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Streamlining Smart Grids Reliability Assessment : An Innovative Mapping Approach

Gholami Mohammadreza, Jough Fooad Karimi Ghaleh, Gholami Alireza

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2025

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Vol. 27, no. 2

art. no. 195258

EN

Assessing smart grid reliability, considering both cyber and physical components, typically involves a mapping step, escalating complexity and computational overhead. This paper presents a pioneering mapping approach that redefines the fundamental paradigm of smart grid reliability assessment. By leveraging a defined interconnection matrix rooted in cyber network topology, our method optimizes computational efficiency, curtailing the array of potential system states. Evaluation employing key performance metrics - Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS) - quantitatively demonstrates the superiority of our approach. Also, we explore the ramifications of integrating a dynamic thermal rating (DTR) in the process of reliability assessment, augmenting component safety through permissible enhancements in their ratings. Results underscore a notable reduction in total system states, from 221 to 214 for the bus topology and from 222 to 216 for the ring topology. Moreover, the analysis reveal substantial enhancements (Up to 43.58% considering star topology) in reliability indices upon consideration of the DTR system.

2

Hardware-software compatibility in robotic cyber-physical systems – an application based approach

Penar Paweł, Szeremeta Mateusz, Gola Arkadiusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 6

330--341

EN

One of the key technologies of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 are cyber-physical systems (CPS), and the construction of CPSs remains the domain of various fields of engineering - mechanics, control theory or computer science. The communication problem occurring during the implementation of control of single CPS objects may concern the exchange of data within the CPS or between different objects. In this area, problems of software and hardware compatibility appear. This article presents a project of a modular application for the exchange of process data between mechatronic devices, such as robots, which is a solution to this problem. The solution presented in the paper is illustrated on the example of communication between a mobile wheeled robot with Macanum wheels and a quadruped robot. It was assumed that the control of the wheeled robot would be implemented from the perspective of realizing the basic robotics task of driving to the target, while the quadruped robot, constituting a moving target, together with the motion capture system, constituted a CPS whose outputs are incompatible in the software-hardware sense. By selecting this example, special attention was paid to the importance of multidisciplinarity in the context of the communication problem and also provided an application that allows for a modular solution to the software-hardware compatibility problem.

3

EARL - dziedzinowy język opisu systemów cyberfizycznych

Winiarski Tomasz, Seredyński Dawid

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Elektronika

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2022

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z. 197, t. 1

223-232

PL

Modelowanie jest jednym z podstawowych aspektów inżynierii. Dotyczy to w szczególności systemów cyberfizycznych, w tym robotycznych. W artykule zaprezentowano syntetyczny opis dziedzinowego języka opisu systemów cyberfizycznych – EARL (Embodied Agent-Based cybeR-physical Control Systems Modelling Language). Język ten opiera się na SysML (Systems Modelling Language) i służy przede wszystkim do modelowania systemów w sposób zgodny z teoria agentowa szkoły warszawskiej profesora Cezarego Zielińskiego. W artykule zamieszczono tak ̇ze wybrane praktyczne aspekty użycia EARL w modelowaniu konkretnych systemów.

EN

Modelling is one of the fundamental aspects of engineering. This is especially true for cyber-physical systems, including robotic systems. This paper presents a synthetic description of an EARL – Embodied Agent-Based cybeR-physical Control Systems Modelling Language. The language is based on SysML (Systems Modelling Language) and is used primarily to model systems in a manner consistent with the agent theory of the Warsaw school of Prof. Cezary Zieliński. The paper also includes selected practical aspects of using EARL in modelling specific systems.

