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Wpływ procesów tektonicznych na dojrzałość termiczną materii organicznej w warstwach godulskich jednostki śląskiej w Karpatach Zachodnich

Waliczek Marta M., Starzec Krzysztof, Machowski Grzegorz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 4

446--450

EN

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of tectonic processes on the thermal maturity of organic matter (OM) in samples from the Godula Beds of the Silesian Unit in the Western Carpathians. Reflectance measurements of vitrinite were performed to assess the degree of OM transformation in areas affected by tectonic faulting. Vitrinite fragments in direct contact with the slickenside exhibited higher reflectance values and higher palaeotemperatures (1VRo « 1.20%; T « 150°C) compared to fragments located away from the fault zone (2VRo « 1,00%; T « 138°C).

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Dojrzałość termiczna materii organicznej rozproszonej w oligoceńskich skałach okruchowych z odwiertu Wt-4 (Bieszczady Zachodnie) – wstępne wyniki

Waliczek Marta M., Solecki Marek L.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 4

441--446

EN

This study used microscopic analyses to investigate the thermal maturity of organic matter dispersed in Oligocene rocks from the Wt-4 well at depths ranging from 330 to 1933 m, within the Silesian Unit of the Polish Outer Carpathians. The thermal maturity, determined through vitrinite reflectance measurements, indicates that the organic matter is mature enough for hydrocarbon generation. The maximum palaeotemperature affecting the rocks was found to be between 109 and 153°C.

3

Continuous contractional deformation followed by extension in the Nowy Sącz Basin, Polish Outer Carpathians : constraints from fault-slip analysis

Fodor Laszlo, Świerczewska Anna, Strzelecki Piotr J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 2

107--132 + (Appendix A, B, and C)

EN

Fault-slip analysis was carried out in the Nowy Sącz Basin and the surroundings of the Polish Outer Carpathians based on field observations, published maps, and publications. A reconstruction of the stress field and the contractional directions from the folds suggests that the area was marked by four different deformation phases, most of them involving several stress states. The tilt test supports the separation of pre-, syn-, and post-folding deformation episodes within the phases which occurred during the folding of the Palaeogene to Early Miocene flysch units and also during the folding of the late Middle Miocene basin fill. After an early extensional phase at the onset of the deformation history, the area was marked by contractional deformation from ~34 Ma to ~8 Ma. During this period the compressional direction did not change markedly but a slight clockwise change of the maximal stress axis may have occurred in the Early Miocene due to vertical-axis block rotation. In this persistent deformation field, the basin could have had a contractional origin in front of an out-of-sequence thrust. The latest Miocene(?) to Quaternary deformation was probably related to the extensional collapse of the Carpathian accretionary wedge.

4

A record of Eocene subaqueous large-scale mass movements in the external Tethys Ocean (Skyba Nappe, Outer Carpathians, Ukraine)

Waśkowska Anna, Hnylko Svitlana, Kowal-Kasprzyk Justyna, Golonka Jan, Słomka Tadeusz, Hnylko Oleh, Heneralova Larysa, Pilarz Monika

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 4

361--388

EN

Studies were carried out on the Popeli Beds, which were mainly deposited by mass movements along the northern slope of the Tethys Ocean and form an olistostrome sequence occurring within Paleogene deposits. The analysis focuses on the deposits exposed in the northern limb of the Pobuk Syncline – the structural element of the Oriv Skyba – in the external zones of the Skyba (Skole) Nappe. Structural, lithological, sedimentological and paleontological studies allowed for the identification and characterisation of the olistostrome sequence and revealed its structure. Six individual olistostrome complexes were distinguished and described in detail. Five of these are gravelly mudstoneswith oversized clasts, overlain by medium-bedded mudstones and sandstones, the last one consists of deformed packages of thin bedded mudstones and sandstones. The olistostrome sequence is composed of a wide range of lithological and stratigraphic components, including Tithonian – Berriasian shallow- water limestones (so-called Štramberk-type limestones), Upper Cretaceous limestones, sandstones, and siliceous rocks, as well as Paleogene mudstones, sandstones, limestones, and marls. Biostratigraphic analysis of foraminifera indicates the Bartonian as the time of displacement. The olistostrome niche migrated downslope from a lower shelf-upper slope position characterized by marl sedimentation, to slope areas dominated by turbidite sedimentation.

