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1

The role of two-stage powders mixing and tungsten element on mechanical and electrical properties of the CuNiFe-xW alloys

Suprianto Suprianto, Rafli M., Ginting Ardy Afriandy, Sutrisna Sutrisna, Rambe Ali Hanafiah

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2026

|

Vol. 20, no. 4

145--159

EN

Cu-based alloys are extensively utilized in engineering applications, including electrodes for electrical components. The combination of both transition and refractory elements is a promising candidate for this application due to their superior ductility and strength at elevated temperatures. This study examines the influence of (W, Fe) pre-milling time and the (x=1, 3, 5, 7) wt.%W element on the characteristics of CuNiFe-xW alloys synthesized by powder metallurgy through a two-stage powder mixing process. The initial stage involved the mixing of (W, Fe) powders through pre-milling utilizing planetary ball milling for durations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h, maintaining a ball to powder ratio (BPR) of 10:1. The second mixing stage entails the mixing of (W, Fe) and (Cu, Ni) powders by using a V-mixer for 120 minutes at low velocity, followed by cold compaction and high-temperature sintering, the characteristics of sintered CuNiFe-xW alloys were assessed through mechanical and electrical tests at ambient temperature. Microstructural analyses, fracture morphologies, and elemental distributions in the sintered model CuNiFe-xW alloys were performed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) at various magnifications. The crystal structure of CuNiFe-5 wt.%W alloys in both powder and bulk forms was analyzed using the X-ray diffraction method (XRD). Furthermore, the electrical properties of the model CuNiFe-xW alloys were measured using the four-probe measurement method. The findings indicate that the inclusion of W and (W, Fe) pre-milling markedly improves the hardness and compressive yield strength of model CuNiFe-xW alloys. The augmentation of pre-milling durations for (W, Fe) powders diminishes the crystallite size, enhances uniform particle distribution, and elevates electrical conductivity. It is clear that the addition of W and the implementation of (W, Fe) pre-milling positively influence strength; nevertheless, the presence of W tends to reduce the electrical conductivity of the CuNiFe-xW alloys.

2

Effect of iron content and warm compaction temperature on microstructure evolution and characteristics of the Cu-Ni-xFe based alloys

Suprianto, Maulana Fajar Pratama, Prasetyo Sigit Budi, Sabri M., Suherman, Ichwani Reisya

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 3

12--26

EN

Abstract An electrode is one of the components in the electric discharge machine (EDM), that requires excellent electrical conductivity and strength. This component is typically made of Cu-based alloys which can be synthesized by powder metallurgy (PM). Their strength can be enhanced by the addition of alloy elements and the improvement of specific parameters. In this study, the characteristics of Cu-Ni-xFe alloys including the microstructure evolution, compressive strength, hardness, and electrical properties were investigated with different Fe contents and the compaction temperature. The results show that the addition of Fe tended to increase the hardness and compressive yield strength of the model alloys linearly. The maximum compressive yield strength of 227.16 MPa was obtained for Cu-Ni-3.0 wt.%Fe alloy with 150oC compaction temperature. The electrical conductivity of all model alloys exceeded 75% IACS, in which alloys with compaction temperatures ranging from 150 to 250oC showed a higher conductivity. The microstructure of Cu-Ni-xFe alloys was observed to have Cu-Ni solid solution and intermetallic phases, which increased the hardness of the alloys. In conclusion, the addition of Fe element and compaction temperature affect the microstructure, mechanical, and electrical properties of Cu-Ni-xFe alloys.

