1

The modern worker in the context of indu Stry 5.0: balancing human, technology, and sustainable development

Pryhodii Mykola, Bazyl Liudmyla, Orlov Valerii

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2025

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T. 21

153--168

EN

The article examines the readiness of vocational education (VE) applicants and graduates in Ukraine to work under Industry 5.0 conditions. The study is motivated by the urgent need to shift vocational education from the technology-driven paradigm of Industry 4.0 toward a human centered, sustainable, and resilient model, which demands the integration of new competencies. The primary objective was to assess the current level of preparedness among VE students and graduates, and to evaluate the balance between the technological, socio-emotional, and ethical (sustainable development) components of their professional competencies. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a quantitative online survey (n = 273) with qualitative semi structured interviews (n = 15) of VE students and graduates. Key findings reveal an uneven level of readiness. While graduates demonstrate basic digital literacy, their practical experience with innovative technologies such as AI and robotics remains limited. Conversely, social and emotional skills – including teamwork, communication, and adaptability – were found to be relatively well developed. Despite high levels of environmental and social awareness among respondents, these principles are not yet sufficiently embedded in practical training. The study concludes that gaps exist in the integration of technological and ethical components, highlighting the need to strengthen practical technology courses and systematically incorporate sustainable development principles into VE curricula.

PL

Artykuł analizuje gotowość kandydatów i absolwentów instytucji kształcenia zawodowego (WE) na Ukrainie do pracy w warunkach Przemysłu 5.0. Badania wynikają z pilnej potrzeby przejścia od paradygmatu Przemysłu 4.0, opartego na technologii, do modelu zorientowanego na człowieka, zrównoważonego i odpornego na kryzysy, który wymaga integracji nowych kompetencji. Głównym celem była ocena obecnego poziomu przygotowania studentów i absolwentów szkół zawodowych oraz ocena równowagi między komponentami technologicznymi, społeczno-emocjonalnymi i etycznymi (zrównoważony rozwój) w ich kompetencjach zawodowych. Zastosowano podejście mieszane, łącząc ilościową ankietę internetową (n = 273) z jakościowymi, częściowo ustrukturyzowanymi wywiadami (n = 15) ze studentami i absolwentami szkół zawodowych. Kluczowe ustalenia wskazują na nierównomierny poziom gotowości. Chociaż absolwenci wykazują podstawową znajomość technologii cyfrowych, ich praktyczne doświadczenie z innowacyjnymi technologiami, takimi jak sztuczna inteligencja i robotyka, pozostaje ograniczone. Z kolei umiejętności społeczne i emocjonalne – w tym praca zespołowa, komunikacja i zdolność adaptacji – okazały się stosunkowo dobrze rozwinięte. Pomimo wysokiego poziomu świadomości ekologicznej i społecznej wśród respondentów, zasady te nie są jeszcze wystarczająco zakorzenione w kształceniu praktycznym. Badanie wykazało luki w integracji elementów technologicznych i etycznych, co podkreśla potrzebę wzmocnienia praktycznych kursów technologicznych i systematycznego włączania zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju do programów nauczania w dziedzinie etyki zawodowej.

2

A Simplified Graphical Method for Weight-and-Balance Determination in the Cessna 172R

Baraulya Mikhail, Nechval Konstantin

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2025

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Nr 4 (281)

85--97

EN

Weight-and-balance (W&B) verification remains a critical yet often neglected component of safe general aviation operations. Many pilots rely on informal estimation or omit W&B calculations entirely, contributing to numerous accidents involving aircraft operated outside approved center-of-gravity (CG) and weight limits. This study presents a new W&B performance control method - the Computer Second Paper Operation (C2PO) system - developed for the Cessna 172R. The method eliminates the need to calculate individual station moments or total moments, reducing procedural complexity and decreasing preflight preparation time. Using a geometrically derived planar grid based on incremental CG changes for all loading stations, the C2PO chart allows pilots to determine CG using only basic arithmetic. The tool was constructed through a combination of analytical procedures and encoded in Excel and Visio to include every possible loading configuration. Compared with standard computational procedures, the method reduces calculation time by 43.83% while maintaining an accuracy of 0 to 0.15 inches. By offering a fast, intuitive, and calculator-free alternative, the C2PO method aims to improve pilot compliance, promote consistent preflight W&B checks, and reduce accidents caused by improper aircraft loading.