5

Structural and thermochronologic investigation across the Western Polish Outer Carpathians: a reconnaissance study

Barmuta Jan, Seyedi Saeideh Asal, Ratschbacher Lothar, Starzec Krzysztof

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2025

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Vol. 95, No. 1

45--61

EN

A regional cross-section based on geophysical, borehole, and structural field data reveals the subsurface structure of the western Polish Outer Carpathians, a relatively understudied segment of the Carpathian thrust-and-fold belt. A key feature is an antiformal stack, where the Dukla Unit underlies the central part of the Magura Unit. This structure probably was formed due to a thrust ramp within the Palaeozoic cover of the North European Platform. New apatite fission-track ages, along with a re-evaluation of published thermochronologic age data, indicate two exhumation phases. The first occurred in the Early Miocene (~20 Ma), affecting the Magura and Silesian units. The second, in the Late Miocene (~10 Ma), is confined to the Magura Unit and linked to an antiformal stack formation either through underthrusting of the Magura Unit by the Dukla Unit or large-scale normal faulting that drove arc-parallel extension. Both structures are supported by outcrop and seismic evidence. The present authors propose that the lateral termination of the antiformal stack triggered a normal fault system, forming a hanging-wall drop fault along a lateral culmination wall. The structural data of the present study do not support a Middle–Late Miocene arc-perpendicular extension, previously documented in the eastern Polish Outer Carpathians, as a viable explanation for the Late Miocene exhumation, recorded in the western sector.

6

Wpływ więźby skały na mechanizm deformacji : studium przypadku wstęg deformacyjnych w piaskowcach otryckich (Bieszczady)

Strzelecki Piotr Jan, Świerczewska Anna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

231--234

EN

Compaction is one of the fundamental modes of strain localization. Pure compaction bands are deformation structures that develop in granular rocks. The Otryt sandstone, a flysch sandstone, hosts naturally formed pure compaction bands that originated due to tectonic shortening. The pure compaction bands formed when the host rock was poorly indurated. The deformation bands are of the disaggregation or cataclastic type, with cataclasis occurring more frequently in coarser-grained sandstones. Additionally, in laminated fine-grained sandstones, disaggregation takes the form of micro-folding. Textural features of the host rock appear to control the microstructural type of pure compaction band.

7

Krążenie płynów w skałach okruchowych : studium przypadku piaskowców krośnieńskich z rejonu Bereżek (Bieszczady Wysokie)

Solecki Marek L., Waliczek Marta M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

227--230

EN

In this study, microscopic analysis was applied to investigate fluid flow in the Oligocene shale and sandstone samples from the Krosno Beds (Silesian Nappe, Outer Carpathians) in the Bere¿ki outcrop. Analysis of calcite generation in veins and reflectance of organic matter measurements were done. Three generations of calcite were observed, indicating three stages of fluid migration along the veins in sandstones. Moreover, oil droplets and solid bitumen migration were seen during microscopic analyses. Thermal maturity based on vitrinite reflectance measurements indicates mature organic matter to hydrocarbon generation.

8

Neoproterozoic ophiolite exotic blocks in the Outer Western Carpathians, southern Poland : a record of the fast ocean-floor cooling and alterations

Gawęda Aleksandra, Szopa Krzysztof, Waśkowska Anna, Golonka Jan, Krzykawski Tomasz, Kalinichenko Tatiana

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 1

art. no. 9

EN

Ophiolitic blocks, represented by metagabbro and serpentinite containing relict pyroxene, olivine, baddeleyite, zirconolite, Ni-pyrite and pyrrhotite, were found as exotic blocks in an olistostrome in the Magura Nappe, Outer Western Carpathians. The geochemical and isotopic features of the blocks suggest they represent mantle-derived rocks, with within-plate geochemistry signatures, modified by subduction, with lithospheric mantle input. A U-Pb apatite cooling age (614 ±3 Ma) is within age uncertainty of a published U-Pb zircon magmatic crystallization age (~614 Ma) implying rapid post-crystallization cooling. Pervasive alteration with replacement of primary minerals by low-temperature assemblages is observed in all rock fragments and is interpreted as contemporaneous with shearing. The secondary mineral assemblages and temperature modelling allow the interpretation that the pervasive ocean-floor metamorphism is the alteration in these meta-mafic rocks. These ophiolitic fragments can be linked to the Neoproterozoic break up of Rodinia/Pannotia.

