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1

Foraging of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Forests – The Heritage of an Ancient Behaviour?

Tryjanowski P., Grzywaczewski G., Zbyryt A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 3

250--256

EN

The white stork Ciconia ciconia is a typical open-area species, foraging mainly in farmland and wetland areas. The main aim of this paper was to describe the foraging ecology of white storks inside un-typical habitat, i.e. forests in Poland. Data on white stork feeding in forests were based on responses to questionnaires distributed to several national mailing lists with a total of 1700 (16% subscribers) and via emails to naturalists (mainly to white stork researchers). In total 63 observations, from the years 2000-2015, were collected, mainly from eastern Poland. In all cases, only a single adult individual was recorded inside the forest, with a mean (±SD) distance to the forest edge of 50 ± 102 m (n = 597) and 1315 ± 1015 m (n = 63) to the nearest white stork nest. Birds foraging inside forests were recorded from late May to mid-August, but the greatest numbers were seen during June. The main prey was a lizard, the slow-worm Anguis fragilis, with a maximum of 10 individuals collected by a stork during one foraging session. We discuss the origin of the observed foraging behaviour, noting that the species is flexible and opportunistic in terms of consumed food. The observed foraging is probably similar to the original behaviour of the species within primeval forest, although food opportunism helps the white stork to use new foraging areas, for example landfills.

2

Wpływ farm wiatrowych na ptaki - brak jednoznacznych konkluzji

Tryjanowski P.

Czysta Energia

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2016

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Nr 10

26--27

3

Zwierzęta egzotyczne w mieście – hobby o wielu twarzach

Szwajkowski P., Tryjanowski P.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2015

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nr 4

49--51

PL

Na przestrzeni ostatnich kilkunastu lat w Polsce stale rosnącą popularnością cieszą się zwierzęta egzotyczne. Jeszcze w latach 90. XX w. były to przede wszystkim ptaki i ryby akwariowe. Obecnie na rynku dostępne są, w różnorodności gatunków i odmian – gady, płazy, egzotyczne ssaki, a także liczne bezkręgowce, głównie pajęczaki.

EN

Exotic animals became more and more popular in Poland, among them especially reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates. The most common source of purchase is Internet and abroad shows. The possession of this type of animal is related to the risk of escape, which is further increased, considering that still more than 50% of households in Poland is located in a large panel construction. An additional difficulty is poor preparation of appropriate services to intervene in a case of finding exotic reptile or spider.

4

Ptaki w miastach – estetyka, higiena i zdrowie

Indykiewicz P., Tryjanowski P., Gruss M., Kwiatkowska P.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2015

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nr 4

52--56

PL

Rozmieszczenie gatunków ptaków na obszarze miasta nie jest jednolite. Najmniejszą różnorodnością gatunkową charakteryzują się obszary śródmiejskiej zabudowy, gdzie liczebność ptasich populacji jest największa (zagęszczenie jest największe). W polskich miastach łącznie występuje ponad dwieście gatunków ptaków i ogólnie można sformułować zasadę, że im większa aglomeracja, tym więcej można spotkać w niej gatunków ptaków.

EN

A few bird species have successfully adapted to the urban environment, which provides them abundance of antropogenic food supply, numerous nesting areas, relatively low predation pressure and favourable conditions during winter. Feral pigeons, rooks, western jackdaws, mallards and swifts are the most common species found in European cities. The diversity and density of species varies on the characteristics of the particular part of the city, as well as on its size.

5

Niebezpieczne kleszcze

Tryjanowski P., Dudek K.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2015

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nr 7

44--45

PL

Spośród stawonogów, które mogą pasożytować na człowieku, kleszcze (Ixodida) stanowią największe zagrożenie dla zdrowia. Zwierzęta te należą do gromady pajęczaków (Arachnida) i podgromady roztoczy (Acari). Zwierząt tych żyje na świecie aż ok. 860 gatunków, z czego w Polsce spotykanych jest tylko 19 jako gatunki rodzime oraz 11 okazjonalnie zawlekanych z innych regionów.

EN

Ticks are dangerous parasites, often engorged on humans. They are vectors of many pathogens. Most important for public health are Borrelia spp. caused Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis virus. For prevention from tick-borne diseases most important is prevention. People who are endangered for tick infestation should often check their body for this parasites and quick removed possible parasites. There is also vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis virus but not against Lyme disease.

6

Kret – mały dewastator trawników

Tryjanowski P., Dudek K.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2015

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nr 4

57--58

PL

Krety uważane są za szkodniki nie tylko przez działkowców i ogrodników, ale też przez osoby odpowiedzialne za utrzymanie zieleni miejskiej. Zwierzęta te wyrządzają szkody w zasadzie tylko jednym swoim zachowaniem, a mianowicie drążeniem korytarzy wentylacyjnych zakończonych kopcami ziemi. Niestety, nie ma skutecznych metod walki z kretem.