3

Building ceramics - raw materials, technology, and economic importance

Konstanciak Anna

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2025

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Vol. 14

188--197

EN

The ceramics industry plays a key role in the economy, supplying materials essential for construction, electronics, metallurgy, and many other industries. In 2024, the production of ceramic products in Poland reached 118 million tons, including nearly 3 billion bricks and hollow blocks. The basic raw material for the production of building ceramics is clay rocks containing minerals such as kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. These deposits are found throughout the country, especially in the Świętokrzyskie, Częstochowa, and Tarnobrzeg regions. At the end of 2024, the balance of clay raw material resources was 2,014.6 million m3, and extraction increased by 20 % compared to the previous year. The ceramic production process includes raw material preparation, forming, drying, firing, and quality control. Modern technologies focus on automation, heat recovery, and the use of secondary raw materials. Building ceramics are characterized by high strength, weather resistance, fire resistance, and aesthetics. They are used in the production of bricks, roof tiles, tiles, clinker, and structural elements in traditional and energy-efficient construction. Production based on local raw materials reduces CO2 emissions and supports the regional economy. Thanks to its durability and environmental friendliness, building ceramics remain the material of the future, combining tradition with modern trends in sustainable development.

4

Ograniczenie sprawności w zakresie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych i sensorycznych u pracowników 50+.Wstępna analiza badań własnych

Tokarski Tomasz, Kędzior Krzysztof

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2025

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nr 7

20-24

PL

Wraz z wiekiem pracownika zmienia się wiele parametrów mających wpływ na jego warunki pracy, w tym m.in. parametry biomechaniczne, takie jak siła czy równowaga, oraz parametry sensoryczne, takie jak wzrok i słuch. U pracowników w wieku 50+ te zmiany zaczynają być zauważalne. Badania w grupie 110 osób (54,5 ±4 lata), przeprowadzone przez Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (CIOP-PIB), wykazały, że wielkość tych zmian w przypadku osób od 50. do 65. roku życia ma znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa pracy i ergonomii.

EN

Many parameters that affect working conditions change with age of employee, including biomechanical parameters such as strength and balance, as well as sensory parameters such as vision and hearing. Changes in these parameters in employees aged 50+ are beginning to be noticeable. on a group of 110 people (54.5 ±4 years old), conducted by the Central Institute for Labor Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), showed that the size of these changes in the case of people aged 50 to 65 is important for work safety and ergonomics.

5

Balancing challenges: exploring postural stability in osteogenesis imperfecta

Graff Krzysztof, Kaczmarczyk Katarzyna, Syczewska Małgorzata

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2025

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Vol. 27, no. 1

181--190

EN

Abnormalities in bone structure impact motor functions, including the ability to maintain stable posture. This study assessed static and dynamic balance in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) across different disease types, compared to a healthy population. Methods: The study group included 87 patients with OI: Type I (n = 45), Type III (n = 28), and Type IV (n = 14). Balance was assessed using the AMTI (Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc.) platform. Measurements in standing (ST) position during anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) tilts, with eyes open, for 30 seconds. Results: Significant differences in balance parameters under static conditions were found between OI types (61.5% between Types I and III, 38.5% between Types I and IV, and 30.7% between Types III and IV). Across all OI types, maintaining balance predominantly involved displacement of the COP (Centre of Pressure) in the sagittal plane, observed in 84.7% of Type II OI, 75.2% of Type III OI and 74.5% of Type IV OI cases. Under dynamic conditions, significant differences in balance parameters were noted in 84.6% of comparisons between Types I and III, 46.1% between Types I and IV, and 69.2% between Types III and IV. Conclusions: Balance assessment in individuals with OI is essential for injury prevention, improving mobility and daily function, and monitoring therapy effectiveness. Development of more preventive strategies aimed at reducing fracture risk and enhancing the quality of life for these patients. The relatively small number of patients with type III and the wide age range represent limitations of our study.

