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1

Ensemble machine learning and simulated annealing for behaviour prediction of a diesel engine fuelled with dimethyl ether

Pham Dinh Trung, Ngoc Diep, Grochowalska Joanna, Nguyen Lan Huong, Pham Duc, Bui Van Hung, Chau Thanh Hieu, Dang Thanh Nam, Le Huu Cuong

Polish Maritime Research

|

2026

|

nr 2

85--97

EN

This study introduces a novel hybrid approach based on ensemble machine learning prediction and simulated annealing for the optimisation and minimisation of emissions from dimethyl ether (DME)-diesel fuel combustion compression ignition engines. Experimental data were obtained from a commercial, four-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine (Model 4113) under different load conditions, with varying blends of DME and diesel. Key emissions (NOx, CO, and HC), the brake mean effective pressure and the blend ratio were measured with high precision by AVL analysers. Multiple regression models were built and compared, including support vector regression (SVR) and XGBoost, with rigorous hyperparameter tuning. SVR yielded better performance for NOx (test R2 = 0.820) and HC (test R2 = 0.854), although both models achieved good accuracy for CO (SVR test R2 = 0.854; XGBoost test R2 = 0.731). A correlation analysis showed that there was a strong positive link between engine load and NOx, and good HC reduction with higher DME content. The trained ensemble models were implemented as objective functions in a simulated annealing algorithm to achieve multi-objective optimisation of critical engine parameters. The proposed approach has a high level of predictive reliability and effective global search capability, and provides a computationally efficient pathway for emission control in alternative fuel engines. These findings provide support for the broader use of DME as a clean, renewable fuel for compliance with stringent future emission standards.

2

Wytwarzanie paliwa alternatywnego oraz jego rola w nowoczesnej gospodarce odpadami - stan obecny i perspektywy

Bień Jurand

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2026

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T. 57, nr 2

26--31

PL

Odpadowe paliwa alternatywne stanowią istotny element nowoczesnej gospodarki odpadami, wpisując się w cele transformacji energetycznej oraz gospodarki cyrkularnej. Artykuł przedstawia definicje i charakterystykę paliw alternatywnych, obejmujących m.in. kod odpadu 19 12 10 zgodnie z katalogiem odpadów. Omówiono skład surowcowy tych paliw oraz procesy przetwarzania odpadów prowadzące do ich wytworzenia. Zaprezentowano aktualny stan rynku paliw alternatywnych w Polsce – wielkość produkcji, stopień wykorzystania energetycznego oraz rozmieszczenie geograficzne zarówno podmiotów wytwarzających, jak i zużywających te paliwa. Przeanalizowano bariery rozwoju rynku (np. nadwyżka produkcji nad krajowym zużyciem, uwarunkowania prawne) oraz czynniki sprzyjające (rosnące moce przerobowe, zainteresowanie inwestycjami w spalarnie, korzyści klimatyczne). Wskazano prognozy i kierunki dalszego rozwoju, uwzględniając krajowe potrzeby ograniczenia składowania odpadów i unijne cele gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym.

EN

Alternative fuels are an important component of modern waste management, aligning with the goals of energy transition and circular economy. This paper presents definitions and characteristics of alternative fuels, including the waste code 19 12 10 according to the waste catalog. The material composition of these fuels and the waste processing methods leading to their production are discussed. The current status of the alternative fuel market in Poland is presented – the volume of production, degree of energy recovery, and geographical distribution of both producing and consuming entities. The analysis covers market development barriers (e.g. surplus production over domestic usage, legal conditions) and driving factors (increasing processing capacities, investment interest in incineration, climate benefits). Forecasts and development directions are indicated, taking into account national needs to reduce landfilling and EU circular economy targets.

3

Threats to shipping in the black sea and their global impact

Nitsenko Vitalij, Vlasenko Tatiena, Stakhov A., Golubkova I., Gerasymchuk Nataliia, Petrychenko O.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 128

