Weight-and-balance (W&B) verification remains a critical yet often neglected component of safe general aviation operations. Many pilots rely on informal estimation or omit W&B calculations entirely, contributing to numerous accidents involving aircraft operated outside approved center-of-gravity (CG) and weight limits. This study presents a new W&B performance control method - the Computer Second Paper Operation (C2PO) system - developed for the Cessna 172R. The method eliminates the need to calculate individual station moments or total moments, reducing procedural complexity and decreasing preflight preparation time. Using a geometrically derived planar grid based on incremental CG changes for all loading stations, the C2PO chart allows pilots to determine CG using only basic arithmetic. The tool was constructed through a combination of analytical procedures and encoded in Excel and Visio to include every possible loading configuration. Compared with standard computational procedures, the method reduces calculation time by 43.83% while maintaining an accuracy of 0 to 0.15 inches. By offering a fast, intuitive, and calculator-free alternative, the C2PO method aims to improve pilot compliance, promote consistent preflight W&B checks, and reduce accidents caused by improper aircraft loading.
Przedmiotem pracy jest analiza relacji między masą, a objętością współczesnych urządzeń elektronicznych. Na przykładach dość szerokiego spektrum urządzeń przeznaczonych do skrajnie różnych zastosowań i zawierających w wielu przypadkach zupełnie różne układy elektroniczne wyznaczono swoistą „stałą technologiczną”, sprowadzającą się do parametru typowej gęstości masy na jednostkę objętości współczesnego urządzenia elektronicznego. Wnioski z niniejszej pracy będą mogły być przydatne do szacowania przez konstruktorów wymiarów i związanej z tym masy nowo opracowywanych urządzeń.
EN
The subject of this work is the analysis of the relationship between mass and volume of modern electronic devices. Using examples of a fairly wide range of devices intended for extremely different applications and containing in many cases completely different electronic systems, a specific “technological constant” was determined, which comes down to the parameter of typical mass density per unit volume of a modern electronic device. The conclusions from this work may be useful for designers to estimate the dimensions and related mass of newly developed devices.
Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has become a cornerstone manufacturing technology in the nascent field of 3D printing. The mechanical properties and effective use of material in 3D printed parts are essential for enhancing the potential of AM in industrial and functional applications. This paper explores how core FDM printing process parameters: print temperature, extrusion width, and printing speed affect the compressive strength-to-weight ratio of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol PETG parts produced via FDM. Based on the Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) the influence of these conditions concerning the mechanics and material properties were studied. The results show that a printing temperature of 250 °C provides improved compressive strength as well as decreased weight through strong bonding between layers. Small, extruded widths (0.5 mm) have been found to offer the ideal strength-to-weight ratio while large extruded widths (0.6 mm) greatly enhanced strength by adding weight. A slower printing speed of 30mm/s promoted greater compressive strength but yielded more dense parts. In the multi-objective desirability optimization, optimal parameters were found in which the printing temperature was 250°C, the extruded width was 0.5879mm and the printing speed was 30mm/s. The results of this study are beneficial for realizing lightweight yet mechanically abundant 3D printing parts while enhancing the field of AM in different industries.
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In past, several ground motion prediction models (GMMs) were developed in Himalayan region. However, there is no comprehensive review available for the developed GMMs. In order to fill the gap, in the present study an attempt has been made to review the existing GMMs for Himalayan region. The study focuses on the seismotectonic setting of the region, source of seismic data, GMMs used for conducting hazard analysis of different locations and various developed GMMs by several researchers. Further, applicability of these generated GMMs was inspected thoroughly using available seismic records of Indo-Himalayan region. For this purpose, predicted peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak spectral acceleration (PSA) obtained by using the GMMs for different magnitudes and distances are compared with recorded data by computing root mean square error (RMSE) and Chi-square value. Moreover, log-likelihood (LLH) scoring method has been applied and proper weights of the GMMs have been proposed.