6

On Naturally Unsustainable and Artificially Sustainable Development

Sztumski Wiesław

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2024

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Vol. 19, no. 2

35--54

EN

The author presents the hypothesis that in the absence of human interference, i.e. in natural conditions, development takes place spontaneously and is basically unsustainable, and it becomes sustainable only due to anthropogenic factors, i.e. artificially. Sustainable development takes place primarily in the sociosphere. People began to balance development only when they realized that rapid economic development was reaching a critical moment because of the rapid exhaustion of fossil and non-fossil raw material resources and unlimited overconsumption. This was initially ignored. It took several decades before it was taken seriously. Then the idea of controlled, or sustainable, development appeared. Since then, actions have been taken to reduce various categories of imbalances in an increasing number of areas of activity. Since then, the idea of sustainable development has become fashionable, important and lucrative, although utopian, because sustainable development is seen as a panacea for crises, inequalities and social contradictions. The publications of Donella Meadows (Limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind), of Ernst U. v. Weizäcker (Wir sind dran. Was wir ändern müssen, wenn wir bleiben wollen), and of Gaya Herrington, (Five Insights for Avoiding Global Collapse) contributed significantly to the implementation of this idea. They indicate that appropriate actions taken by 2040 will determine the future fate of humanity. To prove the validity of his hypothesis, the author used some publications on 17 general goals and 169 tasks.

PL

Autor prezentuje hipotezę, że przy braku ingerencji ze strony człowieka, czyli w warunkach naturalnych, rozwój dokonuje się żywiołowo i jest w zasadzie niezrównoważony, a zrównoważonym staje się dopiero za sprawą czynników antropogennych, a więc sztucznie.Rozwój zrównoważony dokonuje się przede wszystkim w socjosferze. Ludzie zaczęli równoważyć rozwój dopiero wtedy, gdy uświadomili sobie, że żywiołowy rozwój ekonomiczny zmierza do momentu krytycznego w wyniku szybkiego wyczerpania zasobów surowców kopalnych i niekopalnych oraz niegraniczonej nadkonsumpcji. Początkowo ignorowano to. Trzeba było kilkudziesięciu lat zanim potraktowano to poważnie. Wtedy pojawiła się idea rozwoju kontrolowanego, czyli zrównoważonego. Odtąd podejmuje się działania na rzecz redukcji różnych kategorii nierównowag w coraz większej liczbie obszarów działalności. Odtąd idea rozwoju zrównoważonego stała się modną, ważną i intratną, mimo że utopijną, dlatego że w rozwoju zrównoważonym upatruje się panaceum na kryzysy, nierówności i sprzeczności społeczne. Do implementacji tej idei przyczyniły się znacznie publikacje Donelli Meadows (Limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind), Ernsta U. v. Weizäckera (Wir sind dran. Was wir ändern müssen, wenn wir bleiben wollen) i Gayi Herrington (Five Insights for Avoiding Global Collapse. What a 50-Year-Old Model of the World Taught Me About a Way Forward for Us Today) Wskazuje się w nich, że odpowiednie działania podejmowane do 2040 r. zdecydują o dalszych losach ludzkości. W dowodzeniu słuszności swej hipo-tezy autor wykorzystał publikacje na temat 17 celów ogólnych i 169 zadań konkretnych sformułowanych w 2015 r. w Agendzie 2030, a w szczególności stopień realizacji ich na półmetku w 2023 r

7

The impact of fatigue on static balance in people with chronic ankle instability

Kowalczyk Małgorzata, Truszczyńska-Baszak Aleksandra

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 1

151--160

EN

: The aim of the study was to assess static postural stability under fatigue in subjects with chronic ankle instability – “copers” in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: We conducted a prospective study on a group of 60 young, physically active subjects, divided into 3 groups: I – 14 subjects with unilateral ankle instability, II – 15 subjects with bilateral ankle instability, III – 31 healthy subjects, without ankle instability. The fatigue trial was based on modified Short-Term Fatigue Protocol. Static stabilography was performed with the use of HUR platform. Results: showed an increase in the value of COP trace length after fatigue test in study population I. The level of COP trace length Z before fatigue was significantly lower than after fatigue. Subjects from study population I had higher levels of COP trace length Z in comparison with the control group. The main effect for the group also proved to be significant. Study population I had higher levels of COP trace length Z in comparison with the control group. For the measurement after fatigue, there was significant difference only between the study population I and the control group. Conclusions: The incidence of structural ankle instability was not correlated with functional instability. Subjects with ankle instability, or “copers”, had good functional levels, enabling them to perform sports activities. “Copers” had weakened proprioception in static stabilography tests. Short and intense fatigue protocol weakened the ability to maintain balance in static stabilography test with eyes closed.