145--162

EN

The article examines the threats to cargo transportation in the Black Sea and the directions of their impact on the maritime transport industry both regionally and globally. The assessment of the military component of these threats is important for all aspects of the transport fleet, primarily because the significance of military threats is greater than that of other risks to maritime transport. In particular, it is indicated that the consequences of threats to the merchant fleet due to hostilities in the Black Sea are not only sunken and damaged vessels, people lost, but also dynamic changes in freight rates and even an increase in the average service life of merchant vessels of the warring parties. This increases the risks of accidents and has already led to significant threats to marine biocenosis, which contradicts the principles of green shipping. The above principles, as proven by research, are also contradicted by the trend of reducing the development of alternative fuel infrastructure, which leads to a reduction in the possibilities of its further use by merchant fleet vessels. The importance of introducing fragmented logistics schemes, primarily expanding the use of the ro-ro network, for reducing the impact of threats is noted. The study confirms that the threat of sea pollution with a significant uncertain component is also represented by the systematic illegal transshipment of oil products in the open sea to avoid sanctions. At the same time, the study indicates that the significant uncertainty of wartime threats complicates the relevant assessment and forecasting of the parameters of all aspects of maritime transportation. It is also noted that the impact of the uncertainty of military risks limits the use of recursive vector autoregression for forecasting the freight rate. Therefore, a mathematical model is proposed to separate uncertainty from the impact of other factors that are considered as "colored" noise. It is also proposed to use an interval approach with an uneven distribution of the resulting function over the area of existence with its subsequent refinement by parameter estimation methods with other metrics. The mathematical model allows taking into account the different orientations of the impact vectors of uncertain factors, which increases the relevance of the forecast. The increasing relevance of maritime transport forecasts will contribute to risk prevention measures and resource provision to mitigate their consequences. Taking into account the uncertain component of risks is important not only in wartime, since this component is also present in maritime transport risks in peacetime. This will ensure the appropriate level of sustainability of cargo transportation by sea, reasonably shape the directions for the introduction of digital, green technologies, methods for optimizing logistics routes, etc.

4

An overview of the progress in the use of compressed natural gas in Nigeria

Bolaji Deborah O., Bello Kazeem A., Bolaji Bukola O.

Nafta-Gaz

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2025

|

R. 81, nr 6

417--423

EN

The world is shifting away from petrol and oil-based energy sources, which have been linked to environmental degradation and global warming. To address these environmental issues and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, the transition from conventional gasoline-powered vehicles to natural gas (CNG) vehicles has recently gained traction. This paper presents an overview of the progress made in the use of compressed natural gas as viable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel in Nigeria. The efforts made thus far by the Nigerian government in embracing the use of CNG and the projects executed to ensure a smooth transition from the use of conventional fuels to natural gas fuels are discussed. In addition to the existing CNG stations across the country, twelve new stations were installed in two major cities, and the government officially launched hundreds of CNG intra- and inter-state buses in July 2024. It has also established centres for the conversion of existing petrol and diesel vehicles to CNG vehicles, with the goal of alleviating the hardships faced by Nigerians as a consequence of the removal of petrol subsidies. It is suggested that the hazards associated with CNG storage, such as in vessels, tanks, and cylinders, should be critically assessed because their explosions are almost always unexpected and disastrous. Also, possible activities that could potentially lead to explosions should be identified for proper protection.

PL

Na całym świecie obserwuje się odchodzenie od źródeł energii opartych na benzynie i ropie naftowej, które przyczyniają się do degradacji środowiska i globalnego ocieplenia. W celu przeciwdziałania tym negatywnym zjawiskom i ograniczenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych w sektorze transportu, coraz częściej rezygnuje się z konwencjonalnych pojazdów napędzanych benzyną na rzecz pojazdów zasilanych gazem ziemnym. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono analizę postępów w zakresie wykorzystania sprężonego gazu ziemnego (CNG) jako realnego i ekologicznego paliwa alternatywnego w Nigerii. Omówiono działania podjęte przez rząd nigeryjski na rzecz rozwoju infrastruktury CNG oraz projekty realizowane w celu zapewnienia płynnego przejścia z paliw konwencjonalnych na paliwa gazowe. Oprócz funkcjonujących już na terenie kraju stacji CNG, uruchomiono dwanaście nowych obiektów w dwóch głównych miastach, a w lipcu 2024 roku rząd oficjalnie wprowadził do użytku setki międzymiastowych i miejskich autobusów zasilanych CNG. Ponadto, utworzono centra konwersji pojazdów benzynowych i wysokoprężnych na jednostki zasilane gazem ziemnym, aby złagodzić trudności ekonomiczne mieszkańców Nigerii wynikające z likwidacji subsydiów na benzynę. Zwrócono również uwagę na konieczność przeprowadzania dokładnej oceny zagrożeń związanych z magazynowaniem CNG w zbiornikach, zasobnikach i cylindrach, ponieważ ich eksplozje są niemal zawsze nieprzewidywalne i mogą mieć katastrofalne skutki. Podkreślono także potrzebę identyfikacji działań mogących prowadzić do takich zdarzeń w celu zapewnienia odpowiedniego poziomu bezpieczeństwa.

