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1

Nowe czynniki wtórnych obiegów chłodniczych

Pluta Z.

Chłodnictwo : organ Naczelnej Organizacji Technicznej

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2015

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R. 50, nr 4-5

10--13

PL

We wtórnych obiegach układów klimatyzacyjnych zazwyczaj wykorzystywana Jest woda lodowa względnie wodne roztwory soli, alkoholi lub glikoli. Wszystkie te czynniki mają matą pojemność cieplną, co przy transporcie dużych strumieni energii daje duże średnice rurociągów i moce pompowania. Większe możliwości transportu energii mają zawiesiny lodowe dzięki magazynowaniu chłodu w fazie stałej (kryształkach lodu), lednak muszą one pracować w temperaturach poniżej punktu krzepnięcia wody. Optymalny powinien być układ, w którym czynnik krążący we wtórnym obiegu ma właściwości zbliżone do zawiesin lodowych, ale w zakresie temperatury typowym dla wody lodowej, to jest +5° ÷ + 12°C. Możliwości takie pojawiają się, jeżeli zawiesina będzie utworzona z odpowiednio dobranych hydratów niektórych soli lub drobin zawierających materiały PCM ulegających przemianie fazowej we wspomnianym powyżej zakresie temperatury.

EN

The secondary circuits of air-conditioning systems are usually filled up with chilled-water or agueous solutions of salts, alcohols or glycols. Ali of these agents have a smali heat capacity, so for the reason of transport of large streams of energy, the large diameter pipelines and large capacity of pumping equipment are required. Greater possibilities for transport of energy have the ice slurries with cold storage in solid phase (free-flowing crystals of ice). However, they must operate at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. Optimal seems to be solution, in which the fluid circulating in the secondary loop has properties similar to the ice slurries, but in rangę of a typical temperature for chilled water, this is a +5° ÷ + 12°C. Such opportunities appear, if the secondary loop slurry contains carefully selected partides ofsome salts hydrates or PCM materials having the phase change phenomena inside mentioned above temperature range.

2

Osiągnięcia techniczne i technologiczne kopalń Jastrzębskiej Spółki Węglowej SA

Holeksa A., Budziszewski Z., Pluta Z., Dobrzyński R.

Wiadomości Górnicze

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2013

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R. 64, nr 10

557--577

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano Jastrzębską Spółkę Węglową SA oraz zakłady górnicze działające w jej strukturze organizacyjnej. Opisano warunki geologiczno-górnicze wraz z zagrożeniami naturalnymi w istotny sposób wpływającymi na bezpieczeństwo zatrudnionych załóg. Przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia rozwoju technicznego i technologicznego kopalń JSW SA będącego efektem konsekwentnej polityki Spółki zakładającej poszukiwanie i wdrażanie takich nowoczesnych rozwiązań.

EN

This paper characterizes Jastrzębie Coal Company SA and mines operating in its organizational structure. The geological and mining conditions and the natural hazards which significantly affect the safety of the employed crews were described. The paper presents selected aspects of technical and technological development of the mines of JSW SA, being the effect of the consistent policy of the Company assuming the exploration and implementation of such modern solutions.

3

Vertical Fall of a Body Under Free Motion

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 4

56-72

EN

The paper aims at the kinetics of a body under free fall, especially free body motion, the motion occurring in the Earth environs space, that is in the range of the gravity action. A new adequate theory of such a motion, opening new not known kinetic magnitudes, has been elaborated. This theory has its source, which is the dependence of the way length on time. That is the way characteristics created in this work. The worked out theory has been verified by experiment, referred to two different realities. One of them was the body motion in the air environment of the Earth environs space, with the second one occurring in a determined machining space-time. The adequate earth acceleration/gravity has been calculated taking advantage of the theory elaborated; and its value, as indicated, is equal 3.85 mźs-2. Two kinds of accelerations have been separated: inertial and gravitational. The relations occurring between their values on the neighbouring potential fields, unstable, and stable, have been discovered. That discovery indicates on the existence of quantum nature of gravitation.

