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The influence of trade contacts on grave equipment of Gniew community in the 14th-18th century

Grupa M., Krajewska M., Majorek M., Kozłowski T.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

2013

Vol. 39, no. 2

133--142

Richness and variety of grave equipment (silk textiles, scapulars, crosses, rosaries and the other objects), revealed during archaeological exploration carried out in St. Nicolas church in Gniew and in the area of the former graveyard, confirmed trade contacts of local community with Western Europe and Asia. Grave finds (wreaths, various flowers) as well as silk garments give evidence that the town and the area dwellers belonged to wealthy social classes. Close relations with many trade centers and luxurious items imported from them had an apparent influence on preserving rich and ceremonial burial rites against obligatory sumptuary law forbidding splendor. Moreover, these multi-direction trade and social contacts had also an impact on spreading out pathogenic microorganisms and transmissive diseases, syphilis, among the others.

Characteristics of microstructure and phase in art castings

Dudek A., Bałaga Z.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

2008

Vol. 8, iss. 1 spec.

71--74

Low melting alloys were long known in ancient times. Renaissance and medieval founders, tin founders and craftsmen have used them since 16th century. Low melting alloys means alloys whose melting point is within the rangę of 60-305°C. Main components of these alloys include: lead, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, tin, zinc [1-15]. The purpose of the investigations was to provide analysis of chemical composition, structure and phase in alloys being both domestic and imported products which are currently in devotional articles market (arts components). The investigations encompassed: chemical composition tests using JOEL JSM 5400 scanning microscope which was coupled with microanalyser, phase composition analysis by means of X-ray Seifert 3003 T-T diffractometer as well as microstructure tests with optical Neophot microscope. In consideration of decorative aspects, an advantage of imported casts over the domestic ones has been observed, however, the fact of the material they are made of is disputable. Domestic casts with worse decorative quality were made of popular Zn-Al alloy while presence of iron proves non-fulfilment of procedures connected with casting.