Soil organic matter content (SOM) is used e.g. in soil classification and erosion evaluation. How-ever, its value depends on soil specimen preparation and test method so it is useful to deal with these issues. Totally 150 specimens of soils CI, MS (from Bielsko-Biała, Poland) and different 3 soils, all classified as GC (from Ujsoły, Poland) were tested. To obtain values of SOM, the oxidation method using 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2) and loss of weight on ignition method (LOI) at 800°C (LOI-800) according to Polish Standard PN-88/B-04481 and LOI at 440°C according to the ASTM D 2974-87 (LOI-440) were applied. The tests were carried out for parti-cles smaller than 0.5 mm. For every soil, 30 specimens (every with a mass about 10 g of dry soil) were prepared from 2400 g of dried soil for 3 methods, so for every method, 10 specimens, taken from various soil amount in frame of total 800 g were prepared. The results showed that values of SOM of tested soils varied from 0.33% to 6.09%. The largest relative difference in values of SOM, caused by soil specimen preparation, was 97.63% (H2O2, soil GC) and the smallest relative difference was 1.65% (LOI-800, soil CI). The largest relative difference in values of SOM, caused by test method was 1126.53% (LOI-800 and H2O2, soil GC) and the smallest relative difference was 15.17% (LOI-800 and H2O2, soil CI). The various values of SOM caused by dif-ferent test method differently classify soils from organic point of view by the ISO14688-2:2004.
PL
Przeanalizowano wpływ przygotowania próbki gruntu i metody oznaczania na zawartość ma-terii organicznej (SOM). W sumie przebadano 150 próbek gruntów (przygotowanych z różnej ilości gruntu) z Bielska-Białej (CI, MS) oraz z Ujsół (GC). Aby uzyskać wartości SOM zastoso-wano metodę utleniania 30% roztworem nadtlenku wodoru (H2O2) oraz metodę straty masy przy prażeniu (LOI) w temperaturze 800°C (LOI-800) i 440°C (LOI-440). Badania przeprowa-dzono dla cząstek gruntu mniejszych niż 0,5 mm. Wartości SOM wahały się od 0,33 do 6,09%. Największa względna różnica wartości SOM spowodowana przygotowaniem próbek wyniosła 97,63% (H2O2, grunt GC), a najmniejsza 1,65% (LOI-800, grunt CI). Największa względna róż-nica wartości SOM spowodowana metodą badania wyniosła 1126,53% (LOI-800 i H2O2, grunt GC), a najmniejsza 15,17% (LOI-800 i H2O2, grunt CI). Uzyskiwane różne wartości SOM mogą skutkować odmiennym klasyfikowaniem gruntu pod kątem organicznym.
The purpose of the study was to try to determine the factors that differentiate the height, weight, BMI and age of high-level handball players participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Methods: The study included handball players participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. The study material consisted of data on athletes’ body height, body weight, age and BMI. The collected study material was analyzed about the position of the game, quarter and semester of the birth, continental location of the country and geographical region. In parametric distribution, Student’s t-test and ANOVA were used. In non-parametric variables, the Mann–Whitney U-test and the Kruskal–Wallis test were used. Results: The highest average heights, weights and BMIs were found in players playing in the pivot position, while the lowest were found in wing players. Interactions were shown within the body weight and BMI of the athletes. Players from Europe have the highest weight and BMI in the second semester of birth, while other players’ highest results were in the first semester. Conclusions: The factors that most strongly differentiate body height, body weight, and BMI are playing positions. Factors that differentiate height and weight are the continental location and region of the country represented.
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A relationship between the classical multiplicative pairwise comparisons that are based on aijaji = 1, the additive model based on bij+bji = 1, and qualitative pairwise comparisons that uses the relations ≈ (indifferent), ⊏ (slightly in favour of), ⊂ (in favour of), < ( strongly better) and ≺ (extremely better), is discussed in detail. A special attention is paid to the concept of consistency and weights calculations. An on-line tool is also discussed.
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We study the weighted maximal L1-inequality for martingale transforms, under the assumption that the underlying weight satisfies Muckenhoupt’s condition A∞ and that the filtration is regular. The resulting linear dependence of the constant on the A∞ characteristic of the weight is optimal. The proof exploits certain special functions enjoying appropriate size conditions and concavity.