8

General muscle fatigue changed joint regulations in static and dynamic balance

Babayi Masumeh, Najafabadi Sayed Mohsen Mortazavi, Ashtiani Mohammed N., Grzelczyk Dariusz

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 2

125--132

EN

This study was aimed at investigating the joint regulations and body sway after general muscle fatigue during tasks that involve both static and dynamic balance. This cross-sectional study used motion analysis to ascertain the kinematic changes in twelve healthy young individuals before and after running-induced fatigue. Six linear and nonlinear stability metrics were calculated to assess the whole body and joint-related variations. Significant instabilities were observed in the hip and specifically in the knee mechanisms and the whole body during the static condition. Velocity path length and approximate entropy for knee ( p = 0.019, p = 0.027) and hip ( p = 0.016, p = 0.042) were significantly greater after fatigue. These parameters for the whole body center of mass were also higher after fatigue ( p = 0.013, p = 0.013). General muscle fatigue did not significantly affect the ankle during static and dynamic standing ( p > 0.05). Dynamic standing did not reveal the effects of fatigue either on local joint regulations or on the whole body except for the nonlinear metrics of the proximal joints. The knee and hip were adversely affected by fatigue while the ankle strove to compensate for the fatigue-induced instability.

9

Analysis of center of pressure displacements and head movements triggered by a visual stimulus created using the virtual reality technology

Wodarski Piotr, Jurkojć Jacek, Chmura Marta, Gruszka Grzegorz, Gzik Marek

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 1

20--28

EN

The purpose of the study was to determine how a stimulus presented in the virtual reality environment as a simulation of a fall off the stairs, triggers a loss of balance. The study also examined if the head movement measurements and the analysis in the frequency domain could increase the range of interpretation. Methods: 11 healthy individuals were tested, two [A1] were identified as more susceptible to the introduced disturbance, and one reported having dizziness, car sickness and fear of heights. Measurements of center of pressure (COP) and head positions were performed in the real and in the virtual environment. The beginning of the simulation was either unexpected or preceded by a signal. The analysis included standard parameters determined in time domain as well as the amplitude of the first harmonic from the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Results: The analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences between results obtained: in real and virtual environments, with and without the warning signal. It was possible to notice the effect of virtual disturbance in the three selected individuals; this was particularly evident in the analysis of the first harmonic of the FFT. Conclusions: The conducted tests revealed that the limitation of the analyses exclusively to the time domain could be insufficient for a comprehensive interpretation. The effect of introduced disturbance was particularly noticeable in the analysis of the first harmonic for head movement. The application of this parameter could enable a more accurate investigation of a strategy aimed at maintaining balance.

10

Ekologia i równowaga

Trzaska Mariola

Zieleń Miejska

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2021

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Nr 3

22--23

PL

Trendy to kierunki, w których zmierzamy w różnych dziedzinach życia. Często słyszymy, że coś jest modne w tym sezonie i robimy wszystko, by być na topie. W architekturze krajobrazu to pojawiające się elementy w ogrodach, kolory i materiały, jakie będą dominować w otaczającej przestrzeni w nadchodzącym roku, są naszym wyznacznikiem. I co zaskakujące, trendy tak naprawdę nie idą nigdy w jednym kierunku, co daje szansę na modne aranżacje w różnych stylach, a także na łączenie kilku stylów w jednej aranżacji.

11

Reflection on the Human Living Environment in Connection with Sustainable Development

Sztumski Wiesław

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2021

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Vol. 16, nr 1

39--44

EN

The author reflects on the possibility of implementing the idea of sustainable development in the environment of human life in various areas and between them. He begins by answering the question what is the human living environment, presents the typology of the areas that make up this environment and indicates the role of human in destroying it. Then, he analyzes selected pairs of areas of the human living environment that are opposite to each other (genuine – artificial, external – internal, natural – social, real – virtual, as well as local – global) because of the possibility of maintaining a balance within them and between them. The balance is a prerequisite for effective implementation of the idea of sustainable development. Finally, he made several conclusions resulting from his reflection.

