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1

Modele 3D jako narzędzie efektywnej prospekcji i zarządzania zrównoważonym wykorzystaniem przestrzeni górotworu

Papiernik Bartosz

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2025

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R. 28, Nr 1 (311)

4-9

PL

Współczesne kierunki rozwoju polityki energetycznej na świecie wymagają coraz większej synergii w użytkowaniu gospodarczym przestrzeni górotworu. Narzędziem umożliwiającym efektywną realizację tego celu są zaawansowane przeglądarki 3D, które dzięki swojej dostępności w domenie publicznej, umożliwiają szerokie zastosowanie. Jednakże za łatwym w obsłudze narzędziem stoją złożone przestrzenne modele strukturalno-parametryczne, zarówno statyczne, jak i dynamiczne, tworzone przy użyciu specjalistycznego oprogramowania, które umożliwia integrację dużych ilości wysokorozdzielczych danych geologicznych i geofizycznych. Rozwój geologii 3D i modelowania komputerowego jest obecnie domeną służb geologicznych oraz firm naftowych, które dysponują dostępem do danych oraz zasobami finansowymi, umożliwiającymi zakup wydajnych stacji roboczych i specjalistycznego oprogramowania. Projekty takie jak AGASTOR analizują możliwość budowy magazynów gazu ziemnego w strukturach geologicznych, uwzględniając synergiczne wykorzystanie dla geotermii i technologii CCUS. Modele strukturalno-parametryczne 3D są kluczowe dla efektywnego zarządzania przestrzenią górotworu i podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych. Z kolei projekt MIOCEN3D, realizowany przez AGH we współpracy z przemysłem, wykorzystuje i pomaga rozwijać zaawansowane techniki modelowania, które są stosowane do odkrywania złóż węglowodorów w dojrzałych basenach naftowych. Współcześnie modele są efektem ludzkiej interpretacji, jednak rola sztucznej inteligencji w procesie modelowania powoli rośnie. Same modele będą w coraz większym stopniu wykorzystywane do podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych i koncesyjnych.

EN

Contemporary directions in the development of global energy policy require increasing synergy in the economic use of the subsurface space. Tools enabling the effective realization of this goal include advanced 3D browsers, which, due to their availability in the public domain, allow for widespread application. However, behind these user-friendly tools lie complex spatial structural-parametric models, both static and dynamic, created using specialized software that integrates large volumes of high-resolution geological and geophysical data. The development of 3D geology and computer modeling is currently the domain of geological services and oil companies, which have access to data and financial resources that allow for the purchase of powerful workstations and specialized software. Projects such as AGASTOR analyze the possibility of constructing natural gas storage facilities in geological structures, considering synergistic use for geothermal energy and CCUS technology. 3D structural-parametric models are crucial for effective subsurface space management and investment decision-making. The MIOCEN3D project, carried out by AGH in collaboration with industry, utilizes and helps develop advanced modeling techniques used to discover hydrocarbon deposits in mature oil basins. Currently, models are the result of human interpretation, but the role of artificial intelligence in the modeling process is gradually increasing. These models will increasingly be used for investment and operational decision making.

2

Postmodernizm w geologii : konflikt teorii i praktyki

Karnkowski Paweł Henryk

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 8

742--743

EN

Postmodernists question the possibility of separating facts from their interpretations. They argue that scientific knowledge does not exist in isolation, but rather emerges from specific linguistic, institutional, and ideological contexts. Postmodernist perspectives can help geologists to recognize how much their research practices depend on prevailing paradigms, scientific trends, institutional consensus, and the expectations of funding sources. The problem arises when not only interpretations but also the possibility of discovering the truth is relativized. In extreme cases, this leads to a dilution of the criteria used to distinguish truth from falsehood, undermining the very foundations of science. A notable example is the exclusion of geologists with differing views, such as Ian Plimer, Vincent Gray and Ian Veizer, from the mainstream debate on the causes of climate change. This illustrates how postmodern mechanisms can silence competing narratives, which contradicts a fundamental principle of scientific progress.