4

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Solid

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 2

60-71

EN

The paper is to present the developed thermodynamic characteristics of a solid. The existent description of dependence of temperature on the proper entropy (thermal capacitance) was used as the beginning point of the considerations. A critical evaluation of the picture of that dependence was a consecutive link of the considerations. Furthermore, an adequate description of the discussed heat phenomenon, taking into account the detailed characteristics of the entropy growth characteristics, has been presented. This characteristics indicates a clear quantum character of the studied reality, reflected by the potentials, proper and gained, respectively. These magnitudes are the measures of the proper and gained specific energies of this thermodynamic factor. The dependence of temperature on the specific energy has been described to formulate a formula on the heat work. At the end the dependence between the specific heat and the entropy constant is derived. In conclusion, a quantum nature of macroscopic reality has been noticed together with the definition of the heat energy notion. The necessity of noticing the description of any other reality in this scale has been indicated.

5

Quantum Nature of Vehicle Motion

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 8, iss. 1

37--48

EN

The paper presents a new adequate look on the character of motion of any material body, such as moving vehicle. It has been proved, that motion of material bodies has a quantum character. Due to this their consecutive energetic states are obtained by a jump. The phenomenon of quantum in the reference to vehicle kinetics has been derived by indicating its place on the background of characteristics of whole mechanics. The length of vehicle way in particular phases of its motion is that source characteristics the derivatives of which form the development of motion description of a material solid/body. It has been indicated that the quantum nature of body motion does not depend on its magnitude. Thus, as has been noticed, there is an analogy between the macro-body motion and electron motion which change its energy also by jump, by getting from one orbit (energetic level) to another.

6

On the Quantum Theory of Impact Phenomenon for the Conditions of Elastic Deformation of Impacted Body

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 7, iss. 1

45--59

EN

The work contains some of the elements of adequate quantum theory of impact phenomenon. These elements form the prelude to verification of the existent non-adequate theory of the impact phenomenon. At first a correct definition of impact has been formulated. For comparison, the interpretation of the elastic impact according to the existent knowledge is given. Then, taking advantage of the new correctly formulated the principle of mechanical energy conservation, the energetic states of impacting body have been described. Basing on this, the formula on dynamic deflection has been derived. This formula is adequate in character and fully corresponds with investigated reality.

7

On the Groundless Use of Mathematics Concerning the d’Alembert’s Rule

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 7, iss. 2

85--101

EN

The paper discusses the groundless use of mathematics. This question has been explained mainly based on example of the so called d`Alembert’s rule which unfortunately still functions in science none the less it has been based on a fiction, contrary to the truth cognition as the fundamental purpose of science. That pejorative feature of the mentioned paradigm is marked very clearly in the paper to evaluate it negatively as the only one possible note. Next the adequate characteristics of variable body motion has been presented and the description of Atwood device given in view of explaining the essence of a real equilibrium of the system of material bodies where their real inertia is of importance. In conclusion the characteristics of real inertia force being the measure of this inertia is presented. The erroneous up-to-date view concerning the measure of body inertia, assuming mass as the measure of this magnitude enabling free manipulation of the acceleration value, has been revealed. At the end it is stressed that acceleration is always positive in its nature and is existent in each condition of the material reality.

8

Novel Theory of Mathematical Pendulum. Part 2

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 9, iss. 2

186-201

EN

The paper is concerned on a new adequate theory of a simple mathematical pendulum. Part 1 of the paper was devoted to the behaviour of pendulum in particular points, that is central and terminal/extremum ones. This Part 2 of the theory begins with the analysis of path length of the pendulum weight. Then the kinetics of the pendulum weight is analyzed by separating and the descriptions of differentiated motion of this body in the consecutive neighbouring space-times corresponding with particular quarter-periods. It is about accelerated free variable motion and the following after it a retarded motion of this kind, and then again accelerated, etc. In the summary, further elaborations in the subject are forecasted, regarding both dynamics and energy of the flat mathematical pendulum. It is indicated that the necessity to “rethink” many existent theories is of importance.

9

Novel Theory of Mathematical Pendulum. Part 1

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 9, iss. 2

136-145

EN

In the paper, a new adequate theory of a simple mathematical pendulum is presented. This paper consists of two parts. In Part 1, the behaviour of pendulum in particular points, that is in central and terminal/extremum ones have been analyzed very carefully in detail. System of forces in these points was considered with a special attention turned towards the terminal points where the equilibrium of forces occurs and in the next moment the lack of that equilibrium takes place with the proof of the open polygon of forces as the condition of beginning of accelerated free variable motion. Part 2 of the paper is to be devoted to the kinetics of the pendulum weight presented by separating in it the descriptions of differentiated motion of this body in the consecutive neighbouring space-times corresponding with particular quarter-periods. In the conclusion, further elaborations in the subject are forecasted, regarding both dynamics and energy of the flat mathematical pendulum.