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The structure of the Silesian Beskid Block in the Vistula River source area in the Western Outer Carpathians (southern Poland)

Sikora Rafał

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2023

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Vol. 93, No. 2

137--163

EN

This paper presents new results of a detailed structural analysis of the bedrock of the Vistula source area within the Silesian Beskids (Outer Western Carpathians, S Poland). The bedrock of the study area is composed of the Upper Cretaceous flysch series of the Upper Godula Beds and Lower Istebna Beds. The study area is located on the southern limb of the Szczyrk Anticline within the Silesian Beskid Block. The research is based on cartographic field work and remote sensing analysis of a digital elevation model from LiDAR data. The structural analyses were supported by the extraction of the topolineaments and their spatial analysis. The results presented show that the monoclinal bedrock structure of the study area can be characterized by a systematic joint pattern, which determined the existence of faults and fault zones. Moreover, detailed analyses show differences in fracturing of the sedimentary strata and the existence of hidden fracture zones, not visible in the previous map view. Most of the faults are related to an orthogonal joint system, whereas the transverse and longitudinal faults are connected with fold and thrust structures that are exposed in outcrops and reflected in the topography. Kinematic analysis shows that the NW–SE-trending transverse faults underwent dextral movements, while the ENE–WSW-trending longitudinal faults recorded sinistral displacements. Furthermore, older strike-slip and oblique-slip displacements along faults were overprinted by normal dip-slip faulting. The new tectonic and relief data show no existence of the Gościejów Syncline in the northern part of the study area, which was depicted on previous maps. In conclusion, normal faulting and damage of the bedrock along fracture zones are interpreted as being related to the posttectonic, gravitational collapse of the rock massif. Its detailed recognition is very important for the further study of relationships between bedrock structure and mass movement characteristics, such as the geometry and kinematics of landslides.

10

Zagrożenia osuwiskowe złóż wód mineralnych w dolinie Popradu

Zając Mariusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 10

780--787

EN

The area of the Poprad valley is particulary privileged due to the presence of mineral waters recognized in Poland as curative as well as strongly transformed by mass movements. In order to increase tourist attractiveness of the region, there is a noticeable trend of more frequent usage of landslide slopes, on which can appear recharge areas for the healing waters or zones of carbon dioxide inflow. The gas-water system on the areas of the occurence isvery sensitive andeasy to destroy. Co-occurence of recharge areas and mass movement areas, which due to uncontrolled human actions, may become active and create threat to the healing waters.

11

An evaluation of organic matter dispersed in the Menilite Formation in Silesian Nappe (Polish Outer Carpathians): an optical microscopic approach

Waliczek Marta, Machowski Grzegorz, Solecki Marek Leszek, Stefaniuk Michał

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 3

243--256

EN

In this study, optical microscopic analyses were applied to evaluate the thermal maturity, characteristics of solid bitumen, and other organic matter finely dispersed in Oligocene shales of the Menilite Formation in the Iwonicz-Zdrój–Rudawka Rymanowska Fold (IRF) and Bóbrka–Rogi Fold (BRF) of the Central Carpathian Synclinorium of the Silesian Nappe, Outer Carpathians, Poland. The investigation was carried out at two-unit depths of the shallow and deeper D-1 sections (430 m – IRF and 4,300 m – BRF) and outcrop samples (BRF). The mean random huminite reflectance values indicate immature conditions with respect to hydrocarbon generation in samples from the D-1 shallow section (VRo ≈ 0.40%) and in the outcrop samples (VRo = 0.36%). The degree of thermal maturity of the organic matter from a depth of about 4,300 m – BRF based on random vitrinite (VRo ≈ 0.80%) and solid bitumen (BRo ≈ 0.65%) reflectance measurements is associated with the “oil window” for petroleum generation. The organic components dispersed in the examined Menilite Formation samples are typical for hydrocarbon-prone organic matter, suggesting the dominant kerogen type II. The potential precursor maceral for solid bitumen occurring in the examined samples from the deeper D-1 sections is largely the alginite maceral.