3

Plastic deformation mechanisms in BCC single crystals and equiatomic alloys: Insights from nanoindentation

Dominguez-Gutierrez Francisco Javier, Papanikolaou Stefanos, Bonfanti Silvia, Alava Mikko

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2024

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Vol. 24, No. 1

37--49

EN

Deformation plasticity mechanisms in alloys and compounds may reveal the material’s capacity towards optimal mechanical properties. We conducted a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate plasticity mechanisms due to nanoindentation in pure tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium body-centered cubic single crystals, as well as the body-centered cubic, equiatomic, random solid solutions (RSS) of tungsten–molybdenum and tungsten–vanadium alloys. Our analysis focuses on a thorough, side-by-side comparison of dynamic deformation processes, defect nucleation, and evolution, along with corresponding stress–strain curves. We also checked the surface morphology of indented samples through atomic shear strain mapping. As expected, the presence of Mo and V atoms in W matrices introduces lattice strain and distortion, increasing material resistance to deformation and slowing down dislocation mobility of dislocation loops with a Burgers vector of 1/2 〈111〉. Our side-by-side comparison displays a remarkable suppression of the plastic zone size in equiatomic W–V RSS, but not in equiatomic W–Mo RSS alloys, displaying a clear prediction for optimal hardening response of equiatomic W–V RSS alloys. If the small-depth nanoindentation plastic response is indicative of overall mechanical performance, it is possible to conceive a novel MD-based pathway towards material design for mechanical applications in complex, multi-component alloys.

4

The role of institute of ferrous metallurgy in the development of materials for the power industry

Zieliński Adam

Journal of Metallic Materials

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2021

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Vol. 73, no. 1

3--8

EN

The article presents an outline of the development of the domestic energy sector from the very beginning of its operation. It discusses the impact of the research conducted at the Stanisław Staszic Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy in Gliwice on the selection of steel grades for operation at elevated and high temperatures for applications in the Polish power industry. The article presents the research and implementation achievements of the research workers of the Institute with the discussion and the purpose of their creation. The article presents the area of joint scientific and research achievements of the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy with affiliated domestic and foreign research centres, documented by numerous research projects and publications in renowned scientific journals.

PL

Przedstawiono zarys rozwoju krajowej energetyki od początku jej funkcjonowania. Omówiono wpływ badań prowadzonych w Instytucie Metalurgii Żelaza im. Stanisława Staszica w Gliwicach na dobór gatunków stali do pracy w podwyższonej i wysokiej temperaturze do zastosowań w polskiej energetyce. Zaprezentowano dorobek badawczo-wdrożeniowy pracowników naukowych Instytutu z omówieniem i celowością ich powstania. Przedstawiono obszar wspólnych dokonań naukowo-badawczych Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza z zaprzyjaźnionymi krajowymi i zagranicznymi ośrodkami badawczymi, udokumentowanymi licznymi projektami badawczymi i publikacjami w renomowanych czasopismach naukowych.

5

The effects of Nb addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of melt spun Al-7075 alloy

Kilicaslan Muhammed Fatih, Elburni Saad Ibrahim, Akgul Bekir

Advances in Materials Science

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2021

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Vol. 21, nr 2(68)

16--25

EN

The mechanical properties of the Al-7075 material, which is used in important areas such as automotive, aviation and defense industry, are still being studied by researchers. In this study, the effects of different proportions of Nb additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the rapidly solidified Al-7075 alloy was investigated. Rapid solidification processes were carried out with a single roller melt spinner at a disk surface speed of 25 m / s. Microstructure characterization was performed by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. According to the results, the Nb additive significantly increased the micro hardness of the Al-7075 alloy. The microhardness of the sample added with 0.5% by weight of Nb is 0.9 GPa. This value is 3 times higher than the sample without Nb added. The Nb contribution has led to modification of the dimensions and shapes of both α-Al and intermetallic phases. Nb addition reduced the average grain size from 9.1 μm to 2.46 μm.

6

An efficient Monte Carlo Potts method for the grain growth simulation of single-phase systems

Maazi Noureddine, Lezzar Balahouane

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2020

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Vol. 20, No. 3

85--94

EN

The choice of the lattice sites to be reoriented in the Monte Carlo Potts algorithm for grain growth simulation is repeated in a non-homogeneous way. Therefore, some grains are favorably growing than others. This fact may seriously affect the simulation results. So a modified MC method is presented. Lattice sites are selected for reorientation one by one following their positions in the matrix in each Monte Carlo step (mcs). This approach ensures that the various selections of one lattice site within every mcs are eliminated, and no favorable growth of grains at the expense of others. The calculation time considerably decreases. The effect of real-time and physical temperature on the grain growth kinetics is discussed.