3

Stereotypy i paradoksy, czyli przewrotnie o wpływie eksploatacji górniczej na środowisko

Naworyta Wojciech

Kierunek Surowce

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2025

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nr 1

74-84

PL

Niech ten tekst będzie wyrazem sprzeciwu wobec stereotypowej opinii społecznej o negatywnym wpływie eksploatacji górniczej na środowisko. Chciałbym czytelnikom otworzyć oczy na liczne w polskim krajobrazie ciekawe pozostałości po działalności górniczej, na paradoksalnie korzystny wpływ górnictwa na środowisko, krajobraz i przyrodę.

4

Polskie Normy w geologii i górnictwie

Lipiński Aleksander

Kierunek Surowce

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2025

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nr 2

75-78

PL

Żaden przepis Prawa geologicznego i górniczego nie wprowadza obowiązku stosowania Polskich Norm. Odesłanie do wskazanych PN przewidują natomiast przepisy wykonawcze określające wymagania dotyczące zakładu górniczego i jego ruchu.

5

Wybrane aspekty występowania i wykorzystania wód leczniczych w Sudetach

Durlej Elżbieta, Sowiżdżał Anna

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 9

29-36

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie wybranych aspektów występowania oraz wykorzystania wód leczniczych w Sudetach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uzdrowiska Lądek-Zdrój jako reprezentatywnego przykładu. Omówiono uwarunkowania geologiczne sprzyjające obecności wód leczniczych w regionie, ich typologię, genezę oraz parametry fizykochemiczne. Przeanalizowano również aktualny stan eksploatacji i zastosowania wód w balneoterapii, z podkreśleniem ich znaczenia w leczeniu różnych schorzeń. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono cechom hydrogeologicznym i składowi chemicznemu wód lądeckich, które ze względu na obecność radonu, fluoru i siarkowodoru mają szerokie zastosowanie lecznicze. Wnioski wskazują na wysokie znaczenie gospodarcze i terapeutyczne zasobów wód leczniczych Sudetów oraz potrzebę ich zrównoważonego wykorzystania.

EN

The aim of this paper is to present selected aspects of the occurrence and utilization of medicinal waters in the Sudetes, with a particular focus on the spa town of Lądek-Zdrój as a representative example. The study discusses geological conditions favouring the presence of medicinal waters, their typology, origin, and physicochemical parameters. It also analyzes the current state of exploitation and the use of these waters in balneotherapy, emphasizing their relevance in the treatment of various diseases. Special attention is given to the hydrogeological features and chemical composition of the waters in Lądek-Zdrój, which-due to the presence of radon, fluoride, and hydrogen sulphide-re widely applied in therapeutic practices. The conclusions highlight the economic and medical significance of Sudetes' medicinal waters and the importance of their sustainable use.

6

Copying Geological Relics in the Process of Preservation and Restoration of Architectural Monuments

Stasyuk Оlena, Dziubanovska Tetiana

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

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2024

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T. 20, nr 3

40--44

EN

Lviv is a historic city known for its architectural landmarks. The historic part of Lviv, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, has the majority of its buildings constructed from stone. This architecture – walls, towers, townhouses on Rynok Square, sacred structures, and so on – requires preservation, constant care, and often restoration. For professional and thorough restoration of stone objects, it is essential to understand the nature of the material from which the monument was built. Here, collaboration with the Faculty of Geology at Lviv University provides invaluable support. Professors and geology students study the geological material from which Lviv was built, including its precise dating and origin. Such information is particularly valuable when it is necessary to supplement damaged details or replicate lost ones.At the same time, during such detailed study of geological materials on Lviv’s streets, geology students discover fossils or remnants of ancient organisms, which are valuable scientific objects. Most often, these are various shells, and sometimes plant leaves. A true gem discovered on a stone in a street curb at 6 Akademika Hnatyuka Street in Lviv is a fossil of a starfish. This unique and extraordinary geological relic undoubtedly deserves preservation. Simultaneously, this geological relic is part of the city’s street, meaning it is part of its architecture, and currently cannot be removed.As part of the collaboration between Lviv University and Polytechnic University, involving the Department of Geology and the Department of Architecture and Restoration, a mold was taken from the relic, and subsequently, a replica of the starfish fossil was created. Today, the object is housed in the university’s geological museum and is one of its valuable exhibits. This article analyzes the methodology for copying geological relics and presents the step-by-step process of creating a copy of such a relic, using the example of the starfish from Lviv.