5

Investigation and characterization of polypropylene plastic waste pyrolysis oil: Effect of temperature and fractional condensation

Mufrodi Zahrul, Syamsiro Mochamad, Biddinika Muhammad Kunta, Hakika Dhias Cahya, Prawisudha Pandj, Budiasih Kun Sri, Purnomo Chandra Wahyu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 1

163--172

EN

The escalating accumulation of polypropylene (PP) plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges, requiring innovative waste management strategies. Pyrolysis of plastic waste presents a promising approach for sustainable production of alternative fuels. However, pyrolysis oil possesses undesirable properties for direct fuel applications, requiring additional upgrading steps before being utilized for specific purposes. Fractionation offers an effective method for the separation of pyrolysis oil. This study investigates the pyrolysis of PP plastic waste with three-stage condensers system, focusing on the effect of temperature and fractional condensation on the yield and characteristics of pyrolysis oil. Experiments were conducted within temperature range of 400, 410, 425, 430, 440, to 450 °C, with the aim of optimizing the generation of liquid products. The pyrolysis vapors were sequentially passed through three condensers. Results indicate that the maximum bio-oil was obtained at 450 °C as optimum temperature, which consists of 2.32% gases (C1–C5), 41.94% gasoline (C6–C11), 44.15% kerosene (C12–C20), and 11.59% residue (> C20). The distribution of compounds was influenced by fractional condensers, with the highest relative contents of compounds obtained from condenser 1, 2, and 3 were gasoline (79.28%), kerosene (51.97%), and gasoline (55.21%), respectively. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the chemical and physical properties of bio-oils. The characterization results reveal that the pyrolysis oil obtained from PP plastic waste are dominated with 1-heptene-5-methyl (C8H16). The composition of pyrolysis oil demonstrated favourable and suitable properties for potential applications as renewable fuels and chemical feedstocks.

6

Paliwa z odpadów jako istotny element transformacji energetycznej

Kowal Marta, Szulik Wojciech, Winkler Magdalena

Energetyka

|

2025

|

nr 9

510--516

PL

W artykule przedstawiono znaczenie paliw z odpadów (RDF i SRF) jako paliw alternatywnych możliwych do wykorzystania w sektorze energetycznym, ciepłowniczym i cementowym, w kontekście transformacji energetycznej i gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym (GOZ). Wskazano na rosnącą rolę tych paliw w redukcji emisji gazów cieplarnianych oraz zmniejszaniu ilości odpadów kierowanych na składowiska. Przedstawiono zalety paliw z odpadów. Podkreślono rolę paliw z odpadów w zwiększaniu niezależności energetycznej oraz poprawie efektywności surowcowej, co wpisuje się w dążenie do zrównoważonego rozwoju i nowoczesnej, niskoemisyjnej gospodarki.

EN

The article presents the importance of fuels produced from various types of waste (Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) and Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)) as alternative fuels that can be used in power, heating and cement sectors in the context of energy transition and the circular economy (CE). The article highlights the growing role of alternative fuels in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of waste sent to landfill. The advantages of waste derived fuels are indicated. The article also underlines the role of waste derived fuels in increasing energy independence and improving resource efficiency, which is in line with the striving for sustainability and a modern, low-carbon economy.

7

Hydrogen as an alternative energy source in railway vehicles

Kowalski Piotr, Kołodziejczak Krzysztof, Frąckowiak Eryk

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2024

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Nr 3-4

13--17

EN

The potential of hydrogen related to the popularization of alternative energy sources is confirmed by the "Green Deal" implemented by the European Commission, which aims to reduce CO2 emissions in transport by 30% by 2030 and ultimately achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Additionally, the geopolitical situation in the world , characterized by increasingly difficult access to conventional energy sources, resulting in increasing costs of their purchase, confirms the validity of taking up the topic in the area of hydrogen drives in railway vehicles. The article classifies fuels that power railway vehicles. Hydrogen fuel is presented as an alternative to powering railway vehicles. A review of railway vehicles and countries that currently have and are introducing hydrogen-powered vehicles. The advantages and threats of introducing hydrogen as a power source in railway vehicles are presented. Plans in Poland regarding the construction of hydrogen-powered railway vehicles and the planned construction of infrastructure accompanying the fuel in question were presented. The legal requirements accompanying the introduction of a railway vehicle powered by hydrogen fuel into operation in Poland are presented.

8

Quality Improvement of Refuse-Derived Fuel from Landfill Mining

Prihartanto Prihartanto, Trihadiningrum Yulinah, Kholiq Muhammad Abdul, Warmadewanthi I.D.A.A., Bagastyo Arseto Yekti

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 12

298--313

EN

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) utilization as an alternative fuel has encountered obstacles in complying with industrial quality standards. This study aimed to improve landfill-mined RDF quality for acceptable calorific values (CV), moisture, volatile, ash, fixed carbon, chlorine, and sulfur contents by the cement industry and coal-fired steam power plant. For eight consecutive working days, a minimum of 100 kg of mined material was sampled randomly from transport trucks. Each sample was separated into three fractions: fine (< 10 mm), medium (10–30 mm), and rough (> 30 mm). RDF ratio of plastic : wood and garden waste, originating from a rough fraction, were set at 20:80 to 80:20 with a 10-point interval, including controls at 0:100 and 100:0. Moisture, CV, volatile solids, ash, and fixed carbon contents of RDF were determined by ASTM codes, while chlorine and sulfur used APHA/AWWA/WEF standard methods. The RDF optimum ratio was 40:60, which produced CV, air-dried moisture, volatile solids, ash, fixed carbon, chlorine, and sulfur contents were 25.23 ± 0.53 MJ kg-1, 26.11 ± 2.84%, 75.20 ±1.21%, 21.18 ± 0.76%, 3.62 ± 0.63%, 0.129 ± 0.009%, and 0.058 ± 0.004%, respectively. These results met industrial RDF quality standards except for moisture, ash, and fixed carbon contents, which needed process improvements at the RDF processing plant.