7

Influence of Bi on dielectric properties of GaAs1−xBix alloys

Ulutas K., Yakut S., Bozoglu D., Deger D., Arslan M., Erol A.

Materials Science Poland

|

2019

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Vol. 37, No. 2

244--248

EN

Pure GaAs and GaAs1−xBix alloys with different Bi ratios (1 %, 2.5 %, 3.5 %) fitted with silver contacts were measured with a dielectric spectroscopy device. Dielectric characterization was performed at room temperature in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz. GaAs exhibits three relaxation regions corresponding to space-charge, dipolar and ionic polarizations in sequence with increasing frequency while GaAs1−xBix samples show only a broad dipolar polarization in the same frequency range. This result proves the filling of the lattice with Bi through making a new bonding reducing the influence of ionic polarization. This finding supports the previous results concerning optical properties of GaAs1−xBix, presented in the literature.

8

Electronic and optical properties of ternary alloys ZnxCd1−xS, ZnxCd1−xSe, ZnSxSe1−x, MgxZn1−xSe

Benchikh K., Abid H., Benchehima M.

Materials Science Poland

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2017

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Vol. 35, No. 1

32--39

EN

The empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) within the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) is used to calculate the electronic and optical properties of ternary alloys ZnxCd1-xS, ZnxCd1-xSe, ZnSxSe1-x and ZnSxSe1-x. The alloy band structures and energy gaps are calculated using VCA which incorporates the compositional disorder as an effective potential. The calculated band structures for the ZnxCd1-xS, ZnxCd1-xSe, ZnSxSe1-x and ZnSxSe1-x alloys show a direct band gap in the whole range of the concentration except for the ZnSxSe1-x alloy which presents a crossover from the direct gap to the indirect one.Also the dependence of the refractive index on the concentration is calculated for each ternary alloy. This parameter is found to depend nonlinearly on the alloy concentration. A detailed comparison of our results with experimental data and works of other authors has led to a good agreement.

9

Compressive Deformation Behavior of Thick Micro-Alloyed HSLA Steel Plates at Elevated Temperatures

Lee J.-H., Kim D.-O., Lee K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 2B

1191--1196

EN

The hot deformation behavior of a heavy micro-alloyed high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel plate was studied by performing compression tests at elevated temperatures. The hot compression tests were carried out at temperatures from 923 K to 1,223 K with strain rates of 0.002 s-1 and 1.0 s-1. A long plateau region appeared for the 0.002 s-1 strain rate, and this was found to be an effect of the balancing between softening and hardening during deformation. For the 1.0 s-1 strain rate, the flow stress gradually increased after the yield point. The temperature and the strain rate-dependent parameters, such as the strain hardening coefficient (n), strength constant (K), and activation energy (Q), obtained from the flow stress curves were applied to the power law of plastic deformation. The constitutive model for flow stress can be expressed as σ = (39.8 ln (Z) – 716.6) · ε(−0.00955ln(Z) + 0.4930) for the 1.0 s-1 strain rate and σ = (19.9ln (Z) – 592.3) · ε(−0.00212ln(Z) + 0.1540) for the 0.002 s-1 strain rate.

10

The influence of H2/HCL ratio on aluminizing by CVD method

Wierzba B., Nowak W. J., Wierzba P., Góral M., Sieniawski J.

Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology

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2017

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Vol. 41, nr 2

53--61

EN

In this manuscript the theoretical studies of aluminisation by CVD method is shown. The bi-velocity model of multicomponent and multiphase diffusion is used to calculate the growth of β-NiAl phase under different ranges of miscibility (HCl to H2 ratio). The composition dependent diffusivities of β-NiAl and Ni3Al at 1350 K are presented and used in calculations.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano matematyczny model procesu aluminiowania metodą osadzania z fazy gazowej – CVD. Model matematyczny opracowano na podstawie uogólnionej metody Darkena – dwu-prędkości. Był podstawą oszacowania kinetyki powstawania kryształów fazy β-NiAl w zależności od natężenia przepływu dostarczonego gazu reakcyjnego – proporcja HCl:H2. W symulacji numerycznej uwzględniono wzrost kryształów dwóch faz pośrednich – β-NiAl oraz Ni3Al w temperaturze 1350 K – określono zmienne cząstkowe współczynniki dyfuzji składników.

11

Badanie elektrochemicznej absorpcji wodoru w palladzie i jego stopach przy użyciu elektrod o ograniczonej objętości

Łukaszewski M., Grdeń M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

|

2016

|

[Z] 70, 3-4

219--252

EN

The review summarizes the results of the electrochemical studies on hydrogen absorption in Pd and Pd alloys prepared in the form of thin deposits on a hydrogen -neutral matrix. This kind of electrodes, called Limited Volume Electrodes (LVE), enables to limit and control the amount of absorbed hydrogen inside a Pd sample and makes it possible to study the process of hydrogen absorption under electrochemical conditions. The amount of absorbed hydrogen, phase transition potentials, hysteresis effect and the rate of hydrogen absorption/desorption can be determined using cyclic voltammetric, chronoamperometric and chronopotentiometric techniques. The mechanism of the interactions of hydrogen with Pd-LVE is presented. The influence of electrode potential, temperature and Pd layer thickness on the process of hydrogen absorption is discussed. The behavior of Pd alloys towards hydrogen is summarized. The interrelation between hydrogen absorption and surface processes is described. The examples of the use of LVE in applied electrochemistry are given.

12

Niskotarciowe powłoki na bazie MoS2 z podwarstwami chromu na odlewniczych stopach aluminium

Michalska A.

Technical Issues

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2016

|

nr 1

52--58

EN

I have attempted to meet request on lightweight functional materials with low friction coefficient and high wear resistance reported by various areas of industry. For this purpose I attempted to combine good tribological properties of MoS2 (Ti,W) coatings base and modified and refined silumin. In addition, under MoS2 (Ti,W) coating the Cr interlayer was deposited having the task to increase the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. In such a composite tribological tests were the major studies. Additionally, for the characterization of deposited coatings the following studies were conducted: qualitative analysis of the phase composition of X-ray diffraction (XRD), linear analysis of the distribution of selected elements (EDS), nano-hardness and Young modulus were measured.

13

Study of flow softening mechanisms of a nickel-based superalloy with o phase

Lin Y. C., He D.-G, Chen M. S., Chen X.-M., Zhao C.-Y., Ma X.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 3

1537--1546

EN

The flow softening behaviors of a nickel-based superalloy with o phase are investigated by hot compression tests over wide ranges of deformation temperature and strain rate. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are employed to study the flow softening mechanisms of the studied superalloy. It is found that the flow softening behaviors of the studied superalloy are sensitive to deformation temperature and strain rate. At high strain rate and low deformation temperature, the obvious flow softening behaviors occur. With the increase of deformation temperature or decrease of strain rate, the flow softening degree becomes weaken. At high strain rate (1s-1), the flow softening is mostly induced by the plastic deformation heating and flow localization. However, at low strain rate domains (0.001-0.01s-1), the effects of deformation heating on flow softening are slight. Moreover, the flow softening at low strain rates is mainly induced by the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and the dissolution of 6 phase (Ni3Nb).