PL

Lwów jest historycznym miastem znanym ze swoich zabytków architektury. Historyczna część Lwowa, wpisana na listę światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO, składa się głównie z budynków wykonanych z kamienia. Ta architektura – mury, wieże, kamienice na Rynku, budowle sakralne itp. – wymaga zachowania, stałej troski, a często także restauracji. Aby profe-sjonalnie i dokładnie restaurować kamienne obiekty, istotne jest zrozumienie natury materiału, z którego wykonano dany zabytek. W tym aspekcie nieocenioną okazuje się współpraca z Wydziałem Geologii Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego. Wykładow-cy i studenci geologii badają materiał geologiczny, z którego zbudowano Lwów, wyjaśniają jego dokładne datowanie oraz pochodzenie. Takie informacje są szczególnie cenne w przypadku konieczności uzupełnienia uszkodzonych detali lub wy-konania replik elementów utraconych.Równocześnie, podczas szczegółowego badania materiałów geologicznych na ulicach Lwowa, studenci geologii odkrywają skamieniałości, które są cennymi obiektami naukowymi. Najczęściej są to różnorodne muszle, czasami liście roślin. Prawdziwą perełką odkrytą na kamieniu w krawężniku ulicznym pod adresem ul. Akademika Hnatiuka 6 we Lwowie jest skamieniałość rozgwiazdy. Jest to unikatowy i wyjątkowy zabytek geologiczny, który bez wątpienia zasługuje na zachowanie. Jednocześ-nie ten zabytek geologiczny jest częścią ulicy miasta, a więc także częścią jego architektury, i obecnie nie można go usunąć.W ramach współpracy pomiędzy Uniwersytetem Lwowskim a Politechniką, Katedrą Geologii i Katedrą Architektury i Re-stauracji, wykonano formę od reliktu, a następnie kopię skamieniałości rozgwiazdy. Obecnie obiekt znajduje się w muzeum geologicznym uniwersytetu i jest jego cennym eksponatem. W artykule przeanalizowano metodykę kopiowania zabytków geologicznych oraz przedstawiono kolejne etapy wykonania kopii na przykładzie rozgwiazdy z miasta Lwowa.

7

Sztuczna inteligencja w kształceniu studentów geologii : bohater czy zabójca?

Sawłowicz Zbigniew

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 5

209--214

EN

Artificial Intelligence (AI) combines Machine Learning (ML) and Large Language Models (LLM) on which ChatBots, e.g. GPT-4, are based. Itis accepted and appreciated in almost all areas, but in education it still raises many controversies and concerns. The sooner we introduce ourselves and students to it, the less we will fear it and the more successful our students will be. We should introduce AI elements into most courses, first of all teaching students to interact with ChatBots. It would also be good to create courses with the basics of Machine Learning. Various examples of the use of AI in education, in particular in the Earth sciences, are presented, drawing also attention to various problems and threats.

8

Characterization of suspended particles at different glacial bays at Spitsbergen

Dragańska-Deja Katarzyna

Oceanologia

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2024

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No. 66 (2)