4

Digital twin technology — awareness, implementation problems and benefits

Gulewicz Małgorzata

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2022

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Vol. 14, no. 1

63--77

EN

Aiming to ensure current market needs, manufacturing companies search for tools and methodologies that would help them deliver their products efficiently and costeffectively and enable them to become a part of Industry 4.0. Digital twins are a technology created based on the idea of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The solution helps recreate physical devices in virtual space based on gathered data. It supports performance tests, configuration changes, and predictive maintenance without engaging existing machines. The paper aims to gain knowledge about the awareness level of the digital twin technology among industry representatives and identify the most important problems that stand in the way of implementing the technology in enterprises. The research focused on market awareness of the described technology. It also examined how companies use employee suggestions to improve their organisations and the factors that influence process efficiency. The methods used for the research were a literature review and cross-sectional survey conducted with 50 employees of manufacturing and IT companies. The research showed the need to implement digital twins in enterprises. Half of the survey respondents replied that the technology would help improve the efficiency of the company’s processes. The main benefit of the conducted research is identified awareness of the technology among industry representatives. In the future, the research will be extended to include the analysis of specific cases affecting the implementation of digital twins in enterprises.

5

Cyfryzacja procesów utrzymania obiektów infrastruktury

Płaszczyk Tomasz, Korus Kamil, Uściłowski Mateusz, Salamak Marek

Materiały Budowlane

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2021

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nr 6

50--52

PL

Artykuł przedstawia propozycję innowacyjnego podejścia do cyfryzacji obiektów mostowych z użyciem technologii BIM. Omawia ideę odwzorowania rzeczywistego modelu obiektu - tworzenia tzw. cyfrowych bliźniaków. Prezentuje przykłady ich zastosowania w infrastrukturze z naciskiem na obiekty mostowe. Omówiono etapy cyfryzacji procesu utrzymania dużej estakady w ciągu autostrady A1 w Knurowie. W tym celu wykorzystano chmurę punktów otrzymaną ze skaningu laserowego i fotogrametrii niskopułapowej. Dodatkowo w procesie wykorzystano narzędzia mieszanej rzeczywistości. Omówiono rolę i przyszłość metody BrIM oraz cyfrowych bliźniaków w utrzymaniu obiektów infrastruktury.

EN

The article presents an innovative approach to digitization of bridge structures using BIM technology. The idea of mapping the real object model - creating the so-called digital twins. Examples of applications in infrastructure with an emphasis on bridge structures are given. The stages of digitization of the maintenance process of a large flyover along the A1 motorway in Knurów were discussed. For this purpose, a point cloud obtained from laser scanning and low-ceiling photogrammetry was used. Additionally, the process uses mixed reality tools. The role and future of the BrIM methodology and digital twins in the maintenance of infrastructure facilities were discussed.

6

Analysis of safeness in a Petri net-based specification of the control part of cyber-physical systems

Wojnakowski Marcin, Wiśniewski Remigiusz, Bazydło Grzegorz, Popławski Mateusz

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2021

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Vol. 31, no. 4

647--657

EN

The paper proposes an algorithm for safeness verification of a Petri net-based specification of the control part of cyber-physical systems. The method involves a linear algebra technique and is based on the computation of the state machine cover of a Petri net. Contrary to the well-known methods, the presented idea does not require obtaining all sequential components, nor the computation of all reachable states in the system. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method have been verified experimentally with a set of 243 test modules (Petri net-based systems). The results of experiments show high efficiency of the proposed method since a solution has been found even for such nets where popular techniques are not able to analyze the safeness of the system. Finally, the presented algorithm is explained in detail using a real-life case-study example of the control part of a cyber-physical system.

7

Systems engineering approach to functional safety and cyber security of industrial critical installations

Kosmowski Kazimierz T.