9

Green-strategic analysis of the use of pellets from selected wood and waste materials for heating purposes

Ogórek Marzena, Bala-Litwiniak Agnieszka

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2024

|

nr 1

39--49

EN

The paper presents the possibilities of using wood, waste and energy plant biomass as a material for the production of fuels in the form of pellets. Pine sawdust, energy willow chips, sunflower husk and corn straw were analysed. The materials were pelletized. Selected physicochemical properties and elemental composition were determined. It has been shown that the best alternative to replace wood pellets can be pellets made from both energy willow and sunflower husks. Sunflower husk pellets were selected as the most promising fuel and subjected to a strategic analysis using the SWOT/TOWS method. Based on the analyses, it was shown that sunflower husk pellets, due to their competitive price, appropriate physicochemical parameters and wide availability, can be successfully used as a fuel in boilers adapted to burn wood pellets and more.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania biomasy drzewnej, odpadowej i pochodzącej z upraw energetycznych jako materiału do produkcji paliw w formie pelletów. Analizie poddano trociny sosnowe, zrębki wierzby energetycznej, łuskę słonecznika i słomę kukurydzianą. Materiały poddano procesowi pelletyzacji. Określono ich wybrane właściwości fizykochemiczne i skład elementarny. Wykazano, że najlepszą alternatywą dla pelletu z drewna mogą być pellety zarówno wytworzone z wierzby energetycznej, jak i łuski słonecznika. Jako najlepiej rokujące paliwo wytypowano pellet z łuski słonecznika i poddano go analizie strategicznej z wykorzystaniem metody SWOT/TOWS. Wykazano, że pellet z łuski słonecznika ze względu na konkurencyjną cenę, odpowiednie parametry fizykochemiczne i szeroką dostępność może być z powodzeniem stosowany jako paliwo w kotłach przystosowanych do spalania pelletów drzewnych i nie tylko.

10

Analiza możliwości wykorzystania osadów ściekowych powstających w oczyszczalni ścieków w Rzeszowie w celach energetycznych

Czarnota Joanna, Masłoń Adam, Nowak Krzysztof, Ustrobiński Marek

Technologia Wody

|

2023

|

Nr 3 (81)

31-37

PL

W ciągu najbliższych kilku lat przemysł ciepłowniczy - energetyka zawodowa ma stopniowo odejść od węgla kamiennego na cz alternatywnych źródeł energii. Takie zmiany determinowane są przede wszystkim rosnącą ceną węgla kamiennego, a tak-polityką klimatyczną Unii Europejskiej i powiązanym z nią systemem handlu uprawnieniami do emisji dwutlenku węgla. Z drugiej strony obserwowany kryzys energetyczny, wynikający w dużym stopniu z pandemii i wojny w Ukrainie, powoduje konieczność poszukiwania alternatywnych paliw zastępujących paliwa konwencjonalne. W obliczu obecnej sytuacji i konieczności poszukiwania innych źródeł energii - zastosowanie paliwa z odpadów, biomasy, czy osadów ściekowych stanowi kierunek przyszłościowy dla branży energetycznej. Mając na uwadze, że w ostatnich latach, w wyniku intensywnej rozbudowy infrastruktury komunalnej służącej do odprowadzania oraz oczyszczania ścieków, przybywa coraz więcej komunalnych osadów ściekowych, zasadnym jest ich wykorzystanie w energetyce zawodowej np. ciepłowniach czy elektrociepłowniach. W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienie związane z możliwością wykorzystania osadów ściekowych w celach energetycznych na przykładzie oczyszczalni ścieków w Rzeszowie.

EN

Over the next few years, the heating industry, including the commercial power industry, is to gradually move away from coal favor of alternative energy sources. These changes are determined primarily by the growing price of coal, as well as the climate policy of the European Union and the related carbon dioxide emission allowance trading system. On the other hand, the observed energy crisis, resulting to a large extent from the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, makes it necessary to look alternative fuels to replace conventional fuels. In the face of the current situation and the need to look for other energy sources - the use of fuel from waste, biomass or sewage sludge is a future direction for the energy industry. Bearing in mind it in recent years, as a result of the intensive development of municipal infrastructure used for sewage disposal and treatment, there is an increasing amount of municipal sewage sludge, it is reasonable to use them in professional power engineering, e.g. heating plants or combined heat and power plants. The paper presents an issue related to the possibility of using municipal sewage sludge for energy purposes on the example of in the Rzeszów WWTP.