239--249

EN

Particle size distribution (PSD) and concentration of mineral-suspended sediment released from melting glaciers are important factors affecting the local marine ecosystem, e.g. affecting the light availability in water columns, thus changing underwater light climate for photosynthetic organisms. We examined the characteristics of various samples of natural mineral assemblages suspended in different glacial bays in Hornsund and Kongsfjord at Spitsbergen. The concentrations of the total mass of particles (TSM) in suspended sediment as well as particular organic matter (POM) and particular inorganic matter mass (PIM) together with mineralogical composition and particular size distribution (PSD) were determined. In this study, we investigated the PSD properties and variability in the front of different tidewater glaciers based, laser diffractometer measurements (LISST-100x), and XRD – techniques to obtain the mineralogical composition of the particles. The sampled sites are under the strong influence of freshwater discharge from the glacier. At each station, inorganic particulate matter contributed up to 98% to total suspended matter with the particle concentration of the particle reaches up to 111 mg/l with mean surface PSD slopes ranging from 3.24 to 3.85. The result provides valuable baseline information on the observed range of variability of the size of suspended particles due to glacial runoff and the presence of particles of different mineral origin in the glacial bays.

9

Perspektywa wydobycia siarki rodzimej w Polsce w aspekcie rozwoju światowego rolnictwa oraz przemysłu oponiarskiego

Rasiak Tomasz

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2024

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R. 65, nr 2

17--25

PL

Współcześnie siarkę rodzimą w wielu miejscach na świecie uzyskuje się w wyniku odsiarczania paliw kopalnych, takich jak: ropa naftowa, gaz ziemny czy węgiel kamienny oraz z procesów przeróbczych siarczkowych rud metali np. miedzi, cynku i ołowiu itd. (uzyskuje się kwas siarkowy). Polska jest jedynym krajem na świecie, w którym siarkę rodzimą wydobywa się z ziemi za pomocą metody podziemnego wytapiania. Obecnie w Polsce istnieją dwie kopalnie siarki. Pierwsza - należąca do Grupy Azoty S.A. kopalnia siarki Siarkopol w Osieku w województwie świętokrzyskim oraz druga - kopalnia siarki Basznia koło Lubaczowa w województwie podkarpackim. Od lat 90. wydobycie siarki w Polsce wyraźnie spadło. Jednakże popyt na siarkę przez rolnictwo i ogrodnictwo, przemysł farmaceutyczny, chemiczny i oponiarski, którego ważnym składnikiem produkcji jest siarka może doprowadzić do nagłej potrzeby zwiększenia wydobycia wspomnianego pierwiastka chemicznego.

EN

Nowadays, in many places around the world, sulfur is obtained mainly from the desulfurization of fossil fuels, such as crude oil, natural gas or hard coal and from mineral processing of sulfuric metal ores e.g. copper, zinc, lead etc. (sulfuric acid is extracted). Poland is the only country in the world where native sulfur is extracted from the ground using the underground smelting method. Currently, there are two sulfur mines in Poland. The first one, owned by Grupa Azoty S.A. the Siarkopol sulfur mine in Osiek in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship and the second Basznia sulfur mine near Lubaczów in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Since the 1990s, sulfur extraction in Poland has decreased significantly. However, the demand for sulfur by agriculture and gardening, pharma industry, chemical and tire industry where an important ingredient is sulfur may lead to increase the production of the mentioned chemical element suddenly.

10

Maestro Michał Szulczewski

Łuczyński Piotr

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2024

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Vol. 74, no. 4

art. no. e24

11

Prof. dr Stanisław Wdowiarz - wspomnienia z Maroka

Stec Andrzej

Wiek Nafty : zeszyty naukowo-historyczne

|

2023

|

nr 3-4

35--38

12

Pomiary radonowe w wybranych budynkach mieszkalnych ziemi rybnickiej

Rubin Jan Antoni, Wyciszczok Daniel, Doleżych Łukasz

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2023

|

Vol. 12, iss. 1

95--108

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań poziomu stężenia radonu w wybranych budynkach mieszkalnych zlokalizowanych na terenie ziemi rybnickiej. Do pomiarów, prowadzonych w kilku kampaniach w latach 2005-2010 stosowano pasywną metodę pomiarów, z wykorzystaniem detektorów śladowych cząstek alfa. Wykonano 122 pomiary w piwnicach i na parterach w 61 budynkach. Czas ekspozycji detektorów wynosił od 3 do 6 miesięcy. Zakres mierzonych stężeń radonu wynosił od 10 do 390 Bq/m³ na parterach oraz od 28 do 740 Bq/m³ w piwnicach. Średnie arytmetyczne mierzonych wartości wynosiły odpowiednio: 74 Bq/m³ na parterach oraz 128 Bq/m³ w piwnicach i były wyższe od wartości średnich obliczonych dla całej Polski, jak i dla Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego (GZW).