12

Silesian Ridge in the light of petrological analyses and LA-ICP MS U-Pb analyses of the cohesive debrites from the Istebna Formation (Silesian Nappe, Outer Western Carpathians, Poland)

Szczuka Monika, Gawęda Aleksandra, Waśkowska Anna, Golonka Jan, Szopa Krzysztof, Chew David, Drakou Foteini

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 2

art. no. 20

EN

Exotic clasts present in flysch deposits of the Western Outer Carpathians enable investigation and reconstruction of the eroded crystalline basement of the Silesian Ridge. The flysch rocks of the Istebna Formation (Jasnowice Member: Paleocene) in the Silesian Nappe contain magmatic and metamorphic clasts derived from the Silesian Ridge basement. The crystalline rock fragments acquired from cohesive debrites were analyzed petrographically and geochemically, and zircon and rutile crystals were subject to LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating. Granitoid clasts yielded Meso-Variscan U-Pb zircon ages (325.7 and 330.6 Ma), with older (Neoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic) inherited cores and eNd330 = –12.0 (TDM age of 1.98 Ga). The orthogneiss clast yielded a protolith age of 1635 Ma and fingerprint of thermal reworking at ~288 Ma. Zircon crystals from the detrital clasts yielded similar U-Pb zircon ages to the granitoid clasts (311.5 to 391 and 331 Ma). The rutile crystals from sandstone yielded concordia age of 344.7 Ma. Zircon crystals from paragneiss, interpreted as a granitoid envelope, yielded 238U/206Pb ages between 557 and 686 Ma and include an inherited core of age ~1207.4 ±33.8 Ma. Age data from exotic clasts and the detrital zircon and rutile fraction suggest the core part of the Silesian Ridge was a Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic envelope intruded by Meso-Variscan granitoid plutons.

13

Geological and geomorphological conditions of landslide development in the Wisła source area of the Silesian Beskid mountains (Outer Carpathians, southern Poland)

Sikora Piotr

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 2

art. no. 19

EN

The Silesian Beskid mountains (Outer Western Carpathians) are affected by landslides, many being large, of rocky character and with clearly visible relief. I provide a new morphostructural analysis of mountain relief and landslide development, based on detailed field mapping and spatial analysis of a digital terrain model based on LiDAR data. The index of landslide occurrence was calculated at 22.57%. The basic geometrical features of the landslides mapped may be related to the morphostructure of the study area. Factors influencing long and wide landslides include lithology, slopes relative to stratal orientation, and developmental trends, while wide landslides are of frontal type. Tectonic structures are important controls on landslide shape.

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Conditions of landslide development during the last decade in the Rożnów Dam-Lake region (Southern Poland) based on Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data analysis

Wódka Marcin

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 1

art. no. 4

EN

In order to identify the causes of landslide development in the area of Rożnów Lake (Outer Carpathians – southern Poland) in the last decade, Differential Digital Terrain Models (DDM) were used. These were made on the basis of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data from four flights. The first ALS data are from 2010, before the event in Poland known as the “landslide catastrophe”. Comparing digital terrain models from different years tracking of changes in landslide activity relative to the intensity of precipitation. The article presents a method of investigating landslides with the use of DDM. This analysis allowed calculation of the displacement lithological index and of landslide susceptibility, based only on landslides that have become active in the last decade. The areas with the highest susceptibility to landslides are regions of Hieroglyphic Beds occurrence and of tectonic overthrusts. An important role in the development of landslides in the area of Rożnów Lake is also played by the thick-bedded Ciężkowice sandstones (usually associated with low susceptibility to landslides). After the “landslide catastrophe”, it is precisely in these formations that the greatest displacements and more frequent widening of the landslide boundaries were recorded, though they are generally stable during smaller rainfall.

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Materia organiczna rozproszona w ciemnych turbidytach górnego eocenu płaszczowiny śląskiej (Karpaty zewnętrzne, Polska)

Waliczek Marta, Waśkowska Anna, Machowski Grzegorz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 7

458--462

EN

In this study, weapply microscopic analysis to evaluate thematurity of organic matter and characterise the macerals dispersed in the Upper Eocene shale samples from the Hieroglyphic Formation (Silesian Nappe, Outer Carpathians). The mean vitrinite reflectance values indicate the presence of organic matter immature to hydrocarbon generation (Ro≈0.43%).The main organic component dispersed in analysed samples is vitrinite, characteristic of kerogen type III.