EN

Moles are common animals in environment but rarely visible. Mostly we can see effects of they presence — molehills. This structures are consequences of these mammals behaviour. Moles live in top soil layer and make ventilation corridors with destroy lawns and gardens. In this article we proposed some methods for moles discourage and prevention. However it is difficult to manage with moles in big gardens where lawn area that we have to protect is large because the best option for moles control is putting mechanical barrier, e.g. plastic net under the ground.

7

Dzikie zwierzęta w miastach – dlaczego nie dokarmiać?

Indykiewicz P., Tryjanowski P.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2015

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nr 4

46--48

PL

Czy widok spacerujących po alejkach parkowych dzików z warchlakami lub zimujących w mieście wielkich stad ptaków powinien nas cieszyć, czy martwić? Serce mówi jedno, a rozum podpowiada drugie. Pamiętajmy jednak, że bardzo często gest dobroci, powodowany głosem serca, może okazać się czynem skierowanym przeciwko tym, którym chcemy pomóc.

EN

Birds (and partially also other animals) feeding is a part of our culture, even though birds can do very well without additional help provided by people. Every year huge amount of money is reserved for birds, mainly for food. Bird feeding markets are developing rapidly in many countries. The opponents of such activity (included ecologists) believes, that it gives only ad hoc, short term effect and permanently changes behaviour of birds at the same time. For humans, a contact with bird's excretions and excrements can cause many allergies, diseases and even death in extreme cases. It seems, that if instead of consuming money (or saying generally source like time) for bird feeding, we would spend it on the most important problems for nature protection, that is on preservation of habitat of endangered species then global effect for nature would be much better.

8

Gołębie w miastach - problem czy zaleta?

Dudek K., Tryjanowski P.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2014

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nr 10

66--67

PL

Chyba mało który gatunek zwierzęcia żyjącego w mieście wywołuje takie kontrowersje jak gołąb skalny, a właściwie jego forma miejska – Columba livia f. urbana. Trudno jest znaleźć osobę obojętną na te ptaki. Część mieszkańców jest przeciwna ich obecności, postulując tępienie tych ptaków, część natomiast uważa je za warte ochrony i opieki. Jak pokazują badania ankietowe przeprowadzone przez naukowców z Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku wśród mieszkańców miast Pomorza w 2007 r., przeważa druga opcja.

9

Czy naprawdę wiatraki są szkodliwe dla ptaków?

Dudek K., Tryjanowski P.

Czysta Energia

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2014

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Nr 11

30--31

10

Wpływ elektrowni słonecznych na środowisko przyrodnicze

Tryjanowski P., Łuczak A.

Czysta Energia

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2013

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Nr 1

20--22

11

Lack of synchrony between breeding in two neighbouring starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) populations in New Zealand : evidence of no regional effect of the ENSO?

Flux J., Bull P., Zduniak P., Tryjanowski P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 2

363-369

EN

Weather and climatic conditions may impact on many aspects of bird populations, including population size, the timing of breeding and synchrony between these variables in local populations. We examined synchrony in population size and the laying date of two starling Sturnus vulgaris populations 25 km apart, at Ohau and Belmont, in New Zealand. Data were collected in nest-boxes in both study plots from 1970 to 2003. Additionally we investigated possible relationships with a large geographical climate index, the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Starlings at Ohau bred significantly earlier than at Belmont. The difference in the median of year median date of laying the first egg was 3 days. Simultaneously, the percent of nest boxes used by birds was much higher in Ohau (86%, SE = 4.1) than in Belmont (52%, SE = 2.9). However, we did not find a significant relationship between median dates of laying and the percent of nest boxes used by birds in each breeding season in the two populations. Furthermore, we found no influence of ENSO on (potential) synchrony in starlings. breeding parameters. We suggest that lack of synchrony between two close local populations, both in percentage of occupied nest boxes and time of laying, is due to starlings responding to very local conditions, like food availability. We urge future studies to take advantage of spatially close populations.

12

Autumn sexual display in Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus L.) as a component of the winter survival strategy

Pinowski J., Pinowska B., Zduniak P., Tryjanowski P., Jerzak L., Romanowski J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 1

159-169

EN

The evolution of organisms leads to the elimination of behaviors that are costly in terms of energy. One of such behaviors in the Tree Sparrow Passer montanus is the autumn display during which these birds construct nests. The purpose of this paper is to find out if this behavior is a part of the strategy for winter survival. The study of Tree Sparrows was conducted near Warsaw, Central Poland. During the breeding season, nest boxes were checked to record the presence of Tree Sparrow nests. Before the autumn display, breeding nests were dyed in order to identify nest material added in the period of autumn display. Nestlings in nest boxes, juveniles, and adults captured in mist-nets were banded with different combinations of color bands to identify their age during visual observations in the period of autumn sexual display. Juveniles and adults caught in mist-nets were classified as molted or not molted birds. In winter, nest boxes were checked to catch the birds roosting in them at night. Autumnal sexual display in Tree Sparrows is similar to the spring display. Both adults and juveniles leave the breeding colony in August and return after molt. They form pairs, copulate and build nests in fall. The autumn display is continued from the first ten days of September to early November. The number of Tree Sparrows participating in the autumn display increases with the percentage of the birds that completed molt in the population. In the first half of September, 16% of the population completed molt, while 99% in mid-October. On the average, adult birds formed pairs on 11 September (SD: 7.7 days), and juveniles on 17 September (SD: 8.0 days). Nest construction was started, on the average, 14.2 [plus or minus]8.7 days after pairing. The advance in nest building was dependent on the time of pair formation. Intensive nest building took place in the last 10-days period of September and in October. Early in November, nest building ceased with the onset of cool weather. The last birds to pair did not construct complete autumn nests and in winter they roosted in shrubs or in tree crowns. The building of autumn nest as a consequence of the autumn display, serving as a roosting place in winter, can be a consequence of natural selection promoting this behaviour.