14

Erosive Wear of Inconel 625 Alloy Coatings Deposited by CMT Method

Solecka M., Kopyściański M., Kusiński J., Kopia A., Radziszewska A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

|

Vol. 61, iss. 2B

1201--1206

EN

The article presents the investigation results concerning the determination of the characteristics of erosive wear caused by the impact of Al2O3 solid particles on the surface of Inconel 625 alloy after plastic working and the same material after weld cladding process using the CMT method. Erosion wear tests were performed at two temperatures: 20°C and 650°C. The erosion tests were conducted using the standard ASTM G76. A jet with a specified abrasive waight was directed to the surface of the tested material at an α impingement angle varied in the range of 30-90° at a velocity imparted to the abrasive by the medium, which was compressed air. The eroded surface was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the depths of craters caused by the erosion tests were measured with an optical profilometer. The predominant mechanisms of the formation of mass losses during solid particle erosion were microcutting and microfissuring.

15

The influence of the surface roughness on the oxidation behavior of Ti-25Al-12Nb alloy : surface layer characteristic

Małecka J.

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2015

|

nr 3

75--81

EN

The paper presents test results of the oxidation of Ti-25Al-12Nb alloy taking into account the effect of surface roughness. Oxidation was carried out in air at the temperature of 800ºC. It was determined that the rise in surface roughness improves oxidation resistance. This paper characterizes the geometrical structure of the surface and the adhesion of the growing oxide layers.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań utleniania stopu Ti-25Al-12Nb rozpatrując wpływ chropowatości powierzchni. Utlenianie przeprowadzono w atmosferze powietrza o temperaturze 800ºC. Stwierdzono, iż wzrost chropowatości powierzchni sprzyja zwiększeniu odporności na utlenianie. W pracy scharakteryzowano strukturę geometryczną powierzchni oraz adhezyjność powstających warstw tlenkowych.

16

The effect of cobalt addition in La(Fe,Co,Si)13 alloys type on corrosion resistance in acidified sulphate solution

Radomska K., Pawłowska G., Klimecka-Tatar D., Gębara P.

Ochrona przed Korozją

|

2015

|

nr 4

122--125

EN

The materials La(Fe,Si)13 type, can be used for magnetic refrigeration. Their advantage is the low cost of production while the disadvantage is low Curie temperature. As a result of the modification of the chemical composition, a series of LaFe11.8-xCoxSi1.2 materials have been prepared and the corrosion tests were made. It was found that the addition of Co in LaFe11.8-xCoxSi1.2 material composition protected this material from corrosion process, however, the intensity of corrosion protected inhibition depends on the Co content. The paper presents the corrosion characteristics of LaFe11.8-xCoxSi1.2 (x = 0.52÷1.08) in a acidified sulphate solution (pH = 3) and the roughness study on the samples was carried out.

PL

Materiały typu La(Fe,Si)13 mogą być wykorzystane do chłodzenia magnetycznego. Ich atutem jest niski koszt produkcji, natomiast wadą niska temperatura Curie. W wyniku modyfikacji składu chemicznego uzyskano serię materiałów o właściwościach magnetokalorycznych typu LaFe11.8-xCoxSi1.2, które badano pod kątem ich odporności korozyjnej. Stwierdzono, że dodatek Co do stopu podwyższa odporność na korozję tych materiałów, a intensywność hamowania procesów korozyjnych zależy od zawartości kobaltu w składzie stopu. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności korozyjnej w roztworze siarczanowym (pH = 3) oraz dokonano analizy powierzchni na podstawie profilometrycznych badań chropowatości.

17

Badania wpływu dodatku wapnia do aluminium na własności mechaniczne i elektryczne stopów Al-Ca