16

Foraminiferal and calcareous nannoplankton bioevents and changes at the Late Cretaceous : earliest Paleogene transition in the northern margin of Tethys (Hyżne section, Polish Carpathians)

Machaniec Elżbieta Katarzyna, Kowalczewska Oliwia, Jugowiec Małgorzata, Gasiński M. Adam, Uchman Alfred

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 3

567--588

EN

Foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton from the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) transition in the Hyżne section (Outer Carpathians, south-eastern Poland) show a relatively complete biostratigraphic record. Despite the absence of the Pα Zone in turbiditic deposits of the Polish Carpathians, the planktonic foraminiferal zones of the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene interval are well defined, including (1) the late Maastrichtian Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone and its equivalents, (2) the earliest Danian Guembelitria cretacea second bloom Zone (P0 Zone), and (3) the top of the early Danian Parasubbotina cf. pseudobulloides (P1a) Zone. The foraminiferal events recorded in the studied section at the K-Pg transition are stratigraphically important. They include: (1) the interval with A. mayaroensis occurrence, (2) the interval with gradual disappearance of planktonic foraminifera from the most complex K-strategy forms, through the less specialized species to the large Heterohelicidae turnovers, and (3) the G. cretacea first and second blooms. Furthermore, the bloom of the opportunistic, benthic Bolivinita sp., the size reduction event, and the dissolution of the tests of the planktonic foraminifera are recorded. The K-Pg interval bioevents can be useful for better stratigraphic resolution of the flysch deposits of the Outer Carpathians. The nannoplankton event is represented by the appearance of Cruciplacolithus primus, which marks the onset of the return to more stable environmental conditions after the perturbations at the K-Pg boundary. The K-Pg boundary occurs within dark grey marly mudstones, above the upper boundary of the G. cretacea first bloom, and above the highest occurrence of the agglutinated foraminifera Goesella rugosa, at the top of the nannofossil CC 26 Zone, and below the deep-water agglutinated foraminifera (DWAF) dominance. The foraminiferal assemblages derive from different bathymetric zones corresponding to (1) the upper bathyal zone in the late Campanian (nannoplankton CC 22 Zone) and early late Maastrichtian (A. mayaroensis Zone), (2) the shelf margin in the latest late Maastrichtian (CC 26 nannoplankton Zone, G. cretacea first bloom), (3) the shelf margin in the earliest Danian (G. cretacea second bloom, Np1/2 Zone), and (4) the middle-lower bathyal depth, below a local foraminiferal lysocline and above CCD, in the latest early Danian (P. pseudobulloides Zone). As the foraminifera could have been redeposited by turbiditic currents, they do not necessarily show real bathymetric changes in the area of deposition. Such changes have not been observed in sedimentary features of the studied deposits. Foraminiferal and nannoplankton assemblages are typical of the “transitional zone” between the Tethyan and Boreal domains.

17

Dawsonite as an indicator of multistage deformation and fluid pathways within fault zones: Insights from the Fore-Dukla Thrust Sheet, Outer Carpathians, Poland

Rybak-Ostrowska Barbara, Gąsiński Arkadiusz, Kaproń Grzegorz

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 1

51--78

EN

The structural pattern developed within metre to microscopic scale thrust and strike-slip fault zones exposed in the Palaeogene flysch rocks of the Fore-Dukla Thrust Sheet in the south-eastern part of the Silesian Nappe, Outer Carpathians, Poland, reveals evidence for upper crustal deformation and fluid flow. Syntectonic dawsonite [NaAlCO3(OH)2] indicates the following series of deformational events within the fault zones: i) detachment and buckle folding resulting from movement along thrust faults; ii) faulting as a compensation of the shortening, resulting in the fault propagation folding, breakthrough thrust faulting and imbrications; and iii) strike-slip faulting. The microstructural pattern coupled with the growth of a related sequence of carbonate minerals within the fault zones, followed by present-day dawsonite precipitation and tufa formation, indicate a continuing influence of fluids within the Silesian Nappe up to and including modern time. Structural observations at metre to microscopic scales coupled with EDS mapping of rocks indicate that dawsonite is a unique tool for the reconstruction of subsequent deformation in the Fore-Dukla Thrust Sheet.