EN

This paper presents the results of studies on the level of radon concentration in selected residential buildings located in the area of the Rybnik region. A passive measurement method, using alpha particle trace detectors, was applied for measurements carried out in several campaigns between 2005-2010. A total of 122 measurements were carried out in the basements and ground floors of 61 buildings. The exposure time of the detectors ranged from 3 to 6 months. The range of measured radon concentrations was from 10 to 390 Bq/m³ on the ground floors and from 28 to 740 Bq/m³ in the basements. The arithmetic means of the measured values were respectively: 74 Bq/m³ on the ground floors and 128 Bq/m³ in the basements and were higher than the average values calculated for Poland as a whole, as well as for the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (GZW).

13

Swoszowice siarką słynące i pachnące do dziś

Galas Dominik J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 12

663--669

EN

Sulpfur has accompanied us since the dawn of time. Wincenty Kadłubek mentions it for the first time, presenting the legend of the destruction of the Wawel Dragon. According to Dr. A. Wójcik, sulphur could have been one of the reasons for moving the capital from Kraków to Warsaw. The exploitation of this mineral lasted about 500 years. During this time, approximately 700,000 tons of sulphur ore were mined in an area of approximately 5 km, drilling approximately 1,000 shafts and leaving 600 heaps. Following J. Esprinohard, Jan Pazdur quotes a message from 1597 that “when the plague prevails in Kraków, which happens often, most of the citizens leave the city and live for some time near the sulphur mine in Swoszowice and no one is affected by the disease at that time”. Sulphur mining is a niche business, currently as much as 99 percent of this raw material is obtained worldwide in large-scale desulfurization processes of gas, oil and exhaust gases. This was not the case before; sulphur mining in Swoszowice was an important branch of the economy of the Kingdom of Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Sulphur mining in Swoszowice was finally discontinued over 70 years ago, but it is worth knowing the history of mining in this oldest and longest operating mine in Poland.

14

Nauki o Ziemi oraz polscy geolodzy na liście rankingowej czasopisma PLOS Biology

Lankof Leszek, Tarkowski Radosław

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 6

347--352

EN

Based on the ranking list of the top 2% of the world's most cited scientists, pub¬lished by the PLOS Biology journal in 2022, the authors of the article analysed the place of Earth Sciences among other fields of science and the position of Polish geologists on the list, determined based on a composite index taking into account popularity of scientific publica¬tions, resulting from the number of their citations. The analysis results allow geologists to pres¬ent Earth Sciences against other fields of science and to show the names of geologists from Polish research centres who are among the most frequently cited scientists in the world.

15

Emil Habdank Dunikowski (1855-1924). Rys życia zawodowego i prac naukowych

Brzegowy Paweł

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2023

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T. 68, nr 4

29--64

EN

Emil Lucjan Habdank Dunikowski - a graduate of the Lviv (Lwów), Munich and Vienna Universities, belongs to the circle of the Polish most significant scientists who specialized in Earth sciences and pursued their careers in the Lviv of the Austrian era. Sociable, diligent, and curious about the world, he devoted his time to discovering the mysteries of geology, actively developing Polish research in Galicia. While performing his research-related tasks in various parts of the globe (for example in North Africa, North America, Europe, and Russian Primorsky Krai), he satisfied his passion for travelling, delivering accurately made descriptions of broadly defined nature. In biographical contexts, the Lvovian scientist is seldom mentioned. Despite his undisputable scientific achievements and extensive travel experiences, there has yet to be a comprehensive biographical and bibliographical study dedicated to him. This article outlines his scientific profile and presents some unknown facts from Emil Dunikowski’s private life and career, based on the documents obtained from the State Archives of Lviv Oblast in Lviv (Ukraine).

