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EN
The paper introduces a tree multiparty quantum key agreement protocol for secure communication between multiple participants, specifically tailored for tree topologies. Based on the BB84 protocol, the proposed solution employs hierarchical tree structures and XOR operations to facilitate efficient and secure key generation. Key elements are exchanged among participants in an equitable manner, ensuring that each participant contributes equally to the generation of the shared key. The protocol demonstrates robust security, effectively defending against both external and internal attacks, and achieves a quantum efficiency of ½(N–1), where N is the number of participants. Additionally, the protocol is readily implementable with current quantum technologies, utilizing single-photon transmission to facilitate secure key distribution.
EN
The hyperspectral thermal imaging instrument for technology demonstration funded by NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office under the In-Space Validation of Earth Science Technologies program requires focal plane array with reasonably good performance at a low cost. The instrument is designed to fit in a 6U CubeSat platform for a low-Earth orbit. It will collect data on hydrological parameters and Earth surface temperature for agricultural remote sensing. The long wavelength infrared type-II strain layer superlattices barrier infrared detector focal plane array is chosen for this mission. With the driving requirement dictated by the power consumption of the cryocooler and signal-noise-ratio, cut-off wavelengths and dark current are utilized to model instrument operating temperature. Many focal plane arrays are fabricated and characterised, and the best performing focal plane array that fulfils the requirements is selected. The spectral band, dark current and 8-9.4 μm pass band quantum efficiency of the candidate focal plane array are: 8-10.7 μm, 2.1∙10ˉ⁵ A/cm², and 47%, respectively. The corresponding noise equivalent difference temperature and operability are 30 mK and 99.7%, respectively. Anti-reflective coating is deposited on the focal plane array surface to enhance the quantum efficiency and to reduce the interference pattern due to an absorption layer parallel surfaces cladding material.
EN
This paper presents the investigations and performance analysis of monofacial and bifacial crystalline silicon solar cells with PC1D simulation software. The fundamental limitation in the monofacial solar cell’s performance is its inability to absorb all the incoming solar radiation since the albedo effect (ground-reflected light that can be captured by the rear of the solar cell) is often neglected. So, the efficiency of the monofacial cell will be lower due to poor and incomplete optical absorption. Bifaciality helps to enhance the capturing of light in the solar cell, which means that the rear of the cell is exposed to solar radiation to produce electrical power. The primary focus of our work is to determine which solar cell offers better device performance and conversion efficiency by analyzing various parameters of the solar cell like surface texturing, emitter doping, bulk doping, minority carrier lifetime, bulk and surface recombination rates, front and rear reflectance, among other parameters. The other parameters are maintained at an optimal range to achieve the highest conversion efficiency. Our work has shown that the bifacial solar cell can be as efficient as 28.15%, which is much better than the 22.65% efficiency of the monofacial solar cell.
EN
In this paper, a low power highly sensitive Triple Metal Surrounding Gate (TM-SG) Nanowire MOSFET photosensor is proposed which uses triple metal gates for controlling short channel effects and III–V compound as the channel material for effective photonic absorption. Most of the conventional FET based photosensors that are available use threshold voltage as the parameter for sensitivity comparison but in this proposed sensor on being exposed to light there is a substantial increase in conductance of the GaAs channel underneath and, thereby change in the subthreshold current under exposure is used as a sensitivity parameter (i.e., Iillumination/IDark). In order to further enhance the device performance it is coated with a shell of AlxGa1-x As which effectively passivates the GaAs surface and provides a better carrier confinement at the interface results in an increased photoabsorption. At last performance parameters of TM-SG Bare GaAs Nanowire MOSFET are compared with TM-SG core-shell GaAs/AlGaAs Nanowire MOSFET and the results show that Core-Shell structures can be a better choice for photodetection in visible region.
EN
In this paper, we propose a new design and comprehensive optimization process for improving the diffraction gratings used as the back reflector of silicon solar cells. For this process, the optimum refractive index and its corresponding available material which can be used as the grating material has been chosen as 1.57 and SiO2, respectively. Also, all of geometric parameters which affect the performance of the grating, such as periodicity, height and depth of grating profiles have been studied and the appropriate values for each of them have been proposed. In order to optimize the profile of grating, a transition from triangular to rectangular structure has been considered and finally a specific trapezoidal profile has been chosen as the optimized grating back reflector which enhances the cell efficiency up to 6%. Simulation results show that the different grating profiles have the same duty cycle and therefore use the same amounts of materials.