18

Geochemiczna charakterystyka próbek z warstw istebniańskich jako skał potencjalnie macierzystych

Spunda Karol, Matyasik Irena

Nafta-Gaz

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2019

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R. 75, nr 3

139--149

PL

W obrębie polskiej części Karpat zewnętrznych – w jednostce śląskiej występują warstwy istebniańskie, które mogą stanowić źródło generacji węglowodorów wypełniających pułapki złożowe. Przeprowadzono geochemiczną analizę substancji organicznej rozproszonej w utworach istebniańskich. Badaniom poddano 23 próbki pochodzące z trzech otworów: Draganowa-1, Osobnica-136, Osobnica-138. Badania prowadzone były na próbkach skalnych oraz wyseparowanym kerogenie. Próbki poddane zostały analizie pirolitycznej Rock-Eval, analizie elementarnej kerogenu oraz jego pirolizie sprzężonej z chromatografią gazową (PY-GC), a także badaniom biomarkerów. Na podstawie badań Rock-Eval oraz analizy elementarnej kerogenu stwierdzono, że substancja organiczna występująca w warstwach istebniańskich zawiera kerogen III typu. Dojrzałość termiczna materii organicznej osiągnęła zakres okna ropnego przy wartościach Tmax z zakresu 425–438°C. Zawartość węgla organicznego rozproszonego w badanych skałach waha się w przedziale od 0,20% do 6,62%. Na podstawie wykonanych badań wytypowano poziom charakteryzujący się najlepszymi parametrami w kontekście macierzystości. Są nim dolne warstwy istebniańskie górnej kredy z otworu Draganowa-1, dla których średnia zawartość węgla organicznego TOC wynosi 2,72%. Badania PY-GC wskazały na mieszany charakter generacyjny kerogenu, który może produkować lekkie, jak i ciężkie węglowodory. Badania biomarkerów potwierdzają zmienny charakter substancji organicznej z przewagą materiału lądowego oraz z obecnością substancji morskiej. Wskaźnik CPI wskazuje na niską jej dojrzałość. Duża zmienność w składzie bituminów może dowodzić istnienia procesów migracyjnych, które zachodziły w obrębie warstw istebniańskich. Różnice te w próbce pobranej z facji piaszczystej mogą świadczyć o jej zbiornikowym charakterze, co w połączeniu z bliskim sąsiedztwem skały macierzystej korzystnie wpływa na przetrwanie wygenerowanych węglowodorów.

EN

Within the Silesian unit there are Istebna Beds which can be an additional source of the hydrocarbons filling the reservoir traps. The present work is focused on the geochemical analysis of organic matter dispersed in the Istebna deposits. 23 samples from three wells: Draganowa-1, Osobnica-136 and Osobnica-138 were analyzed. The research was carried out on rock samples and isolated kerogen. Rock-Eval pyrolytic analysis, elemental analysis, pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography (PY-GC) and biomarker analysis were used to provide data. Based on the Rock-Eval analysis and the elemental analysis, it was found that the organic matter present in the Istebna Beds contains type III kerogen. Thermal maturity of organic matter achieved the oil window and Tmax values range from 425°C to 438°C. The organic carbon content dispersed in the studied rocks varies between 0.20 and 6.62%. Based on the performed research the horizon with the best maturity parameters were selected. These are the Lower Istebna Beds of the Upper Cretaceous from the Draganowa-1 well, for which the average content of total organic carbon is 2.72%. The PY-GC analysis pointed to the mixed character of the kerogen, which can produce light as well as heavy hydrocarbons. Studies of biomarkers confirm the variable nature of organic matter with the predominance of terrestrial material and the presence of marine matter. The CPI indicator indicates low maturity of organic matter. The high variability in the composition of bitumens may indicate the existence of migration processes that occurred within the Istebna Beds. These differences in the sample of the sandy facies may indicate its reservoir character, which in combination with the close vicinity of the source rock favorably affects the preservation of the generated hydrocarbons.

19

Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Popiele Member and Menilite Formation in the Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe (Aksmanice, SE Poland)

Suchocka Arleta, Barski Marcin, Bieńkowska-Wasiluk Małgorzata

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 3

539--557

EN

In the Paratethys Sea, isolation, the development of anoxia and stratification of the water column resulted in deposition of organic-rich sediments. In the Western Carpathians (Central Paratethys) these sediments now lie within the Menilite Formation. Whereas the Eocene-Oligocene transition has been studied in the Western Carpathians and is documented by dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, the dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Menilite Formation members has been uncertain. The Popiele Member and the Menilite Formation exposed at Aksmanice (Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe, Western Outer Carpathians) reflect palaeogeographic changes at the beginning of the Oligocene. These previously studied deposits have been assigned to lithostratigraphic units, though without biostratigraphic documentation. The age of the Menilite Fm. in the Carpathian sedimentary succession is particularly interesting due to the diachronous character of the facies development. In this study we provide biostratigraphic data based on well-preserved organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. The marker taxa recovered indicate a Rupelian age (Early Oligocene) for the Menilite Fm. A different assemblage occurs in the Popiele Member underlying the Menilite Fm. Here, the dinoflagellate cysts are more diverse and abundant, and represented by typical Eocene taxa attributed to Areosphaeridium spp. and Charlesdowniea spp. The Popiele Member may be assigned to the Priabonian (Late Eocene).

