Dumpstones and dropstones up to 0.8 m in size occur in a silty/sandy Weichselian glaciolacustrine succession near Dwasieden on Rügen Island in the SW Baltic Sea (NE Germany). The deposits are exceptional because two levels of dumpstones and dropstones are present, suggesting two dumping phases interrupting characteristic fine-grained glaciolacustrine sedimentation. Plastic downwarping of sediments below the dumpstones and dropstones result in soft-sediment deformation structures. The distribution and orientation of the long axes of the clasts are useful tools for the reconstruction of the state of the lake bottom, as well as for the water depth. The horizontal position of the gravels and boulders (parallel to the bedding) suggests deposition in relatively shallow-water. The dumping events are linked to iceberg rafting in a glacial lake during the Weichselian Glaciation (MIS 2).
During the Pomeranian phase of the Weichselian glaciation (~17–16 ka), the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley (NW Poland and easternmost Germany) drained water from the Pomeranian ice sheet, while intensive aeolian processes took place across Europe in the foreland of the Scandinavian ice sheet (‘European Sand Belt’). The micromorphology of the quartz grains in the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley shows no traces of these aeolian processes, or only vague signs of aeolian abrasion. This is unique among the aeolian sediments in other Pleistocene ice-marginal valleys in this part of Europe. The study of the surfaces of the quartz grains shows that the supply of grains by streams from the south was minimal, which must be ascribed to the climate deterioration during the Last Glacial Maximum, which resulted in a decrease of the discharge of these extraglacial rivers to the ice-marginal valley.
During the Pleistocene the Scandinavian ice sheet drained huge quantities of sediment-laden meltwaters. These meltwaters supplied ice-marginal valleys that formed parallel to the front of the ice sheet. Not without significance was the supply of ice-marginal valleys from extraglacial rivers in the south. Moreover, periglacial conditions during and after sedimentation in ice-marginal valleys, the morphology of valley bedrocks, and erosion of older sediments played important roles in the depositional scenarios, and in the mineralogical composition of the sediments. The mechanisms that controlled the supply and deposition in ice-marginal valleys were analysed on the basis of a Pleistocene ice-marginal valley that was supplied by northern and southern source areas in the immediate vicinity. Investigations were conducted in one of the largest ice-marginal valleys of the Polish-German lowlands, i.e., the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley, in sandurs (Drawa and Gwda) supplied sediments and waters from the north into this valley, and on extraglacial river terraces (pre-Noteć and pre-Warta rivers), formed simultaneously with the sandurs and ice-marginal valley (Pomeranian phase of Weichselian glaciation) supplied sediments and waters from the south into this valley. A much debated question is how similar, or different, depositional processes and sediments were that contributed to the formation of the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley, and whether or not it is possible to differentiate mostly rapidly aggraded sandur sediments from ice-marginal valley sediments. Another question addresses the contribution of extraglacial feeding of the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley. These matters were addressed by a wide range of analyses: sediment texture and structure, architectural elements of sediments, frequency of sedimentary successions, heavy-mineral analysis (both transparent and opaque heavy minerals), analysis of rounding and frosting of quartz grains, and palaeohydrological calculations. Additionally, a statistical analysis was used. The specific depositional conditions of distribution of sediments in ice-marginal valley allow to distinguish new environment of ice-marginal valley braided river. The spectrum of depositional conditions in the Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley and their specific palaeohydraulic parameters allow to distinguish three coexisting zones in the ice-marginal valley braided-river system: (1) deep gravel-bed braided channel zone with extensive scours, (2) deep sand-bed braided channel zone with transverse bars, and (3) marginal sand-bed and gravel-bed braided channel zone with diamicton and breccia deposition, which were characterised in detail. Some of the results have been published previously, which is why they are discussed in the present paper within the context of new data.