In this study, TOPSIS and PIV methods were applied for multi-criteria decision making in hard turning process. Experiments have been conducted in accordance with an experimental matrix designed by the Taguchi method with a total of twenty-seven experiments. At each experiment, the values of coolant concentration, nose radius, coolant flow, cutting velocity, feed rate and depth of cut have been changed. Surface roughness, flank wear and roundness error have been selected as output criteria. The weights of criteria have been determined by three methods, inclusive of Equal weight, ROC weight and Entropy weight. The combination of multi-criteria decision-making methods with three weighting methods gives six ranking options of the experiments. The purpose of ranking the experiments is to find the experiment at which the three output parameters are ensured to have the minimum value simultaneously.
W artykule przedstawiono opis polimerobetonowych płyt ustojowych do zastosowania przy budowie energetycznych i teletechnicznych linii napowietrznych. Zwrócono uwagę na ich istotną cechę, jaką jest ich masa, oraz na ich wpływ na końcową cenę budowli.
EN
This paper presents a description of polymer concrete ground slabs for use in the construction of power and teletechnical overhead lines. Attention has been drawn to their important feature, which is their weight, and to their influence on the final price of the structure.
Artykuł przedstawia zarys problemu antropogenicznych anomalii grawitacyjnych. W odróżnieniu od innych prac, koncentrujących się głównie na anomaliach pochodzenia górniczego, podjęto w nim próbę całościowego ujęcia tematu. W początkowej części artykułu zwrócono uwagę na problemy związane z wyznaczeniem przyspieszenia siły ciężkości oraz znaczenie tej wielkości dla konstrukcji geoidy i dokładności pomiarów geodezyjnych. Zdefiniowano antropogeniczną anomalię grawitacyjną i podano opracowaną przez autora systematyczną klasyfikację jej źródeł. Sformułowano uproszczone modele obliczeniowe dla charakterystycznych typów źródeł. Używając tych modeli, oszacowano wartości anomalii grawitacyjnych, powodowanych przez wymienione w klasyfikacji, reprezentatywne przykłady źródeł i przedyskutowano ich znaczenie.
EN
This article presents the outline of the anthropogenic gravity anomalies problem. In contrast to other papers concerning mining-related anomalies, here a holistic approach to the subject was attempted. In the introductory part of the article, the attention is given to the problems with determination of the gravity acceleration, and the importance of this estimation to the geoid construction and accuracy of measurements in land surveying. An anthropogenic gravity anomaly was defined and a systematic classification of its sources was developed and given by the author. Simplified computational models for the characteristic source types were formulated. Using those models, the values of gravity anomalies were estimated. The anomalies are caused by enumerated in the classification representative examples of sources and their significance was discussed.
The article presents the concept and the completed prototype of a mechatronic, automated two-belt weighing-packing machine for vegetables. The solutions for the mechanical, electrical and electronic parts have been developed by the authors. The control concept was based on the Arduino programming platform and the Arduino 2560 board, while the control system itself was implemented in C++. The paper describes the structure of the machine as well as tests for checking the effectiveness of the machine for weighing potatoes in 2, 5 and 10 kg portions.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję oraz zrealizowany prototyp mechatronicznej, automatycznej dwutaśmowej wagoworkownicy do warzyw. Rozwiązania części mechanicznej, elektrycznej jak i elektronicznej zostały opracowane przez autorów. Koncepcję sterowania oparto o platformę programistyczną Arduino oraz płytkę Arduino 2560, zaś sam system sterowania zaimplementowano w języku C++. W pracy zawarto opis konstrukcji maszyny, jak i badania sprawdzające skuteczność działania maszyny dla ważenia ziemniaków w porcje 2, 5 i 10kg.
Jakość funkcjonowania gąsienicowego wozu bojowego można ocenić na podstawie parametrów jego bojowo-technicznej charakterystyki, którą formułowano na etapie projektowania. Jednakże upływ czasu, nowe i zmieniające się w czasie zagrożenia, dynamika działań, postęp techniczny i technologiczny weryfikują ich skuteczność oraz odporność. W efekcie pojawia się, dla sprostania wymaganiom aktualnym i przyszłym, konieczność modernizacji. Jej głównym celem jest uzyskanie, poprzez odpowiednie zabiegi, przewagi nad pojazdami bojowymi potencjalnego przeciwnika. W pracy podjęto próbę analizy modernizacji na wybrane właściwości czołgów, najbardziej zaawansowanych środków walki wojsk lądowych. Analizę przeprowadzono w aspekcie wpływu zwiększenia masy bojowej na istotne elementy czołgu.