16

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Pac Lang Gold Deposits, Northeastern Vietnam and Their Potential Prospects

Khuong The Hung, Nguyen Van Dat, Nguyen Thi Cuc, Pham Nhu Sang

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

|

no. 2, vol. 1

311--318

EN

The Song Hien Rift basin, located in northeast Vietnam, has been identified as an important region for gold deposits, including the Pac Lang deposit. Several methods like petrographic observations, elemental analyses, and geochemical elements and vertical zoning models of primary halo have been used to describe geological characteristic of this deposit. The investigation focused on examining the geological events that occurred both before and after the formation of the ore. The use of ICP-MS analysis and element concentration contrast enabled an effective assessment of the relative degrees of denudation that occurred at the Pac Lang deposit. The findings of this study were consistent with prior research on ore deposit geology, geochemical primary-halo, and examination of geochemical indicator zoning patterns for gold ore bodies. The study's application of singularity analysis for evaluating the degree of denudation provides important geological information that can aid in data interpretation. The results of the study can also have significant reference value in furthering our understanding of the post-ore deformation of deposits and in the investigation of unknown orebodies in northeast Vietnam. There indicate that, the research's findings suggest that the use of singularity analysis to evaluate the degree of denudation is a valuable tool for exploring potential gold deposits and enhancing our knowledge of gold deposit geology in northeast Vietnam. Overall, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on gold deposits in the Song Hien Rift basin and can serve as a useful reference for future research in the area.

17

Geological history of the NW Indian Plate Tethyan passive margin in the Salt Range, Pakistan

Iqbal Shahid

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

29--29

EN

The generally east-west trending Salt Range, located in northern Pakistan, is a part of the foreland zone of the Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt (HFTB). The 5,000–1,000 m thick Precambrian to Pleistocene sedimentary archives of the Salt Range provide an excellent opportunity for the reconstruction of sedimentation style, palaeoclimatic conditions, and tectonic history of the northwestern margin of the Indian Plate. The Precambrian evaporites of the Salt Range Formation are the oldest rocks in the area and represent the westward extension of the Precambrian evaporitic belt that includes the Hormuz Salt Basin (Iran) and Ara Salt (Arabian Plate). A highly weathered igneous body “Khewrite” occurs in the upper part of the formation and can be correlated with the volcanic record during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition in the Arabian Plate. The clastic-dominated Lower Cambrian succession in the area is directly overlain by the Permian Tobra Formation and with a gentle angular unconformity. The poorly sorted conglomerates of the Tobra Formation indicate deposition during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation and the irregular distribution of the Tobra and Dandot formations in the area supports their deposition during the syn-rifting phase of the Neo-Tethys opening. The overlying Upper Permian and Mesozoic strata indicate deposition on the northwestern passive margin of the Indian Plate facing the southern margin of the Neo-Tethys. This represents the drift sequence with multiple phases of passive margin rejuvenation during the Mesozoic. The drift sequence is unconformably overlain by the Paleocene Hangu Formation. Karst bauxites mark this contact and hint at exhumation and exposure in the distal part of the underthrusting plate margin. The Hangu Formation grades upward through the Lockhart Limestone into black shales of the Patala Formation supporting deepening and the possible establishment of a trench setting in the area. The presence of thick evaporites of the Bahadar Khel Salt and Jatta Gypsum in the western part of the area (Kohat Plateau) indicates a restricted lagoonal setting during the closure of the Neo-Tethys during the Eocene. The absence of the Oligocene strata hints at the uplift and exhumation of the area during the Himalayan Orogeny. The Neogene strata of the area consist of fluvial-continental detritus and represent molasse sedimentation. Thermal history modelling based on Apatite Fission Tract (AFT) data indicates three major cooling (uplift) episodes separated by two burial phases in the area. The first cooling event (ca. 520 Ma) coincides with the emplacement of the Mansehra Granite just north of the area (ca. 516 Ma) and supports exhumation correlatable with the Pan-African Orogeny. This was followed by the first burial phase (ca. 500–370 Ma) that supports Late Cambrian–Devonian sedimentation in the area. The second cooling event (ca. 300–280 Ma) coincides with the initial rifting and exhumation associated with the Neo-Tethys opening. Therefore, it appears that the Late Cambrian–Devonian strata were deposited in the Salt Range but were subsequently eroded during the exhumation induced by the Neo-Tethys opening during Permo-Carboniferous. This was followed by Neo-Tethyan passive margin deposition throughout the Mesozoic. An additional cooling episode is observable at around ca. 60 Ma and is supported by the presence of karst bauxites at the base of the Hangu Formation. Provenance analysis of the Paleocene strata suggests that detritus for the Hangu Formation was supplied from the south (Indian Plate). The overlying Patala Formation indicates the onset of sediment supply from the north and hence the uplift of the Himalayan Orogen. The overlying Kuldana Formation supports detritus supply only from the north verifying the Neo-Tethys closure by the end of Eocene. Thus the Paleogene strata represent syn-collisional deposition of the Neo-Tethys in the Salt Range. The second burial event (ca. 20–6 Ma) occurred during the Neogene in response to molasse sedimentation in the foreland of the uplifting Himalayan Orogen that was followed by the final cooling and uplift event (ca. 4 Ma) along the Salt Range Thrust. Thus the stratigraphic successions of the Salt Range provide key information regarding the reconstruction of the northwestern Neo-Tethyan margin of the Indian Plate which can help in the understanding of Neo-Tethyan tectonics in regional and global context.