PL
Sputtering magnetronowy jest techniką napylania warstw cienkich znajdującą coraz większe zastosowanie w procesach wytwarzania elektroniki i ogniw fotowoltaicznych [1,2]. Celem prezentowanych w artykule prac badawczych, jest analiza możliwości zastosowania podłoża alternatywnego do powszechnie stosowanych i tym samym osiągnięcie zmian topografii warstw otrzymywanych w procesie sputteringu magnetronowego. Zaburzenie topografii podłoża może skutkować większym uporządkowaniem struktury warstwy, co oznacza bardziej jednolitą powierzchnię, lub zjawiskiem całkowicie odwrotnym. Oba rezultaty są pożądane z punktu widzenia zastosowań produkcyjnych. Z jednej strony poszukuje się cienkich i jednolitych warstw, a z drugiej warstw o zmodyfikowanej topografii. Według autora, modyfikacja topografii warstw pochłaniających promieniowanie, może doprowadzić do zwiększenia powierzchni czynnej ogniwa fotowoltaicznego a co za tym idzie zwiększyć jego wydajność [3]. W czasie eksperymentów autor używał jako podłoża standardowego szkła laboratoryjnego (float) oraz laminatu (papier z żywicą). Dokonano serii naniesień warstw cienkich, celem otrzymania kompletnego ogniwa. Ogniwa na szkle jak i na laminacie były wykonane w tych samych warunkach i parametrach kolejnych procesów. Kolejne warstwy wchodzące w skład budowy ogniwa były tak nanoszone, by istniała możliwość ich późniejszej analizy (stosowano odpowiednie przesłony). Po wykonaniu ogniw, została sprawdzona ich wydajność kwantowa, którą odniesiono do obserwacji otrzymanych w wyniku skanowania AFM kolejnych warstw.
EN
Magnetron Sputtering can create thin layers with can be used for electronic elements or photovoltaic cells [1,2]. The objective presented in the article concern the possibility of using photovoltaic cells substrates alternative to the commonly used. The author hypothesizes that the changes in the topography of the layers obtained by the sputtering magnetron are the consequence of disorders to the topography of the substrate.This disorder may result in a greater re-arrangement of the layer structure, leading to a more uniform after-surface, a phenomenon completely the opposite of what was thought.Both results are desirable in production applications. On the other hand, the most sought after result is the thin, uniform layers being the other layers of the modified topography. Disturbed layers can increase the active surface of the photovoltaic cell and thus increase its efficiency [3]. During the experiments, the author used as a base standard laboratory glass (float) and the laminate (paper with resin). There have been a series of thin layers of annotations, in order to obtain a complete cell. Cells on glass and the laminate was manufactured under the same conditions and parameters of other processes. Successive layers included in the construction of the cells to be applied so that it is possible subsequent analysis (using the appropriate aperture). After the cells were tested for quantum efficiency, which was related to the observation obtained by scanning successive layers of AFM.
PL
W prezentowanym artykule, autorzy skupili się na analizie zmian wydajności ogniw fotowoltaicznych, których jednym z kluczowych składników jest CdS. Wykorzystując urządzenie do (napylania) sputteringu magnetronowego, autorzy podjęli próbę modyfikacji wybranych składników procesu nanoszenia warstw materiału. Celem wskazanego działania było zwiększenie wydajności ogniw, usprawnienie oraz obniżenie kosztów procesu produkcyjnego. Autorzy przebadali grupę wytworzonych przez siebie w różnych (wskazanych eksperymentem) warunkach ogniw, analizując ich wydajność w przypadku światła białego, wydajność względem długości fali oświetlającej oraz odnieśli otrzymane wyniki do zmian w topografii warstw CdS. Domniemywano, że podobnie jak w przypadku innych materiałów (autorzy we wcześniejszych pracach zajmowali się poprawą parametrów elektro-optycznych podłoży przewodzących), utrzymywanie procesu w możliwie wysokiej temperaturze spowoduje lepsze uporządkowanie struktury CdS a tym samym poprawę parametrów elektro-optycznych. Postanowiono zbadać, czy podobna zależność wpłynie na wydajność ogniwa fotowoltaicznego. Równolegle autorzy pracują nad technikami mającymi zmodyfikować topografię ogniw fotowoltaicznych w celu zwiększenia powierzchni czynnej. Postanowiono zatem zbadać przedstawione powyżej zagadnienia w możliwie najszerszy sposób.
EN
In this paper, the authors focused on the analysis of changes in the efficiency of photovoltaic cells, where one of the main components is CdS. Using the magnetron sputtering device, the authors attempted to modify the selected components during applying layers of material. The purpose of that experiment was to increase cell efficiency, streamlining and reducing the cost of the production process. The authors studied a group of 27 prepared photovoltaic cells, created in different (indicated by experiment) process conditions. The different effects was examined: the cell efficiency in the case of white light illumination, efficiency in relation to the wavelength of the illumination, and also the obtained results to changes in the topography of the CdS layer. It was alleged that, as in the case of other materials (the authors of the earlier work dealt with the improvement in performance electro-optical conductive substrates), keeping the process as possible high temperature will result in a better structuring of CdS and thus improving the performance of electro-optical devices. It was decided to investigate whether a similar relationship will affect the performance of the photovoltaic cell. In parallel, the authors are working on techniques having to modify the topography of photovoltaic cells to increase the active surface. It was therefore decided to examine the above issues in the widest possible way.