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

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2020

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Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2020

135--151

EN

This chapter addresses the systems engineering approach to integrated functional safety and cybersecurity analysis and management regarding selected references, standards and requirements concerning critical installations and their industrial automation and control system (IACS). The objective is to mitigate the vulnerability of industrial installations that include the information technology (IT) and the operational technology (OT) to reduce relevant risks. This approach includes verifying the safety integrity level (SIL) of defined safety functions, and then to check the level obtained taking into account the security assurance level (SAL) of particular domain, such as a safety related control system (SRCS), in which given safety function is to be implemented. The SAL is determined based on a vector of fundamental requirements (FRs). The method proposed uses defined risk graphs for the individual and/or the societal risk, and relevant risk criteria, for determining the SIL required of given safety function, and probabilistic models to verify the SIL achievable for the SRCS architecture to be designed and then implemented in an industrial installation.

8

Cyberbezpieczeństwo zarządzania sieciami i partycjami w transporcie kolejowym

Procházka Jan, Novobilsky Petr, Procházkova Dana

Problemy Kolejnictwa

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2020

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Z. 189

57--64

PL

Infrastruktura transportu kolejowego zapewnia codzienny przewóz dużej liczby osób i ładunków. Znaczenie kolei pod względem zapewnienia sprawności obsługi na danym obszarze czyni z niej infrastrukturę krytyczną. Obserwuje się istotny rozwój wykorzystania technologii informatycznych na kolei, podobnie jak we wszystkich innych branżach. Z tego względu zarządzanie koleją, jako systemem fizycznym, należy zastąpić zarządzaniem koleją, jako systemem cyberfizycznym. Infrastruktura kolejowa jest narażona na znaczące ataki zarówno w przestrzeni fizycznej, jak i w cyberprzestrzeni. Artykuł jest poświęcony zarządzaniu sieciami komunikacyjnymi, służącymi do transmisji danych i partycjami, rozumianymi jako logicznie wydzielone zasoby informatyczne (służące do przetwarzania danych), wykorzystywanymi na potrzeby transportu kolejowego. Systemowo, wielopoziomowe, bezpieczne i niezależne (ang. System Multiple Independent Levels of Security – MILS) przetwarzanie danych spełnia wysokie wymagania dotyczące bezpieczeństwa systemu. MILS jest niezawodną architekturą bezpieczeństwa opartą na koncepcji separacji i kontrolowanego przepływu danych. W artykule opisano możliwości wykorzystania platformy MILS w systemie teleinformatycznym i systemie sterowania ruchem kolejowym.

9

Industry 4.0: tools and implementation

Sanghavi Devansh, Parikh Sahil, Raj S. Aravind

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2019

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Vol. 10, No. 3

3–-13

EN

With the increasing demand of customisation and high-quality products, it is necessary for the industries to digitize the processes. Introduction of computers and Internet of things (IoT) devices, the processes are getting evolved and real time monitoring is got easier. With better monitoring of the processes, accurate results are being produced and accurate losses are being identiﬁed which in turn helps increasing the productivity. This introduction of computers and interaction as machines and computers is the latest industrial revolution known as Industry 4.0, where the organisation has the total control over the entire value chain of the life cycle of products. But it still remains a mere idea but an achievable one where IoT, big data, smart manufacturing and cloud-based manufacturing plays an important role. The diﬀerence between 3rd industrial revolution and 4th industrial revolution is that, Industry 4.0 also integrates human in the manufacturing process. The paper discusses about the diﬀerent ways to implement the concept and the tools to be used to do the same.

10

Fourth industrial revolution: a way forward to attain better performance in the textile industry

Ślusarczyk Beata, Haseeb Muhammad, Hussain Hafezali Iqbal

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2019

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Vol. 11, no. 2

52--69

EN

The textile industry is one of the fastest growing industries which expressively contributes to the economic growth of Malaysia. However, in recent years, the situation has changed and demonstrates a downward trend. The imports are growing faster compared to the exports, consequently resulting in a low contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP). To address the issue, this study aims to investigate the role of Industry 4.0 on the performance of firms engaged in the production and services of the Malaysian textile industry. To achieve the objective, this study adopted a cross-sectional research design. A survey was carried out to collect data from employees of textile firms. Results of the study found that Industry 4.0 positively contributed to the effectiveness of the production and services of the textile industry. Production and services have a positive role in the performance of textile firms. The current study provides an interesting insight into the future direction of research for studies on organisational performance, which can be extended to different manufacturing-based industries. In addition, it provides the rationale for the adoption and implementation of smart technologies in these industries. It has been found that cyber-physical systems (CPS), interoperability, a smart city and a smart product have a positive effect on production and services. Additionally, it is not possible without the effective implementation of technology. Thus, the current study provides valuable insights into the improvement of the textile industry’s performance.