18

Professor Leszek Lindner – scientific profile and achievements

Dzierżek Jan, Janiszewski Robert

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2023

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Vol. 73, no. 3

263–-288

19

Verification of the deposit model and determining the course of the fault in the entire rock mass

Sokoła-Szewioła Violetta, Poniewiera Marian

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 72 (144)

95--101

EN

This article presents results for the development of new methods of inserting discontinuity lines into the numerical model of the deposit in CAD systems. The main problem in creating a numerical model of the deposit is usually a very small number, as well as low reliability of the source data. Hence, the authors developed new algorithms for inputting discontinuities, which can be used in particular for conditions when a large number of discontinuities are present. The article offers algorithms for inputting discontinuities into the entire deposit model. The method of transferring faults from the higher seam to subsequent seams and determining the course of the fault in the entire rock mass has been described. The fault can be represented as a spatial mesh of triangles, just like the seam floor. Then the fault can be extended until it intersects with the next seam (with the next triangle mesh) using geostatistical methods. As a result, we determine the exact position of the discontinuity line in the next seam. The paper also presents several algorithms for checking the deposit model made using the methods developed by the authors, including the analysis of outliers (in terms of elevation and inclination), testing the variability of the fault throw, checking the distance between adjacent seams, and verifying the position of the deposit in relation to the existing workings and boreholes. It should be noted that the key issue while building a deposit model is a checking of the model, removal of the assumptions and, obviously, incorrect data in order to obtain the highest possible accuracy.

20

Methods of introducing a discontinuity line into a numerical model of a hard coal deposit

Sokoła-Szewioła Violetta, Poniewiera Marian

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 71 (143)

81--89

EN

The largest problem that we encounter when creating a numerical model of a hard coal deposit is to insert discontinuity lines representing faults, seams junction lines, wedging, etc. The faults introduced on the map of the seam are mostly flat polylines, while we do not know the altitude ordinate. In order to determine the spatial position of the faults, authoring methods have been developed and implemented in the Geolisp software and in the CAD system. This article presents the method based on calculating the spatial position of the fault with respect to the existing contours, which arrive at it from both sides, the method based on the assumption that the inclination of the seam in front of and behind the fault is constant, the procedure involving the performing of independent surfaces of the upthrow and downthrow side with extrapolation by the Kriging method, and the procedure requiring the transfer of the fault from the above-lying seam or a Carboniferous roof. The solutions given in the article are successfully used in most mines in Poland. The correct introduction of the fault course is important for the accuracy of forecasting the impact of the mining operations on the rock mass and the surface area.