10

Novel Modeling of the Phenomenon of Air-Cooled Solid

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 1

1-16

EN

The paper turns the attention to the thermal problems of the solid cooling in air. The physical aspect of mathematic approach has been underlined. The analysis and critical evaluation of Newton's Law concerning the solid air-cooling have been performed. The cognitive path leading to the solution is presented with the result being the body temperature dependence on time of cooling down in the air. Then the course of solution concerning the result of the adequate dependence of temperature of the cooled body on time has been presented. In the study, the stress is put on constant magnitudes chich characterize the susceptibility of solid to the cooling in the air. In the end, the synthetic formulation of all functional characteristics of the thermal phenomenon discussed in the paper, have been presented.

11

Mass Moment Determination Using Compound Pendulum

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 3

85-100

EN

This work has been performed to verify the existent knowledge on determination of the mass moment. For the experiment, a compound pendulum was used. The motivation to undertake these studies were experimental results indicating a big discrepancy in mass moments between the values coming from calculations using the definition formula and these obtained from the experiment. In relation to the axial moment the relative error equals 23.6%, whereas regarding the polar moment the error reached 56.4%. Considering the reason of that discrepancy we could find the existent theory not to be adequate. The theory is then considered in view of verifying first the mathematical pendulum and next the physical/ compound pendulum theory. The consideration has been focused on the description of accelerated motion cycle of both pendulums as it was enough to solve the problem. A source differential equation, which serves to solve any quantum phenomena, was used in the study. Then the course of creation of detailed characteristics of the phase of mathematical pendulum accelerated motion is presented as the basis to derive formula on the mass moment of a compound pendulum. At the end this new adequate theory was verified showing the relative error to be less than one per cent.

12

Kinetics of Flexibly Fixed Operating Element of a Rotating Device

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 3

67-84

EN

The work covers the adequate kinetics of the flexibly fixed working element of a rotating device. First the literature background of the problem has been presented, turning the attention on such systems where the phenomenon of centrifugal displacement of a body due to the rotating of the system occurs. Then the general characteristics of the complex motion of working element has been described. The core of the work is the description of the variable component motions, with the starting point of the description being the source differential equation, presenting this type of dependence of the path length on time. The accelerated angular motion and retarded radial motion have been separated, describing these component motions as the function of time. Based on these detailed descriptions, the trajectory equation of working element, the derivatives and further kinetic magnitudes, have been derived. In the conclusion, the cognitive and practical qualities of the presented solutions of the title problem, have been accented.

13

Kinetics, Dynamics and Energy of Solid on the Example of a Tool Fixed Flexibly: Part 3 – Energy

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 10, iss. 2

126-136

EN

This work is a continuation of the problems of kinetics and dynamics of solid on the example of a tool fixed flexibly under cutting. Present work is concerned on the development of work and energy. A special attention has been paid to the work description by underlying a distinctness and lack of connection with the energy notion. Polarization of these two magnitudes has been revealed. An adequate and extended definition of energy in general, with mechanical energy in particular, is formulated. There are three kinds of mechanical energy considered, located on the stable static potential field being one of the limits of the machining space-time. They are the following energies: repel, inertial, and gravitational. Proper measures/potentials have been assigned to these energies, treating the energy as a mental notion, having no physical meaning in contrast to the potential as the physical magnitude.

14

Kinetics, Dynamics and Energy of Solid on the Example of a Tool Fixed Flexibly: Part 2 - Dynamics

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 10, iss. 1

110-118

EN

This work is a continuation of the problems of kinetics, dynamics, and energy of solid on the example of a tool fixed flexibly under cutting. The work consists with three parts. Part 1 covered the kinetics of the system. Present work is devoted to the dynamics of a tool in the machining space-time. Dynamic characteristics of the whole machining system are considered by determining forces being the measures of particular reasons for material cutting. The reasons are the following forces: gravity, inertia, and repel. In the last Part 3 of the work, a special attention is to be paid to the work description and the energy notion.