EN
Functional quality of caterpillar fighting vehicles can be assessed upon its original project design and technical characteristics. However, lapse of time, technical and technological progress, battlefield dynamics, new and evolving threats can negatively verify both offensive and defensive effectiveness of such vehicles. As a result, appears need of modernization addressing new threats and requirements. Main goal of modernization is to achieve advantage over potential enemy fighting vehicles. This work is an attempt to analyse possible development patches and despite technological and materials progress inseparable increase of the vehicle's combat weight on operating capabilities of such vehicles.
The article describes the process of manufacturing micro-bending sensors from polydimethylsiloxane and the checking of their function on the basis of damping behaviour. We tested three manufactured alternatives and from the results we determined coefficients for the calculation of the mass of weight on the assumption that the level of damping is known. We also tested the micro-bending sensors in practice as a walking detector, we can imagine similar uses for the sensor because it is compact, reliable, simple to produce, resistant to unfavorable conditions and cheap.
PL
W artykule opisano konstrukcję czujnika ugięcia wykonanego z polydimethylsiloxanu. Zbadano trzy alternatywne konstrukcje i określono masę obliczeniowoą przy założeniu że poziom tłumienia jest znany. Zbadano też praktyczne zastosowanie czujnika jako detektora kroków.
Excessive soil compaction caused by agricultural tractors during plant production processes results in a considerable risk of reduced crop yields, increased erosion processes, greater input of energy in tillage and increased CO2 emission to the atmosphere. As a consequence we observe a threat of degradation in Luvisols found over a considerable area in the Polish Plain and the North European Plain. In-situ studies made it possible to identify and quantify selected factors determining soil density in loamy sand at a depth of max. 0.4 m in wheel tracks of tractors weighing from 19 to 72 kN with single standard wheels and with dual wheels. Analyses were conducted during the first passage over soil loosened during ploughing. It was generally shown that at a lower initial soil density in the topsoil tractors with both driving systems cause greater density increments and lower soil density than in the hardpan. Tractors with dual wheels exert much lesser pressure and cause soil density by approx. 0.1 g·cm-3 lower in the topsoil and by approx. 0.06 g·cm-3 in the hardpan than it is the case for tractors with single wheels. Tractors varying in their weight cause similar soil densities in the topsoil, while in the hardpan heavier tractors cause greater soil densities than light tractors. Generally, tractors with single wheels compress the soil in the topsoil layer to 45 up to 65% of compressibility, while tractors with dual wheels do it to approx. 26 up to 49% of compressibility, respectively.
PL
Nadmierne zagęszczanie gleb ciągnikami rolniczymi w produkcji roślinnej powoduje znaczne ryzyko obniżenia plonowania roślin uprawnych, wzmożenia procesów erozyjnych, wzrostu energii na uprawę i zwiększenia emisji CO2 do atmosfery. W konsekwencji występuje zagrożenie degradacją gleb Luvisol występujących na znacznym obszarze Niżu Środkowopolskiego i Niżu Środkowoeuropejskiego. W badaniach polowych dokonano identyfikacji i kwantyfikacji wybranych czynników determinujących gęstość gleby - piasek gliniasty - na głębokości do 0,4 m w koleinach ciągników o ciężarach od 19 do 72 kN z pojedynczymi kołami standardowymi i z kołami dodatkowymi. Badania wykonano podczas pierwszego przejazdu na glebie spulchnionej podczas orki. Wykazano ogólnie, że przy niższej początkowej gęstości gleby w warstwie ornej ciągniki z obydwoma systemami jezdnymi powodują wyższe przyrosty gęstości gleby i niższe gęstości gleby niż w podeszwie płużnej. Ciągniki z kołami dodatkowymi wywierają znacznie mniejsze naciski i powodują mniejsze gęstości gleby średnio o ok. 0,1 g·cm-3 w warstwie ornej i o ok. 0,06 g·cm-3 w podeszwie płużnej niż ciągniki z kołami pojedynczymi. Ciągniki o różnych ciężarach powodują podobne gęstości gleby w warstwie ornej, a w podeszwie płużnej ciągniki cięższe powodują większe gęstości gleby niż ciągniki lekkie. Ogólnie ciągniki z kołami pojedynczymi zgęszczają glebę w warstwie ornej od 45 do 65% potencjału zgęszczenia, a ciągniki z kołami dodatkowymi w ok. 26 do 49% tego potencjału.