PL

Autor zastanawia się nad możliwością realizacji idei zrównoważonego rozwoju w środowisku życia człowieka w różnych obszarach i między nimi. Zaczyna od odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym jest ludzkie środowisko życia, przedstawia typologię obszarów tworzących to środowisko i wskazuje na rolę człowieka w jego niszczeniu. Następnie analizuje wybrane pary obszarów ludzkiego środowiska życia, które są przeciwstawne sobie (naturalne – sztuczne, zewnętrzne – wewnętrzne, przyrodnicze – społeczne, realne – wirtualne, a także lokalne – globalne) ze względu na możliwość utrzymania równowagi w nich i między nimi. Równowaga jest warunkiem koniecznym dla skutecznego wdrażania idei rozwoju zrównoważonego. Na koniec wyciągnął kilka wniosków wynikających z tej refleksji.

12

Mass and volume balances of nebulization processes for the determination of the expected dose of liquid medicines delivered by inhalation

Sosnowski Tomasz R., Janeczek Kamil, Grzywna Karolina, Emeryk Andrzej

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 42, nr 3

253–-261

EN

The works presents the application of mass/volume balances of liquid drug converted into the aerosol during atomization in medical nebulizers. The amount of liquid that can be delivered to the respiratory system during inhalation is reduced compared to the nominal dose not only because of drug losses both in the device (the residual volume, RV) and outside the nebulizer (in the mouthpiece, mask, or tubings), but also to the limitations of the patient (periodic flow with limited capacity). The paper should help to understand the complexity of aerosol therapy widely used in asthma, COPD and other pulmonary diseases.

13

Porównanie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych osób po upadku oraz osób, które nie uległy upadkowi

Tokarski Tomasz

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2021

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nr 9

17-21

PL

Upadek, spowodowany na przykład utratą równowagi, stanowi bardzo częstą przyczynę wypadków przy pracy. Problem ten dotyczy zwłaszcza pracowników starszych. Okazuje się, że każdego roku blisko 1/3 osób po 65. roku życia ulega upadkom. Narażone są m.in. osoby o pogorszonych parametrach fizycznych. Do tych niekorzystnych zmian dochodzi wraz z postępującym procesem starzenia, a także na skutek uszkodzeń układu ruchu. Wraz z wiekiem rośnie więc częstość upadków, a ich skutki dla zdrowia stają się coraz poważniejsze. W artykule opisano badania nad osobami z grupy wiekowej 60-67 lat. Ich celem było: po pierwsze – porównanie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych (tj. parametrów chodu, koordynacji wzrokowo ruchowej, siły mięśniowej oraz zdolności utrzymywania równowagi) osób po upadku oraz osób, które nie uległy upadkowi, a po drugie – wskazanie tych parametrów, które mogą mieć wpływ na większą skłonność do upadku. Tymczasem różnice pomiędzy parametrami uzyskanymi dla obu badanych grup okazały się niewielkie i statystycznie nieistotne.

EN

Falling out of balance is a very common cause of accidents at work. Older workers are particularly affected by this problem. It turns out that each year nearly 1/3 of people over 65 experience a fall. Particularly vulnerable are, inter alia, people with impaired physical parameters. These unfavourable changes occur along with the progressive aging process and as a result of damage to the locomotor system. Thus, the frequency of falls increases with age, and the effects on health become more severe. The article describes research on people in the 60-67 age group. Their aim was: firstly – to compare selected biomechanical parameters (i.e. parameters of walking, eye-hand coordination, muscle strength and the ability to maintain balance) of people after a fall and people who did not fall, and secondly – to indicate those parameters that may have an influence on a greater tendency to fall. Meanwhile, the differences between the parameters obtained for both studied groups turned out to be small and statistically insignificant.

14

Postural stability at different heights as well as in natural standing position and during tandem stance in female athletes who practice artistic gymnastics

Omorczyk Jarosław, Wrześniewski Krzysztof, Staszkiewicz Robert, Puszczałowska-Lizis Ewa

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 3

155--162

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work was the assessment of postural stability at different heights as well as in natural standing position and during tandem stance in female athletes who practice artistic gymnastics. Methods: The study comprised 34 athletes aged 8–12, practicing artistic gymnastics at a sports club „Korona Kraków”. The research tool was CQ-Stab 2P two-platform posturograph. The elevation was achieved using the Light SPL platform. The data were analyzed based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: The height at which the posturograph was set differentiated the path length of the statokinesiogram, both in the natural stance ( p = 0.035) and tandem stance (p = 0.012). When the posturograph was placed on the floor, statistically significantly higher sway area delimited by the COP point (p < 0.001), statokinesiogram path length (p < 0.001), mean amplitude of COP displacement (p < 0.001) and mean frequency of COP displacement (p = 0.048) values were recorded in the tandem stance position. On the other hand, when the posturograph was placed on a landing, statistically significantly higher sway area delimited by the COP point (p < 0.001), statokinesiogram path length (p < 0.001) and mean frequency of COP displacement (p < 0.001) values were recorded in the tandem stance position. Conclusions: Increasing height was accompanied by deterioration of stability indices. Postural stability improves with training experience.