11

Understanding fuel saving and clean fuel strategies towards green maritime

Van Nhanh Nguyen, Rudzki Krzysztof, Dzida Marek, Pham Nguyen Dang Khoa, Pham Minh Tuan, Nguyen Phuoc Quy Phong, Nguyen Xuan Phuong

Polish Maritime Research

|

2023

|

nr 2

146--164

EN

Due to recent emission-associated regulations imposed on marine fuel, ship owners have been forced to seek alternate fuels, in order to meet the new limits. The aim of achieving low-carbon shipping by the year 2050, has meant that alternative marine fuels, as well as various technological and operational initiatives, need to be taken into account. This article evaluates and examines recent clean fuels and novel clean technologies for vessels. The alternative fuels are classified as low-carbon fuels, carbon-free fuels, and carbon neutral fuels, based on their properties. Fuel properties, the status of technological development, and existing challenges are also summarised in this paper. Furthermore, researchers have also investigated energy-saving devices and discovered that zero-carbon and virtually zero-carbon clean fuels, together with clean production, might play an important part in shipping, despite the commercial impracticability of existing costs and infrastructure. More interestingly, the transition to marine fuel is known to be a lengthy process; thus, early consensus-building, as well as action-adoption, in the maritime community is critical for meeting the expectations and aims of sustainable marine transportation.

12

Technology of obtaining mixed alternative fuel based on organic substances for mining technological transport engines

Melnyk Vasyl, Romanyshyn Liubomyr, Mosora Yurii, Kotwica Krzysztof

Management Systems in Production Engineering

|

2023

|

nr 1 (31)

71--77

EN

In connection with the increase in the price of fuel based on hydrocarbons, the search and use of alternative types of fuel for machines in the mining and oil production industry is quite relevant today. Most of the existing alternative fuels by themselves cannot be considered as ready-to-use motor fuels. One of the ways to solve this problem is to use their mixtures with commercial fuels in certain ratios. This work deals with the development and research of the main characteristics of the mixer for obtaining mixed fuels based on diesel fuel and soybean oil, as well as the results of the study of the physical and operational properties of the obtained mixtures of different volume ratios of diesel fuel and soybean oil. The process of obtaining a mixed alternative fuel based on diesel fuel and soybean oil was implemented on a developed installation consisting of a mixer, the design of which is protected by a patent of Ukraine, and a gear pump. The study of the characteristics of the mixer as part of the installation showed that at a temperature of the components of the alternative fuel of 20°С, with a loss of full pressure on the mixer Δр ≈ (60-65) kPa, the volume consumption of soybean oil reached 10.7.10-6 m3/s. The time of preparation of the fuel mixture in the amount of 195 liters with a content of soybean oil of 10% ranged from 30 to 33 minutes. As research has shown, mixing soybean oil with diesel fuel in the amount of 5-50% vol. provides an improvement in viscosity-temperature properties and makes it possible to use such mixtures in diesel engines without changes in the design of the power supply system and regulation of fuel equipment, which characterizes soybean oil as a promising additive to diesel fuels to improve their technical and operational performance.

13

Study of the droplet size of the discrete phase of a fuel-water emulsion

Niszczota Paweł, Gieras Marian

Journal of KONBiN

|

2023

|

Vol. 53, iss. 4

1--12

EN

In the era of increasing care for the earth's climate, numerous scientific studies are being conducted looking for alternative fuels with reduced emissions. One is a fuel-water emulsion, which has a particularly positive effect on NOx emissions. The article presents tests carried out on a fuel-water emulsion containing from 3% to 15% water and from 1% to 3% emulsifier, aiming to determine the microscopic properties of the developed emulsion. The study focused on the influence of the composition of the tested emulsion, the mixing time of its components and the influence of pumping it through the fuel pump on the size of water droplets of the discrete phase.

PL

W dobie coraz większej dbałości o klimat na Ziemi prowadzone są liczne badania naukowe poszukujące paliw alternatywnych o ograniczonej emisyjności. Jednym z nich jest emulsja paliwowo-wodna, której zastosowanie szczególnie korzystnie wpływa na emisję NOx. W artykule przedstawiono badania przeprowadzone na emulsji paliwowo -wodnej zawierającej od 3% do 15% wody oraz od 1% do 3% emulgatora, których celem było poznanie właściwości mikroskopowych opracowywanej emulsji. Skupiono się na wpływie składu badanej emulsji, czasu mieszania jej składników oraz przepompowania jej przez pompę paliwa na wielkość kropel wodnej fazy dyskretnej.