15

Kinetics, Dynamics and Energy of Solid on the Example of a Tool Fixed Flexibly: Part 1 – Kinetics

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 10, iss. 1

35-47

EN

This work investigates kinetics, dynamics and energy of solid on the example of a tool fixed flexibly under the process of cutting. The original approach to the tool kinetics was considered by the Authors earlier. This work consists with three parts referred to the kinetics, dynamics, and energy of solid. Present work is concerned on the development of kinetics problems of a solid represented by a tool fixed flexibly and is a continuation of the problem. Part 1 covers the definition and characteristics of the machining space-time and is referred generally to the kinetics. Then the kinetic and dynamic magnitudes characterizing tool in the space-time are described. The set of these magnitudes has been extended by introducing the properly understood impulse and time-effect. Part 2 of the work is to consider the dynamics of tool in the machining space-time. In Part 3, types of works in the machining space-time and energy of the tool fixed flexibly will be considered; the focus is to be put on an essential difference between work and energy.

16

Heat Absorption by a Thermal System

Pluta Z., Hrynkiewicz Z.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 1

17-32

EN

The work deals with revealing the quantum nature of the heat absorption phenomenon by a thermal system, describing the phenomenon with a proper energetic interpretation. At first, the existent description of the heat absorption phenomenon by a system has been described. Then the mechanicalthermal analogy was introduced, using it for a better explanation of the determined thermal notions. A set of characteristics of the heat absorption phenomenon was developed by taking advantage of this analogy. The starting point from the source thermal characteristics, being differential dependence of thermal force on temperature, has been regarded. That made it possible to achieve a detail solution, being the reason model of the described natural system, which is the model having a physical sense.

17

Critics of Existent Theory of Mathematical Pendulum. Part 2

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 8, iss. 3

195-204

EN

In the second part of the paper, the thesis is proved to state that the existent theory describes simply a shadow of the rotating apparent mathematical pendulum. Hence, it appears, even that existent description is not sufficiently adequate. Finally, all defects of the theory, which resulted in so inadequate description of the oscillation motion of the simple mathematical pendulum, have been revealed. The necessity to re-build the existent theory has been indicated in the conclusion. Return to the source is to be the first, essential step on the new path of the cognitive action.

18

Critics of Existent Theory of Mathematical Pendulum. Part 1

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 8, iss. 2

113-122

EN

In the framework of this paper a deep critics of existent theory of the simple mathematical pendulum is presented. This work consists of two parts. In the first part of the paper, a thesis is stated to derive a mystification character of the theory. The up-to-date, excerpted from the literature, descriptions of the oscillation motion of the mathematical pendulum, are delivered. This part of the paper is to show that the existent theory describes simply a shadow of the rotating apparent mathematical pendulum. The necessity to re-build the existent theory has been indicated.

19

Adequate Theory of Vertical Motion of a Mass-Elastic System

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 6

116-136

EN

The paper covers an adequate theory on vertical motion of the mass-elastic system. This system is an oscillator with the motion being a free harmonic motion. The first extended link of the consideration presents a critical analysis of the existent knowledge referred to this subject. Then the energetic states of the oscillator have been determined. Next the force characteristics of the free harmonic motion of the oscillator are presented. A general source equation of the path/way length and the resulting detailed forms, signalizing extensive possibilities to build up the characteristics, have been presented. Finally the connections between the characteristics of real and simulative motions were derived. It should be added that this first mentioned motion is the subject of adequate description presented here. The simulated motion is referred to the existent classical theory which has been subjected under a critical consideration.

20

Adequate Force Characteristics of a Friction System

Pluta Z., Hryniewicz T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 8, iss. 1

20--26

EN

In the paper, at first some remarks concerning friction are presented by the definition of the friction itself, as well as its essential force characteristics. An adequate definition of friction is introduced, and moreover a correct its characteristics. Next the statics, dynamics, and kinematics of the friction system is given, forming the force characteristics of this system for each of the mechanical behaviours, taking into account real inertia forces of the body under friction. Three types of coefficients of sliding friction have been separated, namely: coefficient of static friction, dynamic friction, and kinematic friction. Then the comparative analysis of existent and new knowledge on the force characteristics of friction process has been presented. The consideration on how to determine the coefficient of static friction has also been carried out. Reflections on the possibilities to form further force characteristics of the friction process are presented to develop this work with some final remarks directing the attention on the conditions of development of science on friction.