15

Differentiating fallers from nonfallers using nonlinear variability analyses of data from a low-cost portable footswitch device: a feasibility study

Gonabadi Arash, Antonellis Prokopios, Malcolm Philippe

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 2

139--145

EN

Purpose: Falls are one of the main causes of injuries in older adults. This study evaluated a low-cost footswitch device that was designed to measure gait variability and investigates whether there are any relationships between variability metrics and clinical balance tests for individuals with a history of previous falls. Methods: Sixteen older adults completed a history of falls questionnaire, three functional tests related to fall risk, and walked on a treadmill with the footswitch device. We extracted the stride times from the device and applied two nonlinear variability analyses: coefficient of variation and detrended fluctuation analysis. Results: The temporal variables and variability metrics from the footswitch device correlated with gold-standard measurements based on ground reaction force data. One variability metric (detrended fluctuation analysis) showed a significant relationship with the presence of past falls with a sensitivity of 43%. Conclusion: This feasibility study demonstrates the basis for using low-cost footswitch devices to predict fall risk.

16

Classic and indicative methods in the analysis of the foot arch and foot loads in professional folklore dancers on the basis of stabilographic tests

Gorwa Joanna, Nowakowska-Lipiec Katarzyna, Guzik-Kopyto Agata, Wodarski Piotr, Michnik Robert

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

53--61

EN

Purpose: The proper shape of the foot determines its proper functioning and efficiency, which is significant as far as dancers are concerned. The aim of the study was to identify the arch of feet based on the Arch Index (AI), ability to maintain balance on the basis of stabilometric parameters and the distribution of loads acting on the feet of professional folk dancers. Methods: The study group was composed of 37 folk dancers and the reference group consisted of 56 healthy adults aged 19–45. Balance measurements were performed using the Zebris FDM-S measurement platform, Romberg test with eyes open. Test results were exported to the Matlab 2019b computing environment. The algorithm developed by the Authors in relation was used to calculate Arch Index for the right and left foot, for each test participant separately. Results: Statistical tests did not reveal statistically relevant differences between stabilometric parameters and loads affecting feet in the reference group and that of the dancers. The statistical tests revealed that the value of the AI differed significantly in the reference group and in the group of professional folk dancers (p = 0.05). The differences were also observed in the group of females (p = 0.003). No statistically relevant differences were observed in relation to the group of males (p = 0.116). The percentage of the feet with high arch in the group of dancers amounted to 26%; 33% of dancers’ feet were classified as the feet with low arch. Conclusions: The feet of professional folk dancers have a statistically more arched foot than the reference group.

17

Altered postural stability in elderly women following a single session of head-mounted display virtual reality

Cieślik Błażej, Serweta Anna, Federico Sara, Szczepańska-Gieracha Joanna

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 1

107--111

EN

Purpouse: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single session of head-mounted display virtual reality on postural stability in elderly women. Methods: Forty-seven female subjects underwent a 20-minute virtual reality session. The mean age of the subjects was 70.12 years. As an immersive source, we used a relaxing virtual reality game with a head-mounted display device. The postural stability test was conducted using a Nintendo Wii force plate. Participants completed a set of three 30-s trials in which they took a quiet bipedal eyes-open stance while standing on a hard surface: before the virtual reality session, immediately after the virtual reality session, and 2 minutes after the virtual reality session. Centre of pressure parameters were analysed in the sagittal and frontal planes. Results: Analysing the results obtained immediately after the virtual reality session, significant differences were observed in almost all examined parameters. In the sagittal plane, centre of pressure path velocity increased by 10% (p < 0.01) and path standard deviation by 15% (p < 0.05). In the frontal plane, centre of pressure path velocity increased by 14% (p < 0.01). After 2 minutes, all examined parameters showed no significant difference compared to before the virtual reality session. Conclusions: Immediately after the virtual reality session, there was an increase in almost all examined parameters. However, after 2 minutes, all examined parameters had returned to baseline. Therefore, to reduce fall risk after a virtual reality session, it is recommended that the subject spend at least 2 minutes in a sitting position.