14

Influence of surfactant addition to emulsion fuels on the hot section of turbine engines

Niszczota Paweł, Gieras Marian

Journal of KONBiN

|

2023

|

Vol. 53, iss. 4

13--25

EN

Due to the growing awareness of ecological threats, more and more attention is paid to the emission problem of undesirable substances into the atmosphere, the source of which is transport and energy. The impact of these factors on the environment can be reduced by using alternative fuels, which are non-fossil fuels, or by modifying these fuels to ensure lower emissions. One of the methods for reducing emissions from engines is the use of water fuel emulsion as fuel, which has a particularly positive effect on the emission of nitrogen oxides at high loads of drive and power units. An important issue affecting the possibility of using this fuel type is the impact of their use on the elements of the units in contact with fuel containing water and, optionally, an emulsifier. This paper presents inspection results of the hot section of a miniature gas turbine powered by Jet-A1 aviation fuel with the emulsifier addition. On the basis of these observations, the components of emulsion fuels were determined, which are the cause of the characteristic deposits occurring on the hot sections of the units after using emulsion fuels.

PL

Ze względu na rosnącą świadomość zagrożeń ekologicznych przykłada się coraz większą wagę do problemu emisji do atmosfery substancji niepożądanych, których źródłem jest transport i energetyka. Jedną z dróg prowadzących do zmniejszenia wpływu tych czynników na środowisko jest wykorzystanie paliw alternatywnych, będących paliwami niekopalnymi, bądź modyfikacja tych paliw zapewniająca mniejszą emisję. Jedną z metod obniżenia emisji z silników jest zastosowanie, jako paliwa, emulsji paliwowo-wodnej, która wpływa szczególnie pozytywnie na emisję tlenków azotu przy dużych obciążeniach jednostek napędowych i energetycznych. Ważną kwestią wpływającą na możliwość zastosowania tego typu paliw jest wpływ ich stosowania na elementy jednostek będące w kontakcie z paliwem zawierającym wodę oraz opcjonalnie emulgator. W niniejszej pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki inspekcji gorącej sekcji miniaturowej turbiny gazowej, która była zasilana paliwem lotniczym Jet-A1 z dodatkiem emulgatora. Na podstawie tych obserwacji określono składniki paliw emulsyjnych będących przyczyną występowania charakterystycznych osadów występujących na gorących sekcjach jednostek po zastosowaniu paliw emulsyjnych.

15

Characteristics of Charcoal Briquettes from Rice Husk Waste with Compaction Pressure Variations as an Alternative Fuel

Yusuf Mega Ayu, Witdarko Yus, Parjono, Pamungkas Wiyan Afriyanto, Suryadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 4

237--243

EN

The availability of increasingly scarce fossil fuels causes high fuel prices, so alternative fuels are needed to reduce the use of fossil energy. Briquettes are an alternative energy that can be made from biomass, one of which is rice husk. The quality of the briquettes was determined by the material, the type of adhesive, and the strength of the briquette pressure. The briquette pressure will affect the mechanical properties of the briquettes such as density, stability and durability of the briquettes. This study aimed to determine the features of rice husk charcoal briquettes with variations in compacting pressure as an alternative fuel. The compaction pressure used in this study was 3 tons, 5 tons, and 7 tons. In general, the briquettes produced from this study can be used as an alternative energy source in terms of the resulting combustion temperature which ranges from more than 300–500 °C.The combustion rate obtained shows that the briquettes with a compaction pressure of 3 tons have a high combustion rate value of 0.553 g/minute, while the briquettes with a compaction pressure of 5 tons and 7 tons have a low combustion rate value of 4.20 g/min and 0.418 g/minute respectively. Therefore, the best quality briquettes from this study were the briquettes with a compaction pressure of 5 tons and 7 tons, so that they could be considered as alternative energy for wood and fossil fuels for energy needs in the domestic industry.

16

Zasilanie alternatywne pojazdów samochodowych

Wornalkiewicz Władysław

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2022

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T. 15

21--50

PL

W obecnych czasach coraz bardziej niepokoi ocieplenie klimatu. Jest ono wynikiem, między innymi, gromadzenia się nadmiernej ilości gazów cieplarnianych, w tym CO2. Z inicjatywy obrońców środowiska powstały w ramach Unii Europejskiej dokumenty, stanowiące wytyczne do obniżania emisji szkodliwych spalin, wydalanych przez masowe ilości pojazdów, poruszających się po drogach Europy i nie tylko. Wytyczne te, przyjęte przez państwa Unii, wskazują na konieczność - w zakresie zasilania pojazdów - na przechodzenie od tradycyjnych paliw kopalnych, na rzecz różnych, mniej szkodliwych dla środowiska kuli ziemskiej. W opracowaniu zaprezentowano tradycyjne paliwa do samochodów, tendencje w zakresie upowszechniania ich mniej toksycznych alternatyw oraz akty normatywne, wskazujące kierunki badań nad ich wdrożeniem. Zwrócono uwagę, na istniejący w Polsce stan w zakresie infrastruktury technicznej do dystrybucji nowych rodzajów paliw. Wymieniono etapy odejścia od tradycyjnej tzw. benzyny, na rzecz przede wszystkim pojazdów hybrydowych i elektrycznych. Zaprezentowana w skrócie problematyka bazuje na opracowanych pod kierunkiem autora, zaimplementowanych fragmentach pracy magisterskiej [18]. Analiza stanu wdrożenia nowych technologii zasilania pojazdów została pokazana na podstawie wywiadu z przedstawicielem ochrony środowiska i ankietyzacji, przeprowadzonej z pracownikami stacji paliw w mieście Tarnowskie Góry i jej okolicach.