11

Modernizacja gniazda produkcyjnego zgodnie z koncepcją Industry 4.0 na przykładzie stanowiska do realizacji procesu wykrawania

Czyżewski P., Ernt M.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2018

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R. 90, nr 1

21--24

PL

Koncepcja czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej sprowadza się do zwiększenia wydajności i elastyczności procesów produkcyjnych oraz poprawy jakości życia ludzi. Industry 4.0 dysponuje szeregiem narzędzi technicznych, które między innymi realizują funkcje komunikacji za pośrednictwem sieci Internet z elementami składowymi maszyny. Do realizacji pilotażowej modernizacji stanowiska produkcyjnego wykorzystano prasę mimośrodową Instytutu Technik Wytwarzania Politechniki Warszawskiej. Układ napędowy i sterownia zmodernizowano, zakładając wymianę kluczowych danych diagnostycznych z systemem sterowania nadrzędnego. Kolejno uruchomiono system akwizycji danych procesowych oparty o urządzenia Kistler maXYmos TL. Całość dopełnia system SCADA wraz z aplikacją administracyjną, które za pośrednictwem odpowiedniego aparatu matematycznego, dążą do realizacji koncepcji predyktywnego utrzymania ruchu i określenia zużycia narzędzia.

EN

The concept of the Industry 4.0 revolution is related to increasing efficiency, elasticity of production and improving the quality of life. Industry 4.0 has several technical tools that, implements communication between components of machine via the Internet. The mechanical press of the Institute of Manufacturing Technologies at Warsaw University of Technology was used to implement the pilot modernization to Industry 4.0 standard. The control and drive system were upgraded assuming exchange of key diagnostic data with the master control system. The process data acquisition system based on Kistler maXYmos TL was launched. The whole is complemented by SCADA system and administrative application, which using appropriate mathematical calculations realize the concept of predictive maintenance and calculates the tool wear.

12

Collaborative manufacturing based on cloud, and on other I4.0 oriented principles and technologies: a systematic literature review and reflections

Varela M. L. R., Putnik G. D., Manupati V. K., Rajyalakshmi G., Trojanowska J., Machado J.

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2018

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Vol. 9, No. 3

90--99

EN

Recent rapid developments in information and network technology have profoundly influenced manufacturing research and its application. However, the product’s functionality and complexity of the manufacturing environments are intensifying, and organizations need to sustain the advantage of huge competitiveness in the markets. Hence, collaborative manufacturing, along with computer-based distributed management, is essential to enable effective decisions and to increase the market. A comprehensive literature review of recent and state-of-the-art papers is vital to draw a framework and to shed light on the future research avenues. In this review paper, the use of technology and management by means of collaborative and cloud manufacturing process and big data in networked manufacturing system have been discussed. A systematic review of research papers is done to draw conclusion and moreover, future research opportunities for collaborative manufacturing system were highlighted and discussed so that manufacturing enterprises can take maximum benefit.

13

Pilot study of readiness of Czech companies to implement the principles of industry 4.0

Basl J.

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2017

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Vol. 8, No. 2

3--8

EN

This article describes results of the survey, which was conducted in the context of investigating the readiness of selected companies in the Czech Republic to implement the principles of Industry 4.0. The main objective of the survey was to analyze the level of a basic knowledge of this topic in enterprises, the existence of appropriate strategies, responsible persons, and the general awareness among employees.