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PL
W artykule omówiono właściwości związków perfluoroorganicznych bazujących na tlenku heksafluoropropylenu (THFP), ich możliwe zastosowanie oraz metody otrzymywania tlenku perfluoropropylenu z heksafluoropropylenu (HFP) w zależności od czynnika utleniającego. Przedstawiono także bardzo istotne problemy związane z kontrolą pomiarową prowadzoną w trakcie procesu utleniania HFP do THFP. Opisano także nową metodę utleniania HFP do THFP, której próby podjęto w Instytucie Technologii Chemicznej Organicznej Politechniki Szczecińskiej.
EN
This paper present properties of perfluoroorganic compounds based on hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO), their application and describes methods of the synthesis of hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) from hexafluoropropylene (HFP) depends on oxidizing agents. It were presented also, very significant problems, which are connected with measurement monitoring conducted during the oxidation process of HFP to HFPO. It was presented also, the new oxidation method from HFP to HFPO, which was performed in Institute of Organic Chemical Technology at Szczecin University of Technology.
EN
Oligomers of hexafluoropropylene oxide were tested as potential materials for obtaining various compounds with unique properties, of which most important are chemical and thermal resistance. Two basic parameters influence the oligomerization process of hexafluoropropylene oxide: the type of the catalyst and the type of the solvent. Other parameters such as temperature and pressure have significantly less influence. The influence of tertiary amines as catalyst, the type of the solvent, temperature, pressure and catalyst concentration were tested in the process of hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomerization.
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EN
The results of the oxidation of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) to hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) have been presented. The oxidation was carried out in an autoclave within the range of temperatures of 120 - 170°C and in the presence of an organic solvent (carbon tetrachloride). Molecular oxygen was used here as an oxidizing agent. The influence of: the molar ratio of HFP/O from 13.4 to 4.09:1, the process temperature, the addition of inert gas (nitrogen) from 4 to 18 atm and the periodical dosing of oxygen were investigated. The functions describing the process were: the conversion of HFP and the yield of HFPO in relation to HFP consumed. The presented process is very interesting owing to a wide application of HFPO.
EN
Oligomers of hexafluoropropylene oxide are raw materials for the synthesis of compounds having unique properties such as high chemical and thermal resistance. Two basic parameters have influence on the process of hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomerization: the kind of the catalyst and the solvent. The temperature and pressure influence this process to a lesser extent. The influence of halide ions, the solvent and the temperature on the oligomerization of hexafluoropropylene oxide has been studied.
EN
The results of the oxidation of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) to hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) using hydrogen peroxide were presented. The oxidation was carried out in the glass reactor at temperatures below -35°C and in the presence of phase transfer catalyst. The influence of: the molar ratio hydrogen peroxide/ HFP, concentration of HFP in methylene chloride and the molar ratio methanol/HFP was investigated.
EN
The results of surface activity of sodium salts of perfluoroalkyl acids and their analogous with a chloride atom on the Omega position were presented. On the basis of surface tension isotherms relationships of the adsorption efficiency and adsorption effectiveness as a function of the number of carbon atoms in the hy-drophobic chain were determined.
EN
The optimum conditions of the oxidation of perfluoroalkylethylene olefmes with ozone to aliphatic perfluorocarboxylic acids have been elaborated. The synthesis is a two stage process. In the first stage, perfluoroolefines undergo conversion to ozonides, aldehydes and partly to acids. In the second stage the obtained mixture is subjected to hydrolysis in the strongly oxidising environment of a 30% hydrogen peroxide and 85% acetic acid. The effect of reaction time and temperature on the olefine conversion and the influence of temperature on the yield and selectivity of transformation has been studied. At the optimum temperature (40°C) after four hours, the conversion of olefine was varied from 90% to 96%, depending on the perfluoroalkyl chain length. The yield of aliphatic perfluorocarboxylic acids was varied from 60 to 75%, depending on the perfluoroalkyl chain length.
PL
Omówiono własności fizykochemiczne i powierzchniowe związków powierzchniowo czynnych opartych o fluoropochodne organiczne. Podano przykłady związków anionowych, kationowych, amfoterycznych i niejonowych. Opisano najważniejsze zastosowania związków powierzchniowo czynnych, a także metody ich syntezy.
EN
Physicochemical and surface properties of the surfactants based on organic fluorine derivatives were discussed. Examples of anionic, cationic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants were given. The most important applications of the fluoric surfactants and also methods of their synthesis were describes.
EN
Scheme of sewage and pollution charge flow in a model sewage treatment plan' working on active sludge technology basis. Electric energy consumption on different stages of sewage treatment.
PL
Przeprowadzono badania nad pirolizą odpadów politetrafluoroetylenu. Głównym celem badań było opracowanie technologii otrzymywania użytecznych perfluoroolefin, głównie tetrafluoroetylenu i heksafluoropropylenu. Badania przeprowadzono w reaktorze o innej konstrukcji w stosunku do opisanych w literaturze. Kierując się ogólnymi zależnościami stosowanymi w tym procesie, ustalono zakres temperatur 500÷850°C, ciśnienia 0,0001÷0,1MPa oraz szybkość podawania teflonu 200÷2000g/h.
EN
The primary purpose of this research was to develope the technology of preparation of useful perfluoroolefines, especially tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoropropane. The studies were performed in the reactor with different construction design in relation to the oues described in the literature. According to the general relations applying in this process a range of temperatures, pressure and the feed rate of PTFE were established as follows: T=500-850°C, P=0,0001-0,1MPa, V=200-2000g/h. On the basis of the experimental results, one can condente, thet the pyrolysis process should be performed under the conditions depending on the required product. For the preparation of tetrafluoroethylene pressure of this process should amount 1mmHg and temperature 500-600°C. For the preparation of perfluoropropene the process should be carned out at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 750-760°C.
PL
W Polsce nie przeprowadzono do tej pory udanej próby syntezy PPV ani badań jego właściwości. Na przeszkodzie stoi niedostępność tego polimeru na światowym rynku producentów odczynników chemicznych i konieczność samodzielnego wytwarzania istotnych półproduktów. Opisy syntezy spotyka się rzadko a ich odtworzenie napotyka na poważne trudności. Głównym celem niniejszej pracy było opanowanie metody otrzymywania folii PPV oraz przeprowadzenie wstępnych pomiarów jego podstawow
EN
Samples of poly phenylvinylene, PPV, were prepared from the precursor polymer, poly (p -xylene-a-diethyl sulfonium bromide). The current-voltage characteristic were studied in the dark and in the visible, and UV wave length range.
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