EN

Nowadays, concerns about climate warming are becoming more and more intense. This is due to, inter alia, the accumulation of an excessive amount of greenhouse gases, including CO2. The initiative of environmentalists resulted in preparing documents within the European Union, which constitute guidelines for the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, released by mass quantities of vehicles on the roads of Europe and beyond. In terms of powering vehicles, these guidelines, adopted by the EU countries, specify the need to change from traditional fossil fuels to various, less harmful to the environment, the globe. The paper presents traditional car fuels, trends in the dissemination of their less toxic alternatives and normative acts indicating the directions of research on their implementation. The attention was paid to the state of the art in Poland in terms of technical infrastructure for the distribution of new types of fuels. The stages of resigning from the traditional so-called gasoline for the benefit of hybrid and electric vehicles in particular are specified, as well. The issues presented in short are based on the parts of the master’s thesis prepared under the supervision of the author (Morawiec R., 2022). The analysis of the implementation status of new vehicle power technologies was shown on the basis of an interview with an environmental protection representative and a survey conducted with employees of a petrol station in the city of Tarnowskie Góry and its vicinity.

17

Emisja tlenków azotu podczas współspalania biomasy stałej i rdf w cyrkulacyjnej warstwie fluidalnej

Rajczyk Rafał

Rynek Energii

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2022

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Nr 5

40--47

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań powstawania i emisji tlenków azotu z procesów współspalania biomasy i RDF w warunkach cyrkulacyjnej warstwy fluidalnej. Badania przeprowadzono na stanowisku laboratoryjnym posiadającym kolumnę fluidyzacyjną o wysokości 5,7m i średnicy 0,1m. Współspalano dwa rodzaje biomasy stałej z paliwem typu RDF składającym się przede wszystkim z wyselekcjonowanych odpadów komunalnych, tworzyw sztucznych i zrębek przy udziałach masowych RDF 0 – 100% w mieszaninie paliwowej, resztę stanowiła biomasa. Jako biomasę wykorzystano pelet z wierzby i pelet ze słomy. Badania prowadzono w temperaturze 850oC. Analiza paliw wykazała, że RDF zawierał około 3 razy więcej azotu niż badane biomasy. Zaobserwowano wzrost zawartości NO wraz ze wzrostem udziału RDF w mieszaninie paliwowej. Nie zaobserwowano istotnych różnic w zawartościach NO2, N2O oraz NH3. Stopień konwersji azotu paliwowego do badanych związków azotu spadał wraz ze wzrostem zawartości RDF w mieszaninie paliwowej.

EN

The article presents the research on the formation and emission of nitrogen oxides from the combustion of biomass and refuse derived fuel (RDF) in the circulating fluidized bed. Co-combustion tests were carried out on a laboratory stand with a fluidization column of a 5.7 m height and 0.1 m in diameter. Two types of solid biomass were co-fired with RDF at the mass shares of 0 - 100% in the fuel mixture. Investigated RDF fuel consisted mostly selected municipal waste, plastics and wood chips. Willow pellets and straw pellets were used as a biomass. The tests were carried out at the temperature of 850oC. Fuel analysis showed that RDF contained about 3 times more nitrogen than the co-fired biomasses. An increase in the NO content was observed with the increase of RDF share in the fuel mixture. There were no significant differences in the content of NO2, N2O and NH3. Conversion of the fuel nitrogen to all of the investigated nitrogen compounds decreased with increasing RDF content in the fuel mixture.

18

Poprawa bezpieczeństwa w przetwarzaniu odpadów z wykorzystaniem bezzałogowych statków powietrznych

Parczewski Rafał

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2022

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Nr 1

79--90

PL

Bezzałogowe statki powietrzne mogą odegrać ważną rolę w zapewnianiu właściwego poziomu bezpieczeństwa w gospodarce odpadami w Polsce. Dzięki nowoczesnym funkcjonalnościom systemów bezzałogowych istnieje możliwość ich użycia w przedsiębiorstwach przetwarzających odpady. Zastosowanie najnowszej generacji linii technologicznych pozwoli tym zakładom wytwarzać z odpadów paliwo alternatywne. Drony natomiast mogą zapewnić im bezpieczeństwo. W artykule przedstawiono rolę bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w tym obszarze na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa Recykl S.A. Oddział w Chełmie oraz zagrożenia, z jakimi wiąże się niewłaściwe przechowywanie odpadów.