Mamala A., Kowal R., Kwaśniewski P., Knych T., Ściężor W., Kiesiewicz G., Gniełczyk M., Grzebinoga J.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2015

|

Vol. 82, nr 1

81--84

PL

Ze względu na wysoką cenę miedzi, jako materiału powszechnie stosowanego w przemyśle elektrycznym trwają poszukiwania alternatywnych rozwiązań materiałowych dla szeregu zastosowań w elektrotechnice. W ostatnich czasach z uwagi na własności elektryczne oraz niską masę, aluminium i jego stopy są coraz powszechniej stosowane jako taka alternatywa. Poszukuje się przy tym nowego materiału na bazie aluminium, który przy wysokiej przewodności elektrycznej na poziomie czystego aluminium będzie wykazywał poprawę własności mechanicznych, reologicznych, a także zwiększoną odporność cieplną w stosunku do materiału bazowego. W ramach niniejszego artykułu poruszono aspekt badań nad możliwością kształtowania własności użytkowych aluminium z dodatkiem wapnia z przeznaczeniem tego typu materiałów do zastosowań w aplikacjach elektrycznych. Stopy AlCa z dodatkiem 0,03%; 0,2%; 0,4% oraz 0,6% wag. wapnia wytworzono na drodze topienia, stopowania i krystalizacji. Powstałe w ten sposób stopy poddano badaniom w zakresie podstawowych własności mechanicznych i elektrycznych.

EN

In view of the high price of copper, material commonly used in electrical industry, there has been some research done to find an alternative material solutions dedicated to electrotechnical industry. Recently, due to relatively high electrical properties and low weight, aluminum and aluminum alloys have been used more and more often as a commercial alternative to copper. A new material based on aluminum, with improved mechanical and rheological properties increased thermal resistance and close to pure aluminum electrical conductivity is a subject of ongoing research. In this paper, research on possibilities of exploitation properties formation of aluminum calcium alloys dedicated to electrical applications are discussed. AlCa alloys with 0,03; 0,02; 0,4 and 0,6 wt. % calcium addition were prepared by melting, alloying and solidification in air. Then, these alloys have been tested in the field of primary mechanical and electrical properties.

18

Comparative characteristics of endodontic drills

Loska S., Basiaga M., Pochrząst M., Łukomska-Szymańska M., Walke W., Tyrlik-Held J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

|

2015

|

Vol. 17, no. 3

75--83

EN

The work concerns the analysis of influence of the wear process of endodontic instruments on the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the materials from which they are made. A detailed study of the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in the environment simulating work of the tool was conducted. The research was done for the new Mtwo endodontic files and after six times of use. In addition, the observations with a scanning electron microscope in order to reveal possible damage caused by the impact of a corrosive environment were carried out. The results showed that use of the tool by six times revealed damage at the edges of the blades and may cause a lack of continuity of the cutting line resulting in the uneven distribution of the resistive force which acts on the tool during operation.

19

Evolution of tensile properties of the TiAl6V4 alloy due to the prior cyclic loading history

Moćko W., Kowalewski Z. L.

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

|

2014

|

Vol. 52 nr 3

847--851

EN

The influence of the initial fatigue loading on tensile characteristics of the TiAl6V4 titanium alloy is presented in this work. For cumulative fatigue damage equal to 0.75, a decrease in the pre-fatigue amplitude leads to a lowering in the elongation. Moreover, independent of the amplitude, the loading induces an increase in the yield stress by approximately 100MPa. An increase in the number of pre-fatigue cycles at a constant amplitude results in a decrease in the elongation. Such mechanical behaviour is related to the cyclic hardening effect and the development of fatigue damage, which clearly affects the tensile characteristics of the alloy.

20

Kompozytowe powłoki niklowe na stopach aluminium

Nowak M.

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2013

|

nr 3-4

92--94

PL

Aluminium i stopy aluminium są obecnie drugim pod względem częstotliwości stosowania metalem na świecie, a ich popularność nieustannie wzrasta. Dzięki korzystnym właściwościom, takim jak: niska gęstość, duża plastyczność, dobre przewodnictwo cieplne i elektryczne, znajdują zastosowanie w wielu branżach. Rozwój przemysłu wymaga opracowania nowych technologii modyfikacji właściwości użytkowych wyrobów z aluminium i jego stopów. Jedną z nich jest wytwarzanie na powierzchni metalu powłok kompozytowych gwarantujących wzrost twardości i odporności na zużycie w wyniku tarcia