PL
W pracy opisano podstawy i znaczenie metody pomiaru zewnętrznej sprawności kwantowej ogniwa słonecznego wytworzonego na bazie krzemu krystalicznego. Doświadczalne wyniki pomiarów wpływu poszczególnych parametrów warstw i elementów konstrukcyjnych ogniwa słonecznego na jego charakterystykę spektralną zanalizowano w porównaniu z danymi teoretycznymi, będącymi rezultatem obliczeń numerycznych.
EN
This paper describes the basics and the importance concerning measurements the external quantum efficiency as the useful method for the silicon solar cell characterization. The experimental results of measurements and the impact of parameters for particular layers and components of the solar cell on its spectral characteristic were analyzed in comparison with theoretical data, which were the result of numerical calculations.
EN
We present a theoretical analysis of the quantum efficiency of a resonant cavity enhanced InGaAs/GaAs p-i-n photodetector (PD) for the ultrashort optical connections. The numerical method of calculation of quantum efficiency combining a transfer matrix method and an energy conservation law is offered. Using anomalous dispersion (AD) mirror, flat-topped QE spectrum has been obtained. Conditions for ideal flat-topped spectral response have been received. A design with a maximum QE of 93.5% and 3-nm bandwidth at 0.02 dB below the peak is presented.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty badań krzemowych ogniw słonecznych, wytwarzanych za pomocą, epitaksji z fazy ciekłej LPE (Liquid Phase Epitaxy). Epitaksja z fazy ciekłej pozwala w ekonomiczny sposób uzyskiwać cienkie monokrystaliczne warstwy, które mają również zastosowania w fotowoltaice. W prowadzonych badaniach zastosowano pewną modyfikację klasycznej metody LPE - wzrost na częściowo maskowanym dielektrykiem podłożu krzemowym. Taki sposób nosi nazwę epitaksji lateralnej ELO (Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth) i pozwala na uzyskanie warstw o znacznie mniejszej gęstości defektów w stosunku do gęstości defektów w podłożu wzrostowym [1], co więcej warstwa dielektryka obecna wewnątrz struktury fotoogniwa stanowi lustro dla niezaabsorbowanych fotonow, co pozwala na wydłużenie ich drogi optycznej. W pracy porównano wpływ wewnętrznego lustra z dielektryka SiO₂ na wydajność kwantową, badanych fotoogniw.
EN
This work contains research of silicon thin film solar cells obtained from a lateral overgrowth liquid phase epitaxy (LPE). Liquid phase epitaxy is an economic method that enables to produce thin, monocrysallic films for photovoltaic applications. Presented research are based on some modification of the LPE method - it uses partially masked by dielectric, growing silicon substrates. This modification is called epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) and enables to obtain lower defects density in a growing layer comparing to a growing substrate [1]. Moreover dielectric layer inside a solar cell structure forms an inner mirror for photons which are not absorbed in the active layer. This work presents influence of the inner mirror formed from SiO₂ efficiency of the solar cells.
PL
Artykuł ten przedstawia zastosowanie nieniszczącej spektroskopii fotoakustycznej do wyznaczani wydajności kwantowej i energetycznej luminescecji jonów Mn2+ w kryształach Zn1-x-yBexMnySe.
EN
This paper is to present the application of the nondestructive photoacoustic spectroscopy method of determination of the quantum and energy efficiencies of luminescence of Mn2+ ions in the Zn1-x-yBexMnySe crystals.
12
Content available remote Analysis of VLWIR HgCdTe photodiode performance
EN
The performance of very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) HgCdTe photodiodes at temperatures ranging from 77 K up to 150 K is presented. The effect of inherent and excess current mechanisms on quantum efficiency and dynamic resistance-area RA product is analysed. Different methods of determining the ideality factor are shown and among them the one based on the use of RA product versus bias voltage proves to be most reliable. At higher temperatures, however, the calculated ideality factor does not give any useful information about the nature of the p-n junction current due to significant influence of the series and shunt resistances. A comparison of the experimental data with the results of analytical and numerical calculations shows that the photodiodes with cut-off wavelength up to 14.5 um are diffusion-limited at temperatures exceeding 100K.
13
Content available remote Inherent and additional limitations of HgCdTe heterojunction photodiodes
EN
The performance of P-on-n double-layer heterojunction (DLHJ) HgCdTe photodiodes at temperature of 77 K is presented. The effect of inherent and excess current mechanisms on quantum efficiency and R₀A product is analysed. The diodes with good R₀A operability, high quantum efficiency, and low 1/f noise have been demonstrated at cutoff wavelengths up to 14 mm. The experimental results show that proper surface passivation and low series/ contact resistance are major issues relating to fabrication of HgCdTe detectors with high performance.
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