EN

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can play an important role in ensuring a proper level of security in waste management in Poland. The new functionalities of drones allow for the possibility to use them by businesses processing the waste. Technological lines of the most recent generation can produce alternative waste-derived fuel. Drones can ensure safety in this process, which is discussed in the article on the example of Recykl SA, a company in Chełm. The article also mentions risks, which result from wrong waste storage.

19

Prospects of Decarbonizing Industrial Areas in the Baltic States by Means of Alternative Fuels

Mezulis Ansis, Kleperis Janis, Lesnicenoks Peteris, Zemite Laila

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

152--161

EN

All three Baltic States have reached good figures regarding the change in total greenhouse gas emissions from transport during 1990-2017. Particularly successful is Lithuania, showing a negative value of -2.7%. Latvia considerably lags behind Estonia (+15.1% vs. +1.5%). Amid the achievement of Latvian scientists, engineers and merchants, the authors point out the work of Lithuanian engineers who investigated how gaseous hydrogen affects the parameters of diesel internal combustion engine. Important to note that in the Baltic States, the activities of inland waterway vessels and the shunting locomotives are concentrated in only a few main cities. Regarding that, Baltic scientists and environment specialists nowadays are developing plans also for local air pollution decreasing, which can be carried out in particular cities or industrial areas, thereby allowing for improvements in air cleanliness and the ecological situation in concerned local area. A numerical estimation shows that applying the NYSMART technology, introduced in this paper, will make areas of active action of the high-volume diesels cleaner in the same amount as gained by photosynthesis of the urban green flora. In recent years, the developed technology of hydraulic piston compression allows producing numerous different vehicle fueling appliances for the CNG/bio-CNG fuel. The further development of this technology means the producing of various solutions, applicable at biogas/biomethane production sites, for CNG/bio-CNG compression, transportation and fast natural gas vehicles refueling in a cost effective and convenient way. The hydraulic piston compression and NYSMART have a potential in small and medium-scale technologies and therefore need to be developed further for applications with hydrogen. Production of biomethane and green hydrogen is delayed by the lack of state aid programmes in the Baltic States. Lithuania is on the way to change the situation in the coming years, with one of the first biomethane gas production plants due to be built near Panevėžys, in Šilagalys near the Via Baltica motorway. Summing up all aspects, the preconditions for the use of alternative fuels in the Baltic States are similar, allowing one to learn from other’s experience and to consider joint projects.

20

The use of waste in cement production in Poland – the move towards sustainable development

Uliasz-Bocheńczyk Alicja, Mokrzycki Eugeniusz

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2022

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T. 38, z. 3

67--81

EN

The cement industry has been using waste as a raw material for many years. Waste is also used as alternative fuel. Cement plants are an important element of the waste management system and fit the idea of a circular economy. When waste is recovered in the cement production process, direct and indirect CO2 emissions are partially avoided. This article discusses the cement industry in Poland. The current situation in terms of the use of alternative fuels and raw materials in Poland, the different types of waste and the amount of waste used is discussed. The article discusses changes in the amount of waste (the increase in the amount of waste used as raw materials from the year 2006 to the year 2019) and the types of waste recovered in the cement production process and the possibility of closing material cycles on the plant scale (recycling to the primary process – cement kiln dust) and industry (using waste from other industries: metallurgy – granulated blast furnace slag, iron bearings; energy production – fly ash, reagypsum/phosphogypsum, fluidized bed combustion fly ash, and fluidized bed combustion bottom ash; wastewater treatment plants – sewage sludge, etc.). The analysis shows that the role of cement plants in waste management and the circular economy in Poland is important. Industrial waste from metallurgy, power plants, heat and power plants, wastewater treatment plants, and municipal waste is used as the raw material for the cement industry, leading to an industrial symbiosis.

PL

Przemysł cementowy od wielu lat wykorzystuje odpady przemysłowe i komunalne jako surowce mineralne oraz energetyczne. prowadząc do symbiozy przemysłowej. Cementownie są ważnym elementem systemu gospodarki odpadami i wpisują się w ideę gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Odzysk odpadów w procesie produkcji cementu przekłada się na częściowe uniknięcie bezpośredniej i pośredniej emisji CO2. W artykule omówiono zmiany ilościowe stosowanych odpadów (wzrost ilości odpadów wykorzystywanych jako surowcew latach 2006–2019), jak również rodzaje odpadów poddanych odzyskowi w procesie produkcji cementu oraz możliwość zamknięcia obiegów materiałowych na skalę zakładową (recykling w ramach procesu pierwotnego – pył z pieca cementowego) i przemysłową (wykorzystywanie odpadów z innych gałęzi przemysłu: hutnictwo – granulowany żużel wielkopiecowy, dodatki żelazonośne; produkcja energii – popiół lotny, reagips/fosfogips, popioły fluidalne; oczyszczalnie ścieków – osady ściekowe itp.). Przeprowadzona w artykule analiza wskazuje na istotną rolę cementowni w systemie gospodarki odpadami i gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym w Polsce.