13

Procedury środowiskowe w inwestycjach wiatrowych

Wuczyński A., Chylarecki P., Tryjanowski P.

Czysta Energia

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2009

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Nr 12

20-21

14

Ocena oddziaływania farm wiatrowych na ptaki. Cz. III

Wuczyński A., Tryjanowski P.

Czysta Energia

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2009

|

Nr 4

32-33

15

Ocena oddziaływania farm wiatrowych na ptaki. Cz. II

Tryjanowski P., Wuczyński A.

Czysta Energia

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2009

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Nr 3

20-22

16

Ocena oddziaływania farm wiatrowych na ptaki. Cz. I

Tryjanowski P.

Czysta Energia

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2009

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Nr 2

20-22

17

Intrapopulation variation of egg size in the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Southern Poland

Profus P., Tryjanowski P., Tworek S., Zduniak P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 1

75-78

EN

White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) eggs were studied in Upper Silesia, Southern Poland. The measurements of eggs - their length, breadth, volume and elongation index were collected for 95 nests in years 1974-2002, and repeatability of these measurements was computed. Mean clutch size was 4.05 [plus-minus] 0.82. Mean egg measurements were: 72.10 [plus-minus] 2.18 mm, 52.19 [plus-minus] 1.47 mm, 100.49 [plus-minus] 6.92 cm^3 and 1.38 [plus-minus] 0.05, for length, breadth volume and elongation index, respectively. Coefficients of variation for clutch means ranged from 1.68 (breadth) to 4.37 (volume). Mean repeatability estimates were 0.53, 0.68, 0.63, 0.58 for length, breadth, volume and elongation index, respectively. The results obtained suggest that one should expect relatively low or intermediate heritability of egg dimensions in population studied.

18

Effect of distance between host trees and leaf litter removal on population density of Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, 1986 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) - pest of chestnut (Aesculus sp.) trees

Baraniak E., Walczak U., Tryjanowski P., Zduniak P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

569-574

EN

The influence of distance between host trees and leaf litter removal on population density of Cameraria ohridella have been for the first time examined in an isolated population of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) trees. The observation was performed in the small town (area 13,58 km^2) in Wielkopolska region (West Poland) on the total number of 49 trees: 31 (11 clumps) of them with autumnal leaves removal (controlled sites), and 18 (5 clumps) without this procedure (uncontrolled sites). The main factors determining the extent of the leaf destruction by larvae were the leaf litter removal and the number of subsequent generations on a given tree. The effect of mean distance between trees on the infestation level was statistically significant only for the third generation larvae, when analyzing all sites. There was no significant correlation when checking the impact of mean and short distance on the leaves infestation between controlled and uncontrolled sites. The abundance of the first generation of the larvae of raked sites is possibly a result of low number of in situ overwintering individuals and the number of immigrants from uncontrolled areas. Assuming the random choice of direction of the migration, the effect of the immigrants on the trees which leaves have been disposed of is not as high as it should be expected. Additionally, the moths can be blown away by the wind in a random direction. Consequently, the noted increase in the leaves infestation by the third generation larvae can be result of the rate of population increase innate for the species and only partly a result of immigration from refuge areas.

19

Effect of habitat diversity on breeding birds : comparison of farmland bird community in the region of Wielkopolska (w. Poland) with relevant data from other european studies

Tryjanowski P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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1999

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Vol. 47, no 2

153-174

EN

The breeding bird community of a 315 ha intensively used farmland in western Poland, consisting of arable fields and small part (ca. 5%) of margin habitats, was censused yearly from 1987 through 1997 by territory mapping. Its size was on average 318+-65 (SD) territories, belonging to 47+-4 species. Of the 71 stationary species, only 23 have been yearly present. Alauda arvensis, Motacilla flava, Emberiza citrinella, Sylvia communis and Acrocephalus palustris were the most abundant species throughout the period of the study. To determine the effect of land-use change of agricultural landscape on the abundance and diversity of breeding bird communities, the results of studies carried out on 12 similar large plots (1-10 km^2) in Central Europe were compared. The percent of margin habitats (hadgerows, ditches, small meadows, fallows etc.), when controlling for the effect of study plot size, is significantly correlated with number of breeding species (r=0.697) and total community density (r=0.899).