Distributions of equivalent doses (DE) obtained by the Single Aliquot Regenerative-dose (SAR) OSL method applied for large aliquots of coarse quartz grains extracted from fluvial sediments are presented and analysed with respect to a fluvial palaeoenvironment. The Nowe Dąbie and Łochowo fluvial succession from the western part of Toruń Basin (eastern part of Noteć–Warta streamway, Toruń-Eberswalde ice-marginal valley) was analysed. The fluvial depositional conditions controlling the extent of daylight bleaching are reconstructed by sedimentological studies. The relation between the amount of bleaching and sedimentological properties of fluvial deposits indicate that ripple cross-laminated sands that accumulated on the floodplain and horizontally-bedded sands deposited in shallow channels are more appropriate for OSL dating than sands derived from the deep channel. Along with luminescence results obtained for the river deposits, data measured from an ancient pottery sample, ensuring complete reset of the OSL signal, are presented, compared to and discussed. On this base the poorly bleached sediment samples are identified and an adjustment factor is introduced for correcting their OSL dating results in order to avoid age inversion. The application of the adjustment factor is found to minimize overestimation of OSL ages of sediments.
Since the classical publications on lithofacies and architectural element codes (Miall, 1977, 1985), sedimentologists have made several attempts to optimize those codes. The authors present and discuss the codes of lithology and the origin of clastic rocks which have been proposed in the last thirty five years. It appears that the codes hitherto proposed are unsatisfactory because they fail to reflect several important features of deposits. It is postulated that most of Miall’s original rules should be used as a starting point but some additional rules should also be followed: (1) lithofacies symbols should not be used to describe interpretations but lithologic features only; (2) code of texture should contain two capital letters at the most; (3) structure should be described by three lower-case letters at the most; (4) genetic code should indicate depositional process or parent depositional form by capital letters; (5) coding is best applicable in practice if both the lithofacies and genetic codes are used jointly. The present authors propose a modified combination of lithofacies and lithogenetic symbols, shown to make sedimentological analyses more effective and unambigous.
Petrographical content of Pleistocene gravels (4–10 mm) derived from till and glaciofluvial deposits of Western Pomerania was studied. The coarse-grained gravels (20–60 mm) have been additionally investigated for indicator erratics. There are three dominant petrographical groups within the gravels regardless of genetic type of sediments: crystalline rocks, Lower Paleozoic limestones and sandstones. Indicator erratics indicate the most effective glacial erosion in south-eastern Sweden. Theoretical stone center is located at 57.7°N and 16°E, that is in Smĺland. Other regions where the ice sheet could have been nourished were located in Dalarna and Ĺland Islands. The most numerous erratics found in the glacial sediments are: Smĺland granites and quartz porphyries, Ĺland rapakivi granites and quartz porphyries, Bredvad porphyries, Venjan and Grönklitt porphyrites.
Beverage & Culbertson (1964) defined hyperconcentrated flow as a flow of water-sediment mixture with a behaviour intermediate between that of a debris flow (mudflow) and that of a stream flow. However, the essence of this definition has largely been misunderstood and lost in the subsequent literature. It would appear that almost any deposit can possibly be attributed to a hyperconcentrated flow, because this genetic label has been attached to: non-stratified deposits with normal or inverse-to-normal grading, as well as deposits that were stratified; some of these deposits had polymodal and only other bimodal grain-size distribution, occasionally bearing outsized cobble gravels and boulders. Arguably, the Beverage and Culbertson original definition implies a turbulent, non-Newtonian fluidal flow with pseudoplastic rheological behaviour, intermediate between that of a mudflow (plastic) and a stream flow (Newtonian fluid), which may suggest sediment deposition by rapid dumping from suspension (Lowe, 1988; Vrolijk & Southard, 1997), rather than tractional emplacement. The study areas in Western Pomerania and east Jutland are located in transition fan and glaciofluvial fans (Weichselian glaciation). Three assemblages of deposits derived from hyperconcentrated flow are exposed: massive cobble gravel (monofacial association GCm), massive sand (monofacial association Sm) and massive sand and planar-cross bedded sand (lithofacies association Sm, Sp). The reason for significant grain-size distribution diversity of sediments derived from the same depositional process was difference in competence flow which came out from discharge flow changes. Despite different grain framework grain-size distribution, grains within hyperconcentrated flows were mostly moved by turbulences and dispersive grain pressure.