The develpoment of German corrugated board market over the years 1990-2015 is discussed. The steady growth of the corrugated board production can be observed in this period. Germany is the fourth biggest corrugated producer in the world. With 10,4 billion m2 it reached 20% of the European production in 2015. The structure of corrugated packaging market is analyzed. The tendency to lower packaging weight is pointed out. At the analyzed time the corrugated board grammage decreased from 558 g/m2 to 515 g/m2. The size of packaging decreased as well. The structure of papers for corrugated production also changed. Kraftliner consumption a little bit decreased but it is compensated by the growth of white top testliner usage. The market situation as well as progress in paper technology make good conditions for corrugated board future development.
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Let X = (Xt) t ≥ 0 be a bounded martingale and let Y = (Yt) t ≥ 0 be differentially subordinate to X. We prove that if 1 ≤ p < ∞ and W = (Wt) t ≥ 0 is an Ap weight of characteristic [W] Ap, then ∥Y∥Lp, ∞ (W) ≤ Cp [W]Ap∥X∥L∞(W). The linear dependence on [W]Ap is shown to be the best possible. The proof exploits a weighted exponential bound which is of independent interest. As an application, a related estimate for the Haar system is established.
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The HY-2A satellite is the first ocean dynamic environment monitoring satellite of China. Centimeter-level radial accuracy is a fundamental requirement for its scientific research and applications. To achieve this goal, we designed the strategies of precise orbit determination (POD) in detail. To achieve the relative optimal orbit for HY-2A, we carried out POD using DORIS-only, SLR-only, and DORIS + SLR tracking data, respectively. POD tests demonstrated that the consistency level of DORIS-only and SLR-only orbits with respect to the CNES orbits were about 1.81 cm and 3.34 cm in radial direction in the dynamic sense, respectively. We designed 6 cases of different weight combinations for DORIS and SLR data, and found that the optimal relative weight group was 0.2 mm/s for DORIS and 15.0 cm for SLR, and RMS of orbit differences with respect to the CNES orbits in radial direction and three-dimensional (3D) were 1.37 cm and 5.87 cm, respectively. These tests indicated that the relative radial and 3D accuracies computed using DORIS + SLR data with the optimal relative weight set were obviously higher than those computed using DORIS-only and SLR-only data, and satisfied the requirement of designed precision. The POD for HY-2A will provide the invaluable experience for the following HY-2B, HY-2C, and HY-2D satellites.
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Część produkowanych obecnie strunobetonowych dźwigarów dachowych jest przystosowana do przenoszenia obciążeń z dachów wykonanych z elementów betonowych (żelbetowych i sprężonych). Brakuje natomiast elementów projektowanych z przeznaczeniem dla lekkich przekryć z blach. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ wybranych parametrów materiałowych i konstrukcyjnych na ciężar i ugięcia strunobetonowych dźwigarów dachowych.
EN
Some of the currently produced prestressed concrete roof girders are suitable to transfer loads from reinforced and prestressed concrete roof elements. However the market faces deficiency of structural elements which are intended for lightweight roofs made of corrugated steel sheets. The paper presents an influence of selected material and workmanship parameters on the weight and deflections of pretensioned concrete roof girders.
The main aim of the study was to propose a model for predicting the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of Nigerian workers in a cement factory. Sixty randomly selected non-smoker and healthy workers (30 in production sections, 30 in the administrative section of the factory) participated in the study. Their physical characteristics and PEFR were measured. Multiple correlations using SPSS version 16.0 were performed on the data. The values of PEFR, using the obtained model, were compared with the measured values using a two-tailed t test. There were positive correlations among age, height and PEFR. A prediction equation for PEFR based on age, height, weight and years of exposure (experience) was obtained with R2 = .843 (p < 0.001). The developed model will be useful for the management in determining PEFR of workers in the cement industry for possible medical attention.
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