18

Können Verkehrsunternehmen ohne Gewinn am Markt bestehen?

Witte Hermann

Problemy Transportu i Logistyki

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2020

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nr 1 (49)

51--62

EN

It is demonstrated that (1) transport enterprises can operate on the market with a profit of zero and (2) they can finance their investments without profit. The rigid conditions of pure competition are not necessary. It is enough to adjust the different situations of incomplete competition by setting equal and homogeneous rules for accounting, founding and running enterprises well as financing. A special rule is to have no foreign trade. But these conditions are not stringent. There are many non-profit-enterprises in Austria and a lot of other countries which are operating without these conditions. The result is a new maxim for (transport) economics: Application of the principle of covering the costs and optimization of quality in spite of profit maximization! THE postulate to consider the quality in transport theory and policy has the same long tradition as the postulate to applicate the principle of covering the costs. The joint application will bring more benefit for realizing welfare and an equal distribution of income and property.

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The differences in postural stability between cross-country and Alpine skiers with intellectual disabilities

Gimunová Marta, Skotáková Alena, Grün Vojtěch, Jenčíková Kateřina, Daněk Leoš, Hlinský Tomáš, Svobodová Lenka, Kalichová Miriam, Válková Hana

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 4

133--138

EN

The purpose of this study was to analyse differences in postural stability between athletes with ID competing in Alpine and Cross country (XC) skiing to assess the effect of special sports training on postural stability in persons with ID. Methods: Athletes with ID were divided into four groups by their discipline: Alpine skiers (n = 9), XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km (n = 10), XC skiers 500 to 1000 m (n = 18) and XC skiers 50 and 100 m (n = 10). All participants were asked to stand barefooted on the Zebris FDM platform (Medical GmbH, Germany) with their eyes open and closed. To compare differences between groups one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD test was used. To compare the difference between the eyes open and closed, t-test was used. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between Alpine and XC skiers in analysed variables. The analysis of COP velocity showed superior postural stability in XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km compared to XC skiers 500 and 1000 m. In XC skiers 500 and 1000 m, XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km and Alpine skiers a significant increase in COP velocity was observed when having the eyes closed. In XC skiers 50 and 100 m, no statistically significant differences between the eyes open and closed conditions were observed. Conclusions: Despite different sports training, no difference between Alpine and XC skiers in postural stability was observed. When comparing XC skiers, better postural stability was observed in skiers running longer distances, suggesting that this sports training enhances balance skills needed in everyday life.

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Body balance a few years after total hip replacement

Wareńczak Agnieszka, Lisiński Przemysław

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 1

87--96

EN

These aim of the study was to conduct a long-term evaluation of whether total hip replacement permanently affects the dynamic body balance. Methods: Twenty-five patients after the unilateral total hip replacement (mean age: 69.9 ± 6.2) and 25 subjects without the total hip replacement (mean age: 68.4 ± 4.8) who matched the age and overall health participated in this study. The force platform and functional tests such as Timed Up and Go, 3m walk test, Functional Reach Test, 30s Chair Stand Test, Step Test and Berg Balance Scale were used to assess dynamic balance. The results obtained in individual trials were compared using the Student’s t-test for independent variables, the Welch test or the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: Subjects from the THR group exhibited significantly increased time and distance in the tests performed on the force platform, compared to the control group. We also observed worse balance and functional test scores in the THR group: Timed Up and Go test ( p < 0.001), 3 m walk test ( p < 0.001), Functional Reach Test ( p < 0.001), 30 s Chair Stand Test ( p = 0.001) and Step Test (operated leg: p < 0.001, non-operated leg: p < 0.001). The results obtained in the Berg Balance Scale tests were not significantly different between the groups ( p = 0.218). Conclusions: We observed significant differences in postural stability and dynamic balance between patients after THR and subjects in the same age without endoprosthesis. Our research shows that total hip replacement permanently impairs patients’ dynamic balance and their functionality in certain lower-extremity activities.