Pierwsze organizacje odzysku w Polsce powstały na początku 2002 r, a w połowie 2003 r. było ich już 35. Obecnie na stronach internetowych Miniasterstwa Środowiska zamieszczona jest list 39 organizacji odzysku, sporządzona na podstawie danych przekzanych przez Urzędy Marszałkowskie w okresie od września do grudnia 2005 r. Nie wszystkie z nich jednak istnieją. W przedstawionym zestaieniu zastały zaprezentowane organizacje odzysku, które odpowiedziały na redakcyjne ankiety.
Cóż ustawę o zużytym sprzęcie elektrycznym i elektronicznym mamy, można by więc uznać, iż wszystko jest w porządku, bo skoro wymusza ona uzyskanie odpowiedniego poziomu zbierania, odzysku i recyklingu, a także - co najważniejsze - wskazuje na podmioty, które miałyby sie tym problemem zająć - nie będzie w tym miejscu o czym pisać. Tymczasem tzw. praktyka zadbała o to, by nam, redaktorom, na przysłowiowy chleb wstarczyło.
W związku z 5. (drewnianą) rocznicą uchwalenia ustawy o obowiązkach przedsiębiorców poprosiliśmy przedstawicieli organizacji odzysku o krótką wypowiedź odnośnie mocnych i słabych stron działającego w Polsce systemu odzysku i recyklingu, a także o wskazanie kierunków niezbędnych zmian - zarówno prawnych, jak i organizacyjnych.
Po burzliwych dyskusjach dotyczących proponowanego wyposażenia stacji demontażu doczekaliśmy się aktu wykonawczego w tej sprawie. W ostatnich dniach lipca wydane zostało rozporządzenie Ministra Gospodarki i Pracy w sprawie minimalnych wymagań dla stacji demontażu oraz sposobu demontażu pojazdów wycofanych z eksploatacji (Dz.U. nr 143, poz. 1204, 1205 i 1206).
Zmiany wymagań wobec producentów, właścicieli i przedsiębiorców wprowadzających samochody na rynek oraz określenie zasad funkcjonowania stacji demontażu i punktów zbierania pojazdów - to efekt ustawy o recyklingu pojazdów wycofanych z eksploatacji. Zasadniczym założeniem ustawy jest takie prowadzenie gospodarki odpadami pochodzącymi z pojazdów, by zapewnić właściwą ochronę środowiska i zdrowia ludzi. Jakie jest jednak zdanie na temat zapisów ustawy zainteresowanych stron i jakie widzą możliwości jej realizacji, mankamenty i dobre strony? O wypowiedź poprosiliśmy kilka z nich.
Nowelizacja ustawy o obowiązkach przedsiębiorców w zakresie gospodarowania niektórymi odpadami oraz o opłacie produktowej i opłacie depozytowej, a także regulacje prawne w aspekcie obowiązków przedsiębiorców były głównym tematem spotkania szkoleniowego "Opakowania a środowisko", organizowanego przez Centralny Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Opakowań.
Rozwój motoryzacji powoduje coraz większe zapotrzebowanie na paliwa, oleje smarowe i płyny eksploatacyjne. Ze wzrostem zużycia wymienionych produktów ropopochodnych idzie, niestety, wzrost ilości odpadów. Efektem ich produkcji jest zwiększona emisja do amosfery szkodliwych składników spalin oraz skażenie gleb i wód gruntowych. Jedynym racjonalnym rozwiązaniem w tej sytuacji jest przekazanie odpadów olejowych do konkretnej jednostki zajmującej się ich prztwórstwem bądź utylizacją.
Przedstawiony w lipcowo-sierpniowym wydaniu miesięcznika "Recykling" artykuł pt. "Makulatura - odpad czy surowiec?", w którym zawarto dwa skrajne stanowiska w tej sprawie, świetnie odzwierciedla dyskusję, która toczy się również na poziomie Unii Europejskiej w związku z planowaną nowelizacją tzw. dyrektywy ramowej o odpadach (75/442/EWG).
Już po raz czwarty podczas Targów POLEKO miało miejsce Forum Recyklingu. W tym roku jego tematem przewodnim był "Recykling odpadów - prawo, technologie, doświadczenia". Jednak każdy z trzech dni Forum poświęcony był innej tematyce recyklingowej: od odzysku i recyklingu opakowań po odzysk i recykling elektroniki i samochodów.
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