20

Using digital photographs and orthophotomaps of a quarry to assess the geometry and density of discontinuities in a sandstone deposit

Figarska-Warchoł Beata, Stańczak Grażyna

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2019

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Vol. 64, no. 3

509--532

EN

A lithological profile and measurements of the orientation and spacings of natural discontinuity planes were carried out in the Górka-Mucharz sandstone excavation (Krosno Beds, Outer Carpathians, Poland). In addition, the density of the discontinuities was assessed by measuring their spacings using oriented digital photographs of the quarry walls. An orthophotomap was also used in assessing the orientation and density of fractures with the tools available in QGIS. It was shown that digital image analysis can be used as an alternative to direct field measurements, especially in situations where access to an outcrop is difficult. The distributions of spacings larger than 40 cm, obtained by direct measurements and based on digital images of the quarry, were comparable. As a consequence, both measurement techniques yielded similar values of the quantity of blocks (QB), which differed by less than 2% for the minimum block volume in the range 0.4-1.0 m3 and by 6-7% for larger blocks. On the other hand, measurements of discontinuity spacings that were taken on the basis of an orthophotomap can only serve to estimate the approximate maximum value of this parameter. However, the use of orthophotomaps gives a more explicit spatial pattern of the main vertical joint sets than direct measurements in the quarry.The analysis results also showed the following: (i) the presence of tectonic disturbances visible at the highest level of the deposit; (ii) higher density of set A fractures with planes deepening in the NE direc-tion and a considerable reduction of the QB parameter, particularly in the peripheral NE and SW parts of the deposit; (iii) differences in the orientation of the discontinuity system between particular beds. The variable density of the discontinuities in the excavation is related to the presence of the faults that limit the Górka-Mucharz deposit.

PL

Przedstawiono profil litologiczny oraz wyniki pomiarów orientacji i odległości naturalnych płaszczyzn podzielności w wyrobisku złoża piaskowców krośnieńskich Górka-Mucharz (Karpaty Zewnętrzne, Polska). Ponadto, intensywność występowania spękań oceniono pomiarami ich rozstępów z wykorzystaniem cyfrowych fotografii zorientowanych ścian kamieniołomu. W ocenie orientacji i intensywności spękań wykorzystano też ortofotomapę wykorzystując do analizy narzędzia GIS. Wykazano, że analiza zdjęć cyfrowych może być wykorzystana jako alternatywa bezpośrednich pomiarów terenowych, szczególnie w sytuacji utrudnionego dostępu do odsłonięć. Uzyskane metodą bezpośrednich pomiarów i na podstawie cyfrowych zdjęć kamieniołomu rozkłady rozstępów były zbliżone dla wartości tego parametru powyżej 40 cm. W konsekwencji obie techniki pomiarów dały podobne wartości wskaźnika bloczności (QB), różniące się o niespełna 2% dla objętości bloku minimalnego w zakresie 0,4-1,0 m3 i 6-7% dla bloków większych. Natomiast pomiar rozstępów płaszczyzn podzielności wykonany na podstawie ortofotomapy może służyć jedynie do oceny przybliżonych maksymalnych wartości tego parametru. Jednak, wykorzystanie ortofotomapy daje bardziej jednoznaczny obraz przestrzennej orientacji głównych zespołów pionowych spękań niż pomiary bezpośrednie w kamieniołomie.W wyniku analizy stwierdzono również: (i) obecność zaburzeń tektonicznych widocznych w najwyższym poziomie złoża; (ii) wyższą intensywność spękań zespołu A o płaszczyznach zapadających w kie-runku NE i znaczne zmniejszenie bloczności (QB), szczególnie w peryferyjnych NE i SW fragmentach złoża; (iii) różnice w orientacji systemu nieciągłości odnotowane pomiędzy poszczególnymi warstwami. Ponadto, wykazano, że obecność uskoków ograniczających złoże Górka-Mucharz może wiązać się ze zmienną intensywnością płaszczyzn nieciągłości w wyrobisku.